Vaccines最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence of Vaccine-Covered and Non-Covered HPV Genotypes Among Unvaccinated Women in Ankara: A Single-Center Study.","authors":"Ayfer Bakır, Mehmet Alican Sapmaz","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13060640","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13060640","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Understanding the regional distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes is essential for guiding effective vaccination and screening strategies. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and distribution of HPV genotypes among unvaccinated women aged 30 years and older undergoing routine screening in Ankara. It also aimed to compare the frequencies of genotypes included and not included in current vaccines and to investigate their association with cervical smear cytology.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This descriptive, cross-sectional, single-center study was conducted at Ankara Etlik City Hospital between 15 November 2024 and 15 February 2025. A total of 500 sexually active, unvaccinated women aged 30 years or older were enrolled. Cervical swab samples were analyzed for HPV DNA and genotypes using real-time PCR (28-type panel), and cytology results were retrospectively obtained from medical records.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HPV infection was detected in 18.2% of participants. Among HPV-positive women, 71.4% had single-type and 28.6% had multiple-type infections. The most common high-risk genotypes among HPV-positive individuals were HPV 16 (13.2%), HPV 18 (13.2%), and HPV 59 (13.2%). While 35.2% of HPV-positive cases included genotypes covered by the nonavalent vaccine, 64.8% involved at least one genotype not covered, mainly HPV 59, 44, and 51. HPV was detected in 17% of individuals with normal cytology, 19% of those with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), and 100% of cases with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) (<i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings emphasize the persistence of high-risk and non-vaccine-covered HPV types in the population, highlighting the need for updated vaccination policies and the development of broader-spectrum vaccines aligned with local genotype profiles.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197633/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal Epidemiology of Lumpy Skin Disease and Evaluation of the Heterologous Goatpox Vaccine: Insights into Immunogenicity and Impact.","authors":"Manjunatha Reddy Gundallahalli Bayyappa, Sai Mounica Pabbineedi, Sudeep Nagaraj, Shraddha Bijalwan, Sunil Tadakod, Chandana Ramesh Uma, Sanjay Pawar, Pathan Yahaya Khan, Vijay Kumar Teotia, Baldev Raj Gulati","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13060641","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13060641","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is major transboundary disease affecting cattle and water buffaloes, indirectly causing huge socio-economic losses. Following its first outbreak in India in 2019, the heterologous Goatpox (Uttarkashi strain) vaccine mitigated LSD. <b>Objective:</b> Due to limited data on the spatiotemporal distribution of the disease, this study investigates its dynamics and presents findings from a field study conducted in Maharashtra, India. This study evaluates the safety, immunogenicity, and duration of immunity provided by a heterologous vaccine. Additionally, it examines post-vaccination responses in relation to factors such as age, gender, and breed. <b>Methods</b>: This study employed spatiotemporal analysis of lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks from 2020 to 2024 using GeoDa (v1.22), incorporating Moran's I and Getis-Ord Gi* statistics to identify spatial clustering patterns. A randomized field trial was conducted to evaluate vaccine safety and immunogenicity in 657 cattle across seven districts. Humoral immune responses were assessed using the serum neutralization test (SNT) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while cell-mediated immunity was evaluated via Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) ELISA. For sero-monitoring, a total of 1925 serum samples from 22 districts were analyzed. Additionally, statistical analyses (<i>n</i> = 1925), including the Kappa Index, ANOVA, and logistic regression, were performed using SPSS v27 to investigate the influence of factors such as age, sex, and breed (significance level: <i>p</i> < 0.05). <b>Results:</b> LSD exhibited significant spatial clustering across Maharashtra. The Goatpox vaccine was 100% safe, with no adverse reactions. Protective antibody titers (≥1:8) were observed in 96.9% of vaccinated cattle by 14-21 days post-vaccination (dpv), peaking at 60 dpv before declining at 150 dpv. The cell-mediated immune response peaked at 28 dpv. Clinical monitoring for one year showed that only 2% of vaccinated cattle developed mild LSD symptoms after nine months, with no mortality. At six months post-vaccination, seroconversion was 69.7%, with breed significantly influencing seropositivity. <b>Conclusions:</b> This study confirms the Goatpox vaccine's safety and strong immunogenicity in cattle, marking its first large-scale evaluation in the Indian subcontinent. Further research is needed to assess long-term immunity and protection against virulent LSD strains.