Vaccines最新文献

{"title":"Oral Administration of Zinc Sulfate with Intramuscular Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Enhances Mucosal and Systemic Immunity.","authors":"Min Ja Lee, Seokwon Shin, Hyeong Won Kim, Mi-Kyeong Ko, So Hui Park, Su-Mi Kim, Jong-Hyeon Park","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111268","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111268","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) remains a significant global threat to livestock farming. Current commercial FMD vaccines present several challenges, including the risk of infection and adverse injection site reactions due to oil-based adjuvants. The complex immune environment of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue has the potential to induce broad and diverse immune responses. Therefore, we aimed to explore the potential of zinc sulfate as an oral adjuvant to enhance intestinal mucosal immunity and complement the effects of intramuscular (IM) FMD vaccination. <b>Methods</b>: We conducted serological analyses on mice and pigs, measuring secretory IgA (sIgA) levels and evaluating the expression of mucosal immunity-related genes in pigs. These assessments were used to investigate the systemic and mucosal immune responses induced by oral zinc sulfate administration in combination with an IM FMD vaccine. <b>Results</b>: This combination strategy significantly increased structural protein antibody titers and virus neutralization titers in experimental animals (mice) and target animals (pigs) across early, mid-, and long-term periods. Additionally, this approach enhanced the expression of key cytokines associated with mucosal immunity and increased sIgA levels, which are critical markers of mucosal immunity. <b>Conclusions</b>: Oral zinc sulfate administration may synergize with inactivated FMD vaccines, leading to sustained and enhanced long-term immune responses. This novel strategy could reduce the frequency of required vaccinations or allow for a lower antigen dose in vaccines, effectively stimulating the mucosal immune system and boosting systemic immunity. This approach has the potential to improve the overall efficacy of commercial FMD vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598382/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142733046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Cap-Optimized mRNA Encoding Multiepitope Antigen ESAT6 Induces Robust Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses Against <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>.","authors":"Alena Kozlova, Ildus Pateev, Galina Shepelkova, Olga Vasileva, Natalia Zakharova, Vladimir Yeremeev, Roman Ivanov, Vasiliy Reshetnikov","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111267","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111267","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives.</b> Tuberculosis is a deadly bacterial disease and the second most common cause of death from monoinfectious diseases worldwide. Comprehensive measures taken by health authorities in various countries in recent decades have saved tens of millions of lives, but the number of new cases of this infection has been steadily increasing in the last few years and already exceeds 10 million new cases annually. The development of new vaccines against tuberculosis is a priority area in the prevention of new cases of the disease. mRNA vaccines have already shown high efficacy against COVID-19 and other viral infections and can currently be considered a promising field of antituberculosis vaccination. In our previous study, we assessed the immunogenicity and protective activity of several types of antituberculosis mRNA vaccines with different 5' untranslated regions, but the efficacy of these vaccines was either comparable with or lower than that of BCG. <b>Methods.</b> Here, we conducted a comprehensive experiment to investigate the effects of cotranscriptional capping conditions and of cap structure on the magnitude of the mRNAs' translation in HEK293T and DC2.4 cells. The most effective cap version was used to create an antituberculosis mRNA vaccine called mEpitope-ESAT6. <b>Results and Conclusions</b>. We compared immunogenicity and protective activity between mEpitope-ESAT6 and BCG and found that the vaccine with the new cap type is more immunogenic than BCG. Nonetheless, the increased immunogenicity did not enhance vaccine-induced protection. Thus, the incorporation of different cap analogs into mRNA allows to modulate the efficacy of mRNA vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11599153/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of COVID-19 Vaccine Intake with Diagnosis, Hospitalization, and Oxygenation/Ventilation: A Longitudinal Analysis, 2021-2022, Japan.","authors":"Satomi Odani, Hitoshi Honda, Takahiro Tabuchi","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111264","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111264","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Japan's COVID-19 vaccination campaign achieved high coverage by 2022, yet limited national-level data has hindered evaluations of vaccine effectiveness. This study analyzed the impact of vaccines on infection outcomes while considering socioeconomic and behavioral factors in the Japanese population. <b>Methods:</b> A total of 19,482 individuals aged 16-81 years, who participated in both the 2021 (baseline) and 2022 (follow-up) waves of an Internet-based survey, were analyzed. Vaccine intake during the follow-up period (0/1/2+ doses) served as the exposure, while outcomes included COVID-19 diagnosis, hospitalization, and receipt of oxygenation/ventilation. Adjusted prevalence ratios (APRs) were calculated using Poisson regression models, controlling for baseline characteristics such as vaccination status, infection history, underlying medical conditions, socioeconomic factors, and preventive behaviors. <b>Results:</b> Overall, 81.6% of respondents received at least 1 dose of COVID-19 vaccine during the follow-up period. Among those without COVID-19 history at baseline (N = 19,182), 10.9% were diagnosed with COVID-19 in the past year, and 6.6% in the past 2 months. Respondents who received 1 or 2+ doses had lower diagnosis rates (APR = 0.76 and 0.43, respectively). For the past 2 months, only those with 2+ doses showed a significant reduction (APR = 0.51). Among 1999 diagnosed cases, those with 1 or 2+ doses showed lower hospitalization and oxygenation/ventilation likelihoods, though these differences were not statistically significant. <b>Conclusions:</b> The results supported the protective effect of COVID-19 vaccines against infection. Continued research is essential to further clarify the complex influence of vaccination, individual characteristics, and preventive behaviors on COVID-19 morbidity at the population level.