Vaccines最新文献

{"title":"Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Anti-N Seropositive and Seronegative Vaccinated Participants: Insights from the Bialystok PLUS Study.","authors":"Gabriela Trojan, Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska, Justyna Adamczuk, Anna Citko-Rojewska, Maciej Alimowski, Piotr Czupryna, Kiara Sequeira, Hami Nguyen, Justyna Dunaj-Małyszko, Paweł Sowa, Marlena Dubatówka, Magda Łapińska, Sebastian Sołomacha, Małgorzata Kazberuk, Magdalena Chlabicz, Łukasz Kiszkiel, Łukasz Szczerbiński, Piotr Paweł Laskowski, Karol Adam Kamiński","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090813","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090813","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> In the post-pandemic era, SARS-CoV-2 immunity is increasingly shaped by vaccination and previous infection. Understanding the relationship between cellular and humoral immune responses is important for characterizing immunity in vaccinated populations. <b>Methods:</b> This study included 629 participants from the Bialystok PLUS cohort, stratified according to anti-N serostatus into anti-N-seronegative (n = 159) and anti-N-seropositive (n = 470) groups. Cellular immune response measurements were available for a subset of 246 participants. Humoral response was assessed using anti-S and anti-N antibodies, while cellular response (OC) was evaluated by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release following SARS-CoV-2 antigen stimulation. Group differences were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test, and associations were evaluated using Spearman's rank correlations with Benjamini-Hochberg correction. Multivariable linear regression was used to assess the association between anti-N serostatus and cellular response after adjustment for age and sex. <b>Results:</b> Anti-N-seropositive participants had significantly higher cellular responses than anti-N-seronegative participants (median 1752.3 vs. 771.1; <i>p</i> < 0.001). After adjustment for age and sex, anti-N seropositivity remained significantly associated with higher cellular response, corresponding to a 3.57-fold higher geometric mean of OC + 1 (95% CI: 1.90-6.73; <i>p</i> < 0.001). Anti-S antibody levels showed moderate positive correlations with cellular response in both anti-N-seronegative and anti-N-seropositive participants (ρ = 0.45 and ρ = 0.37, respectively), and the association remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, and anti-N serostatus. No significant associations were observed between cellular response and anti-N antibody levels or routine laboratory parameters after correction for multiple comparisons. <b>Conclusions:</b> Anti-N seropositivity was associated with higher SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular immune response among vaccinated participants, and this association remained significant after adjustment for age and sex. The moderate association between anti-S antibody levels and cellular response suggests that humoral and cellular measures provide related but complementary information on SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity. Routine laboratory parameters were not significantly associated with cellular immune response in this cohort.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611393/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Silent Vehicle: Validating the Biological Signals and Noises of Baculovirus Vectors in Macrophage-Targeted Vaccines.","authors":"Beginda Ridwan, Farrah Putri Salmanida, Rika Wahyuningtyas, Yin-Siew Lai, Mei-Li Wu, Wen-Bin Chung, Chia-Tsai Chang, Ko-Tung Chang","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090816","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090816","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The Baculovirus Expression Vector System (BEVS) is an established eukaryotic platform for high-yield recombinant protein production and is widely utilized for generating vaccine antigens, including recombinant classical swine fever virus E2 glycoprotein, African swine fever virus structural proteins (p72, p30, and p54), and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus envelope proteins GP5 and M. These antigens interact with macrophage-associated receptors, including CD163 and CD206, to modulate immune responses through macrophage polarization. However, whether baculovirus vector-derived components intrinsically influence macrophage polarization remains unclear, raising concerns regarding potential impacts on biological activity, vaccine efficacy, and downstream purification strategies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, an M2-like tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) model capable of repolarizing toward an M1-like phenotype was established to distinguish the transcriptomic effects of the baculovirus vector control (VC) from those of the recombinant antigen (A1). Comparative RNA sequencing, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), functional enrichment analyses, and linear regression analysis were performed to evaluate vector- and antigen-associated transcriptional responses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Comprehensive transcriptomic analysis showed that VC treatment induced only minimal transcriptomic alterations, with limited immune-related pathway enrichment and expression profiles that remained highly similar to those of untreated M2-like TAMs. Furthermore, linear regression analysis demonstrated negligible correlations between VC-induced and A1-induced transcriptional responses indicating that the limited changes associated with the vector backbone did not correspond to the receptor-mediated immune responses elicited by the recombinant antigen. In contrast, A1 stimulation induced distinct transcriptional reprogramming characterized by enrichment of pro-inflammatory and immune-activation pathways and a shift toward an M1-like macrophage phenotype.