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197790/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody Breadth in HTLV-2 Co-Infected Individuals: Influence of Antiretroviral Regimen and B Cell Subset Distribution.","authors":"Eloisa Yuste, María J Ruiz-De-León, José L Casado, Ana Moreno, María J Vivancos, María J Pérez-Elías, Fernando Dronda, Carmen Quereda, Víctor Sánchez-Merino, Alejandro Vallejo","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13060639","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13060639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>This study aimed to explore how HTLV-2 infection affects the production of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) in persons with HIV-1 (PWH) and to assess the impact of boosted protease inhibitors (PIs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We evaluated broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) activity in 65 PWH, which included 27 who were also co-infected with HTLV-2. All participants were former injection drug users with HCV antibodies and were receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). Neutralizing activity was assessed against six recombinant HIV-1 viruses that represent five different subtypes. B cell subsets were also analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HTLV-2 co-infection and the lack of ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors (r-PIs) were both independently associated with higher neutralization scores (<i>p</i> = 0.017 and <i>p</i> = 0.005, respectively). Among those not on r-PIs, individuals co-infected with HTLV-2 showed significantly higher neutralization scores (<i>p</i> = 0.027) and a broader neutralization breadth (83.4% vs. 48.5%, <i>p</i> = 0.015) compared to those infected only with HIV-1. Additionally, HTLV-2 co-infected individuals had more resting memory B cells (<i>p</i> = 0.001) and fewer activated memory B cells (<i>p</i> = 0.017) than the HIV-1 mono-infected individuals. In our multivariate analysis, only HTLV-2 co-infection remained independently associated with neutralization scores (<i>p</i> = 0.027). Elite neutralizers (with a breadth score of ≥10) had more naive B cells and fewer resting memory B cells compared to those with weaker neutralization in both groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Co-infection with HTLV-2 enhances bNAb production in PWH on suppressive ART and, in particular, in the absence of r-PI regimens. The prominent neutralizing activity corresponded with B cell subset distributions. The results suggest the complexity regarding the interaction between viral co-infections, antiretroviral regimens, and humoral immune compartments and may inform further H1V-1 pathogenesis inquiries or the appropriate design of a vaccine.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197736/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Peptide-Based Vaccines Against <i>Group A Streptococcus</i> in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>-Infected Mice.","authors":"Ahmed O Shalash, Haolan Sun, Yiru Cui, Jingwen Wang, Barb Arnts, Jannah Bauer, Waleed M Hussein, Zeinab G Khalil, Mariusz Skwarczynski, Istvan Toth","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13060632","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13060632","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Group A Streptococcus</i> (GAS) is a major human pathogen associated with serious diseases. Evaluating immune responses against GAS vaccines-immunogenicity, quality, and efficacy-is complicated by interference from co-infections, like <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>). We aimed to evaluate peptide-based GAS vaccines in mice for antisera efficacy against standard and mutant GAS strains and to assess immunological methods under co-infection conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Female C57BL/6 mice were infected with <i>S. aureus</i> and immunized with various M-protein-derived peptide antigens: J8, J8i, J8i-J8i, and the native p145 sequence. Two novel, conserved M-protein-derived antigens (NTD and CTD2) were also evaluated. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to assess immunogenicity and GAS-specific antibody responses. Peptide antigens were either conjugated to or physically mixed with the PADRE T-helper epitope and tested for enhanced antisera immunogenicity and opsonic efficacy.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>ELISA against the immunizing peptides as coating antigens reflected the immunogenicity, while p145-based ELISA correlated with GAS-specific antibody titres without <i>S. aureus</i> interference for J8-based vaccines. Immunogenicity ranked J8 > J8i ≈ J8i-J8i > p145. NTD and CTD2 antisera demonstrated opsonic activity, indicating protective potential. PADRE-J8 conjugates significantly enhanced antibody magnitude and quality, producing strong opsonic bactericidal responses against both standard and p145-mutant GAS strains. PADRE-J8i was effective only against standard strains. This is the first report to suggest at least two B-cell epitopes within the J8i peptide.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings support the diagnostic utility of p145, NTD, and CTD2 under co-infection settings, and the vaccine potential of J8, NTD, and CTD2, particularly when conjugated to a T helper for enhanced antigen presentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197582/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Universal Bacterium-Vectored COVID-19 Vaccine Expressing Early SARS-CoV-2 Conserved Proteins Cross-Protects Against Late Variants in Hamsters.","authors":"Qingmei Jia, Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Saša Masleša-Galić, Richard A Bowen, Marcus A Horwitz","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13060633","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13060633","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), has rapidly evolved, giving rise to multiple Variants of Concern-including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron-which emerged independently across different regions. Licensed COVID-19 vaccines primarily target the highly mutable spike protein, resulting in reduced efficacy due to immune escape by emerging variants. Previously, we developed a live attenuated <i>Francisella tularensis</i> LVS Δ<i>capB</i> single-vector platform COVID-19 vaccine, rLVS Δ<i>capB</i>/MN, expressing the conserved membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins from the early SARS-CoV-2 WA-01/2020 strain. In this study, we evaluate the efficacy of rLVS Δ<i>capB</i>/MN and an enhanced version, rLVS Δ<i>capB</i>::RdRp/MN, which additionally expresses the conserved RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) protein from the same strain, in a hamster model. <b>Methods:</b> Both vaccine candidates were administered orally or intranasally to golden Syrian hamsters (equal numbers of males and females) and evaluated against intranasal challenge with SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2-AY.1) and Omicron (BA.5) variants. <b>Results:</b> Vaccinated animals developed robust, TH1-biased IgG responses specific to the nucleocapsid protein. Following SARS-CoV-2 challenge, immunized hamsters exhibited reduced weight loss, lower oropharyngeal and lung viral titers, and improved lung pathology scores compared with unvaccinated controls. <b>Conclusion:</b> These findings support the potential of this universal vaccine to provide broad protection against current and future SARS-CoV-2 variants, with minimal need for updating.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197694/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of the National Vaccination Strategy on the Prevalence of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> and Its Serotypes Among Clinically Healthy Children Under Six Years of Age During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic.","authors":"Ivelina Trifonova, Victoria Levterova, Ivan Simeonovski, Magi Ivanova, Nadia Brankova, Todor Kantardzhiev","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13060634","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13060634","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>An effective vaccination strategy requires monitoring serotype changes by geography and age. This study analyzed <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> serotypes in healthy children under 6 years of age vaccinated with PCV10 in Bulgaria from October 2021 to May 2025.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 569 children were screened for the <i>lytA</i> and <i>cpsA</i> genes viareal-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). Positive samples were typed using relevant kits, and 76 serotypes/serogroups of <i>S. pneumoniae</i> were identified.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nasopharyngeal swabs from 232 children (40.8%) were found to carry <i>S. pneumoniae</i>, and a total of 255 serotypes were detected, with 19B/19C (17.2%), 6C (10.7%), and 15B/15C (9.8%) being the most prevalent. Of these, 91 serotypes (15.9%) were included in at least one vaccine, while the remaining 164 serotypes (25.4%) were not. The carriage rate reduced to 22% in 2023 but increased to 47% in 2024. Overall, younger children had lower carriage rates (<i>p</i> < 0.05), with serotype 6C being more common in children under 12 months of age (25%). Approximately 9.1% of pneumococcal carriage cases involved co-detected serotypes, with significantly higher co-detection rates for 19B/19C, 15B/15C, 10B, 10F/C, 23B, 7C/40, 23A, and 24A compared with mono-detection rates (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>19B/19C, 6C, 15B/15C, and 19A were identified as the main serotypes. Children over 3 years of age were also more likely to carry multiple pneumococci. These findings emphasize the need to reassess childhood vaccination strategies to curb the spread of antibiotic-resistant serotypes.