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggest the negligible correspondence between VC- and A1-induced transcriptional profiles further supports the transcriptomic noises and signals of the baculovirus vector and inserted proteins, reinforcing its suitability as a platform for macrophage-targeted vaccine development while providing a basis for future optimization of downstream purification strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13612020/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Recombinant RABV-G-Based Chemiluminescence Immunoassay for Quantitative Detection of Rabies Virus Antibodies.","authors":"Yan Zhang, Lei Wang, Yanan Han, Na Feng, Ye Feng, Weiyao Sun","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090814","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090814","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rabies is a nearly 100% fatal zoonosis, and a rabies virus-neutralizing antibody (RVNA) titre of ≥0.5 IU/mL is the recognized correlate of protection, making post-vaccination serological monitoring essential. However, the gold-standard methods (RFFIT and FAVN) are time-consuming, require live virus, and are unsuitable for large-scale surveillance, while current ELISA kits often show poor concordance with neutralization tests.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we established a chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) employing magnetic beads coated with recombinant RABV glycoprotein (short-chain) and an acridinium ester-labeled rabbit anti-dog IgG.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The assay exhibited a detection limit of 0.24 IU/mL. Its performance was validated with 250 canine anti-RABV serum samples against the FAVN. The CLIA and FAVN results were strongly correlated (r = 0.9636, <i>p</i> < 0.0001), with a Deming slope of 0.96 (95% confidence interval: 0.92-1.00). The assay achieved a diagnostic sensitivity of 94.4% and a specificity of 97.1%. It demonstrated high accuracy (relative bias within ±10%), good repeatability (intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation < 8%), and acceptable specificity, showing no cross-reactivity with canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus, or canine parainfluenza virus antibodies.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This CLIA kit eliminates the need for live virus, yields quantitative results within 30 min, and offers simple operation and high-throughput capacity, making it a reliable and practical tool for rabies immune monitoring and scientific prevention and control.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13612008/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antigen 85B of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>: From Immunodominant Antigen to Vaccine Candidate.","authors":"Vivek Chauhan, Gaytri Mahajan, Rakesh Kumar, Shrikanth S Gadad, Subhash C Chauhan, Chinnaswamy Jagannath, Subramanian Dhandayuthapani","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090811","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090811","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tuberculosis (TB), caused by <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (Mtb), continues to pose a significant global health challenge despite the existence of effective treatments. The only licensed TB vaccine, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), offers inconsistent and generally limited protection against adult pulmonary TB. As a result, the pursuit of more effective TB vaccines has intensified over the past two decades, prompting the evaluation of several immunodominant Mtb antigens as vaccines. Among these, antigen 85B (Ag85B) has emerged as a promising candidate due to its critical roles in mycobacterial cell wall biosynthesis, host cell adhesion, and the induction of immune responses. Ag85B has been incorporated into diverse vaccine platforms, including subunit, recombinant, DNA, and mRNA-based vaccines. Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies indicates that Ag85B-containing vaccine formulations elicit robust cellular immune responses, and in many instances, enhance protection against TB. Collectively, these findings position Ag85B as a central component in the development of next-generation TB vaccines. This review examines the biological properties and immunological significance of Ag85B and provides an overview of recent advances in Ag85B-based vaccine strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611855/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complementary Roles of RT-PCR and Next-Generation Sequencing in Post-Vaccination SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Clinical Diagnosis, Genomic Characterization, and Surveillance.","authors":"Vasiliki E Georgakopoulou, Vassiliki C Pitiriga","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090812","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090812","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination remains a clinical and public-health challenge because protection against infection may vary with time since vaccination, host factors, previous infection, and ongoing viral evolution. Although vaccination substantially reduces the risk of severe COVID-19, post-vaccination infections may still occur and may be mild, atypical, or asymptomatic. This narrative review examines the complementary roles of reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) in the diagnosis, genomic characterization, and surveillance of post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection. RT-PCR remains the first-line method for confirming acute infection because it is rapid, widely available, and clinically actionable, although its clinical performance