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197779/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges in Integrating Influenza Vaccination Among Older People in National Immunisation Program: A Population-Based, Cross-Sectional Study on Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, and Acceptance of a Free Annual Program.","authors":"Mohd Shaiful Azlan Kassim, Rosnah Sutan, Noor Harzana Harrun, Faiz Daud, Noraliza Noordin Merican, Sheleaswani Inche Zainal Abidin, Ho Bee Kiau, Azniza Muhamad Radzi, Nagammai Thiagarajan, Norhaslinda Ishak, Tay Chai Li, Radziah Abdul Rashid, Sally Suriani Ahip, Nor Hazlin Talib, Saidatul Norbaya Buang, Noor Ani Ahmad, Zamberi Sekawi, Tan Maw Pin","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13060636","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13060636","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Influenza poses a significant threat to the health of Malaysians, particularly among the elderly population. It results in high levels of illness and mortality, becoming a financial burden on the government. Vaccination is widely recognised as the most effective measure for controlling the spread and impact of influenza. <b>Objectives</b>: This study sought to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding influenza and influenza vaccination among older adults attending primary healthcare centres in different states of Malaysia. Additionally, the study assessed the level of acceptance for a proposed free annual influenza vaccination program. <b>Methods</b>: A nationwide survey was conducted involving 672 older people aged 60 and above who visited nine primary healthcare centres in Malaysia. These centres were selected using proportionate to population size (PPS) sampling to ensure representation from each zone. Participants completed a validated self-reported questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the levels of KAP, and a binomial logistic regression model was used to determine the predictors of acceptance for the proposed free annual vaccination program. <b>Results</b>: Most participants displayed a strong understanding of influenza illness (74.0%) and the vaccine (65.9%). Moreover, 76.4% of respondents exhibited a positive attitude towards influenza vaccination. However, the prevalence of good vaccination practices was relatively low, with only 29.2% of participants having a history of previous vaccination, and just 55.2% of these consistently practicing annual vaccination. The group acceptance rate for the proposed free annual influenza vaccination was 62.3%. Significant predictors of acceptance included a history of previous vaccination (good practice) (OR = 6.438, 95% CI = 1.16-35.71, <i>p</i> < 0.001), a positive attitude towards vaccines (OR = 21.98, 95% CI = 5.44-88.87, <i>p</i> = 0.033), and a good level of knowledge about the influenza vaccine (OR = 0.149, 95% CI = 0.03-0.79, <i>p</i> = 0.026). <b>Conclusions</b>: Increasing the uptake of influenza vaccination among the older population in Malaysia remains a significant challenge. It is recommended that a targeted, free annual influenza vaccination program be implemented for high-risk populations, particularly those with comorbidities and those who have shown greater receptiveness. In addition, health education strategies aimed at raising awareness and understanding of influenza should be prioritised. Strengthening epidemiological data collection and establishing systematic monitoring mechanisms are also essential to support these efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197692/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strengthening Vaccine Regulation: Insights from COVID-19 Vaccines, Best Practices, and Lessons for Future Public Health Emergencies.","authors":"Razieh Ostad Ali Dehaghi, Alireza Khadem Broojerdi, Alaa Magdy, Marie Valentin, Juliati Dahlan, Obaidullah Malik, Richard H Siggers, Edwin Nkansah, Hiiti B Sillo","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13060638","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13060638","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated immediate regulatory vaccine approvals to facilitate timely global access. The prevailing differences in economies and resources and the varying maturity of the regulatory systems worldwide resulted in different levels of capacity to ensure vaccine quality, safety, and efficacy. In addition to the Emergency Use Authorization or equivalent by some advanced regulatory agencies, the WHO issued Emergency Use Listings (EULs), among other tools, to streamline and expedite regulatory approvals globally. This study aimed to assess the regulatory strategies and best practices adopted during the COVID-19 vaccine approvals and gather lessons for future emergency preparedness. <b>Methods</b>: A mixed-method approach employing qualitative desk reviews and a cross-sectional study collected data from 194 national regulatory authorities (NRAs) across all WHO regions. <b>Results</b>: Three main approval processes were identified: procurement-driven, reliance-based, and independent evaluations. Wealthier countries with more mature regulatory systems were found to spend a longer time issuing approvals, primarily due to being the initial assessors of the vaccines' quality, safety, and efficacy. Furthermore, various regulatory flexibilities and best practices centered around regulatory reliance, rolling reviews, fast-tracking reviews, and employing digital tools were identified. Notably, the WHO's EULs were essential in facilitating the timely approval of vaccines