depends on appropriate specimen collection and timing. NGS complements RT-PCR by providing viral genomic characterization, including lineage assignment, mutation detection, investigation of suspected transmission clusters, and population-level surveillance. Sequencing may provide additional value in selected settings, particularly suspected reinfection, persistent infection in selected immunocompromised patients, outbreak investigations, and representative or event-triggered genomic surveillance. Its use should therefore be guided by a predefined clinical, epidemiological, or surveillance objective rather than applied routinely to all post-vaccination infections. An integrated strategy combining first-line RT-PCR with objective-driven sequencing can preserve diagnostic efficiency while providing genomic information when it is most likely to influence patient-level investigation, infection-control assessment, or public-health surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611469/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Clinical Characteristics of Pertussis in Children Aged 0-6 Years in Tertiary and Pediatric Hospitals of Jiangsu Province from January to May 2024.","authors":"Yan Xu, Mei Li, Qiang Chen, Chengmei Jia, Lingyan Tang, Yuanbao Liu, Zhiguo Wang, Xiang Huo","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090806","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090806","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> To analyze the clinical manifestations and hospitalization-related factors among children with pertussis, and to provide scientific support for pertussis prevention, control, clinical diagnosis, and treatment. <b>Methods:</b> From January through May 2024, children aged 0-6 years with a confirmed diagnosis of pertussis at tertiary hospitals and children's hospitals in Jiangsu Province were enrolled in this investigation. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed to explore the clinical characteristics of the children, with stratification by age, immunization status, time from onset to diagnosis, and visit type. Logistic regression analysis was applied to identify factors associated with hospitalization. <b>Results:</b> In total, 3361 children were recruited, with the 6-year age group accounting for the highest proportion (35.4%). Severe symptoms such as apnea and cyanosis were more common in infants aged 0-5 months. Children who received four doses of the pertussis vaccine had significantly lower rates of paroxysmal cough, vomiting, cyanosis and apnea than unvaccinated children (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Delayed diagnosis (≥15 days after onset) was found in 26.89% of children, who had a higher prevalence of vomiting and cyanosis. The prevalence of all clinical symptoms was higher in hospitalized children than in outpatients. Age 0-2 months, delayed diagnosis, cyanosis, paroxysmal cough, and fever were positively associated with hospitalization, whereas receipt of ≥1 dose was negatively associated with hospitalization. <b>Conclusions:</b> Infants ≤2 months are at high risk for severe pertussis and hospitalization. Early diagnosis, timely vaccination, and close monitoring of children presenting with cyanosis, paroxysmal cough, and fever are critical to reducing pertussis-related hospitalization risk, especially in infants.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611541/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunogenicity and Safety of a Single Booster Dose of Sabin-Strain Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine in Adolescents and Adults: A Phase IV, Open-Label Trial.","authors":"Xiaoshu Zhang, Weixiao Han, Jianfeng Wang, Yu Tang, Yanan Ji, Liping Lu, Junxia Zuo, Yijing Nie, Yajing Yao, Jun Li, Dan Yu, Jing An","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090808","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090808","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In China, the current national immunisation schedule extends only to 4 years of age, and no polio booster dose is recommended for adolescents or adults, with data on immunogenicity and safety in these populations lacking. This phase IV trial evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of a single booster dose of Sabin-strain inactivated poliovirus vaccine (sIPV) in Chinese adolescents and adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This phase IV, open-label trial enrolled 120 healthy participants, comprising 60 adolescents aged 7-17 years and 60 adults aged 18-50 years, who received a single booster dose of sIPV. Participants were enrolled and vaccinated in Gansu Province, China, between 21 October and 1 November 2025. Immunogenicity was assessed by neutralising antibody titres against poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 before and 30 days post-vaccination. Safety was evaluated through monitoring of adverse events throughout the 30-day follow-up period.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following a single sIPV booster dose, seropositivity rates reached 100% for all three poliovirus serotypes in both age groups. Post-vaccination geometric mean titres (GMTs) for types 1, 2, and 3 were 1748.29, 3961.77, and 2089.08 in adolescents, and 1902.58, 4434.39, and 2256.16 in adults, respectively, with no significant between-group differences. Seroconversion rates for type 3 were significantly higher in adults than in adolescents (98.33% vs. 86.67%, <i>p</i> = 0.032). Geometric mean increases (GMIs) were significantly higher in adults for type 1 (72.12 vs. 28.10, <i>p</i> = 0.008) and type 3 (316.14 vs. 45.56, <i>p</i> < 0.001). The vaccine was well tolerated; vaccine-related adverse events were reported in 17.50% of participants, all mild to moderate, with no vaccine-related serious adverse events.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A single booster dose of sIPV induced robust neutralising antibody responses across all three poliovirus serotypes in both adolescents and adults, with a favourable safety profile. Adults with lower baseline immunity derived proportionally greater fold-increases in antibody titres.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611559/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards Better Vaccines: Enhancing Benefits, Mitigating Risks.","authors":"Kay Choong See","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090809","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090809","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For any medical intervention, benefits must outweigh risks [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611861/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparing for Future Group B <i>Streptococcus</i> Vaccines: Perspectives of Pregnant Women in Australia.","authors":"Prabha H Andraweera, Emma Jeffs, Bing Wang, Helen S Marshall","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090807","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090807","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Vaccines for Group B <i>Streptococcus</i> (GBS) intended for pregnant women are currently in advanced stages of clinical trials. Conducting preparatory research now can help identify factors influencing GBS vaccine acceptance and potential challenges to future implementation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This qualitative study recruited participants nationally through social media and antenatal clinics of a maternity hospital in South Australia between December 2024 and August 2025. Eligible participants were pregnant women aged ≥18 years residing in Australia. Online interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) were held to explore pregnant women's knowledge and perceptions of GBS, experiences with current screening and management strategies, and views on future maternal GBS vaccination. Twenty-five women participated in FGDs and six in individual interviews; FGD group sizes ranged from two to five participants. Data were analysed using inductive content analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 31 pregnant women participated, aged 19-43 years. Most participants (51.6%) were from South Australia, 87.1% had tertiary education, and 51.6% were employed in the health sector. Five themes were identified: (1) infant wellbeing is the dominant driver of vaccine acceptance, (2) maternal vaccination is preferred over current antibiotic prophylaxis, (3) perceived uncertainty about vaccine safety and knowledge gaps fuel caution, (4) accessible and flexible vaccination delivery models are desired, and (5) multimodal, woman-centred communication delivered through trusted healthcare providers is required.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings highlight the importance of addressing knowledge and safety concerns and incorporating accessible, flexible and woman-centred approaches into the planning of future maternal GBS vaccination programmes.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611924/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influenza Vaccination Status and Clinical Outcomes Among Adults Hospitalized with Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Retrospective Cohort from Saudi Arabia.","authors":"Shouq M Alzaaqi, Ayman Banjar, Majed A Almoghrabi, Seham F Basheer, Sami Alsaedi, Saeed M Algarni, Ezzuddin A Okmi, Sarah A Barzanji, Samah A Bukhari, Abeer S Alasmari, Abdullah M Alyemeny, Abdulaziz A Alshaalan, Haytham A Sheerah","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090810","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090810","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Influenza vaccination is widely recommended to prevent influenza and its complications; however, its association with clinical outcomes among high-risk populations remains uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the association between influenza vaccination status and clinical outcomes among adults hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Saudi Arabia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study included adults hospitalized with CAP in Saudi public hospitals between October 2023 and March 2024. Data on demographic characteristics, comorbidities, influenza vaccination status, laboratory-confirmed influenza infection, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, in-hospital mortality, and length of hospital stay were obtained from electronic health records. Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associations between influenza vaccination and clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 485 patients, 114 (23.5%) had received the seasonal influenza vaccine. The prevalence of laboratory-confirmed influenza infection was similar among vaccinated and unvaccinated patients (57.9% vs. 58.5%, <i>p</i>-value = 0.910). Vaccinated patients were less likely to require ICU admission (1.8% vs. 7.5%, <i>p</i>-value = 0.025), while no significant differences were observed in length of hospital stay or in-hospital mortality. After adjustment for age, sex, and comorbidities, influenza vaccination was associated with lower odds of ICU admission (OR = 0.200, 95% CI: 0.045, 0.894). No significant associations were observed between influenza vaccination and laboratory-confirmed influenza infection, length of hospital stay, or in-hospital mortality.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Among adults hospitalized with CAP in Saudi Arabia, influenza vaccination was associated with a lower likelihood of ICU admission, supporting its potential role in reducing disease severity among high-risk populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13612064/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}