globally, including in low- and middle-income countries. <b>Conclusions</b>: The findings suggest a significant turn in vaccine regulation theories and practice, emphasizing balancing speed with scientific validity. This necessitates the creation of thorough provisions for emergency preparedness, regulatory reliance, and administrative flexibility in regulatory practices worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197499/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety and Immunogenicity of Co-Administration of Herpes Zoster Vaccines with Other Vaccines in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Omid Rezahosseini, Aysan Bazargan, Mads Frederik Eiberg, Alexander Printzlau Korsgaard, Raziyeh Niyati, Christina Ekenberg, Lars Nørregaard Nielsen, Zitta Barrella Harboe","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13060637","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13060637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> Herpes zoster (HZ), or shingles, is a vaccine-preventable disease with two approved vaccines: the live-attenuated vaccine (LZV) and the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV). Evidence on the immunogenicity and adverse events (AEs) following co-administration with other vaccines in adults is limited. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of HZ vaccines when co-administered with other vaccines. <b>Methods:</b> We followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and systematically searched multiple databases (January 1950 to February 2024) for studies on HZ vaccination with concomitant vaccines in adults (≥18 years). Observational studies, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and non-randomized controlled trials were included, excluding reviews, case series, case reports, editorials, and non-English publications. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane tools (RoB 2 and ROBINS-I). A meta-analysis compared geometric mean concentration (GMC) ratios and vaccine response rates (VRRs) for RZV, applying the Hartung-Knapp adjustment. For LZV, meta-analysis was not feasible, and results were described narratively. AEs were analyzed using risk ratios and presented in forest plots. <b>Results:</b> Out of 369 search hits, ten RCTs were included. In six RCTs, RZV was co-administered with influenza, COVID-19, pneumococcal vaccines (PCV13, PPSV23), or Tdap. The pooled GMC mean difference was -0.04 (95% CI: -0.10 to 0.02, <i>p</i> = 0.19), and the pooled VRR was 1.00 (95% CI: 0.99 to 1.01, <i>p</i> = 0.59). Local and systemic AEs showed pooled relative risks of 0.99 (95% CI: 0.95 to 1.03, <i>p</i> = 0.73) and 1.01 (95% CI: 0.91 to 1.11, <i>p</i> = 0.90), respectively. LZV co-administration was investigated in four RCTs and was safe; however, co-administration with PPSV23 resulted in reduced immunogenicity. <b>Conclusions:</b> The co-administration of RZV with other vaccines was safe and immunogenic. However, limited evidence suggests that co-administration of LZV with PPSV23 reduced the immunogenicity of LZV through an unknown mechanism. Still, RZV co-administration could enhance vaccine uptake in vulnerable populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197411/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolving SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: From Current Solutions to Broad-Spectrum Protection.","authors":"Rui Qiao, Jiayan Li, Jiami Gong, Yuchen Shao, Jizhen Yu, Yumeng Chen, Yinying Lu, Luxuan Yang, Luanfeng Lin, Zixin Hu, Pengfei Wang, Xiaoyu Zhao, Wenhong Zhang","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13060635","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13060635","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The continuous evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the emergence of variants of concern (VOCs) underscore the critical role of vaccination in pandemic control. These mutations not only enhance viral infectivity but also facilitate immune evasion and diminish vaccine efficacy, necessitating ongoing surveillance and vaccine adaptation. Current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, including inactivated, live-attenuated, viral vector, protein subunit, virus-like particle, and nucleic acid vaccines, face challenges due to the immune evasion strategies of emerging variants. Moreover, other sarbecoviruses, such as SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) pose a potential risk for future outbreaks. Thus, developing vaccines capable of countering emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and providing broad protection against multiple sarbecoviruses is imperative. Several innovative vaccine platforms are being investigated to elicit broad-spectrum neutralizing antibody responses, offering protection against both current SARS-CoV-2 variants and other sarbecoviruses. This review presents an updated overview of the key target antigens and therapeutic strategies employed in current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Additionally, we summarize ongoing approaches for the development of vaccines targeting infectious sarbecoviruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12197680/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}