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598305/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunogenicity Assessment of a 14-Valent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Candidate in Mice.","authors":"Lei Bei, Shuman Gao, Dandan Zhao, Yajuan Kou, Siyu Liang, Yurong Wu, Xiao Zhang, Dan Meng, Jianbo Lu, Chunxia Luo, Xuefeng Li, Yang Wang, Hongbin Qiu, Liangzhi Xie","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111262","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111262","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cervical cancer ranks as the fourth most common cancer affecting women globally, with HPV as the primary etiology agent. Prophylactic HPV vaccines have substantially reduced the incidence of cervical cancer.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study assessed the immunogenicity of SCT1000, a 14-valent recombinant virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine developed by Sinocelltech, Ltd. using pseudovirion-based neutralization assays (PBNAs) and total IgG Luminex immunoassays (LIAs). Currently in phase III clinical trials in China, SCT1000 targets the same HPV types as Gardasil 9^®, plus five additional high-risk types, thereby covering twelve high-risk HPV types implicated in 96.4% of cervical cancer cases.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In murine models, a dose of 1.85 μg per mouse was identified as optimal for evaluating SCT1000's immunogenicity in a three-dose regimen, as measured by PBNA and total IgG LIA across all 14 HPV types. SCT1000 induced high levels of protective antibodies, which were sustained for at least four months following the third dose. The vaccine also demonstrated stable and consistent immunogenicity in mouse potency assays under both long-term and accelerated conditions. Additionally, our studies revealed a strong correlation between the two serological tests used.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>SCT1000 elicited robust, durable, and consistent humoral immune responses across all 14 HPV types, indicating its potential as a broad-spectrum vaccine candidate against HPV types 6/11/16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59. The significant correlations observed between PBNA and total IgG LIA support the use of the Luminex-based total IgG method as a reliable and effective alternative for immunogenicity assessment in preclinical and future clinical vaccine development.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11599024/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring the Vaccine Success Index: A Framework for Long-Term Economic Evaluation and Monitoring in the Case of Rotavirus Vaccination.","authors":"Baudouin Standaert, Marc Raes, Olivier Ethgen, Bernd Benninghoff, Mondher Toumi","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111265","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111265","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>New vaccination programs measure economic success through cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) based on an outcome evaluated over a certain time frame. The reimbursement price of the newly approved vaccine is then often reliant on a simulated ideal effect projection because of limited long-term data availability. This optimal cost-effectiveness result is later rarely adjusted to the observed effect measurements, barring instances of market competition-induced price erosion through the tender process. However, comprehensive and systematic monitoring of the vaccine effect (VE) for the evaluation of the real long-term economic success of vaccination is critical. It informs expectations about vaccine performance with success timelines for the investment. Here, an example is provided by a 15-year assessment of the rotavirus vaccination program in Belgium (RotaBIS study spanning 2005 to 2019 across 11 hospitals). The vaccination program started in late 2006 and yielded sub-optimal outcomes. Long-term VE surveillance data provided insights into the infection dynamics, disease progression, and vaccine performance. The presented analysis introduces novel conceptual frameworks and methodologies about the long-term economic success of vaccination programs. The CEA evaluates the initial target vaccination population, considering vaccine effectiveness compared with a historical unvaccinated group. Cost-impact analysis (CIA) covers a longer period and considers the whole vaccinated and unvaccinated population in which the vaccine has direct and indirect effects. The economic success index ratio of CIA over CEA outcomes evaluates long-term vaccination performance. Good performance is close to the optimal result, with an index value ≤1, combined with a low CEA. This measurement is a valuable aid for new vaccine introductions. It supports the establishment of robust monitoring protocols over time.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598573/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resurgence of Pertussis in the Gyeongnam Region of South Korea in 2023 and 2024.","authors":"Hyeokjin Lee, U Jin Cho, Ah-Ra Kim, Sang-Eun Lee, Myungju Lee, Seung Ju Lee, Yu Mi Wi, Sang Hyuk Ma, Dong Han Lee","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111261","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111261","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Pertussis continues to pose a substantial global health challenge despite widespread vaccination programs. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of recent pertussis cases in the Gyeongnam region of South Korea. <b>Methods</b>: We analyzed 419 pertussis cases in the Gyeongnam region of South Korea between October 2023 and April 2024, using data collected from epidemiological investigation reports, medical records, and interviews with health officials and school staff. <b>Results</b>: Our analysis revealed a distinct age distribution pattern with minimal cases in infants (0.2% under 1 year) and young children (7.9% in ages 1-6 years), while school-aged children showed the highest incidence (31.8% in ages 7-9 years, 36.0% in ages 10-12 years). The outbreak pattern demonstrated a progressive shift from preschool and elementary school students to middle and high school students. The time from symptoms onset to diagnosis varied significantly across age groups, with a median of 3.0 days (1.0-6.0) overall; notably, this was longer in high school students at 5.0 days (2.3-8.0) (<i>p</i> = 0.023). While 92.4% (365/395) of cases were fully vaccinated, substantial delays were observed in third and fourth dose administration (18.2% and 25.8%, respectively), with considerable timing variability for the fifth and sixth doses. <b>Conclusions</b>: Our findings highlight the changing epidemiology of pertussis in South Korea, characterized by an age shift toward older children. These results emphasize the need for enhanced surveillance focusing on school-aged populations and the reassessment of vaccination strategies, particularly regarding booster dose timings and adherence.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11599052/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Parental Decision-Making and Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccination for Children in Vietnam: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey.","authors":"Hien T Nguyen, Khanh C Nguyen, Thai Q Pham, Hieu T Nguyen, Anh Hoang, Trang T Vu, Huyen T Nguyen, Nghia D Ngu, Florian Vogt","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111266","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111266","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>In Vietnam, COVID-19 vaccination campaigns for children have encountered numerous challenges due to acceptance issues among parents. This study aimed to assess parental decision-making and identify factors influencing their decision to vaccinate their children against COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a cross-sectional online survey conducted between April and May 2023 among parents of children aged 6-17 years enrolled in urban and rural schools in Thai Nguyen province, Vietnam. Data on parental and child demographics, vaccination decision-making, COVID-19 experiences, and health beliefs based on the Health Belief Model were collected and analyzed, using univariate and multivariable multinomial regression analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 4235 respondents (median age 41 years, 80.4% female), 81.3% had accepted all vaccine doses for their children, 9.7% had accepted some doses, 4.6% had rejected all doses, and 4.5% had not vaccinated their children for reasons unrelated to vaccine acceptance. Factors influencing parental decision-making included parental age, educational status, area of residence, health beliefs, prior experience with COVID-19 vaccination, and their child's age and health status.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We found overall high levels of parental acceptance for COVID-19 vaccination for children in Thai Nguyen province. To enhance COVID-19 vaccination acceptance, targeted communication strategies should focus on younger parents, those living in urban areas, parents with higher educational levels, and those with children who are younger or have underlying medical conditions. Trusted sources such as healthcare workers, teachers, and official health websites are essential for disseminating accurate information and fostering trust in vaccination programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11599046/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oceanic Breakthroughs: Marine-Derived Innovations in Vaccination, Therapy, and Immune Health.","authors":"Chiara Gamberi, Chad L Leverette, Alexis C Davis, Moayad Ismail, Ilaria Piccialli, Nicola Borbone, Giorgia Oliviero, Caterina Vicidomini, Rosanna Palumbo, Giovanni N Roviello","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111263","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111263","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The vast, untapped potential of the world's oceans is revealing groundbreaking advancements in human health and vaccination. Microalgae such as <i>Nannochloropsis</i> spp. and <i>Dunaliella salina</i> are emerging as resources for recombinant vaccine development with specific and heterologous genetic tools used to boost production of functional recombinant antigens in <i>Dunaliella salina</i> and <i>Nannochloropsis</i> spp. to induce immunoprotection. In humans, several antigens produced in microalgae have shown potential in combating diseases caused by the human papillomavirus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, influenza virus, Zika virus, Zaire Ebola virus, <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>, and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. For animals, microalgae-derived vaccine prototypes have been developed to fight against the foot-and-mouth disease virus, classical swine fever virus, vibriosis, white spot syndrome virus, and <i>Histophilus somni</i>. Marine organisms offer unique advantages, including the ability to express complex antigens and sustainable production. Additionally, the oceans provide an array of bioactive compounds that serve as therapeutics, potent adjuvants, delivery systems, and immunomodulatory agents. These innovations from the sea not only enhance vaccine efficacy but also contribute to broader immunological and general health. This review explores the transformative role of marine-derived substances in modern medicine, emphasizing their importance in the ongoing battle against infectious diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598900/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142733045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Tobacco Smoking Affect Vaccine-Induced Immune Response? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Federica Valeriani, Carmela Protano, Angela Pozzoli, Katia Vitale, Fabrizio Liguori, Giorgio Liguori, Francesca Gallè","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111260","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111260","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>. Causing approximately 8 million deaths each year, tobacco smoking represents a significant public health concern. Evidence shows that smoking significantly impairs antibody production and immune cell activity following vaccination. <b>Objectives</b>. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature regarding how smoking reduces the effectiveness of active immunization by affecting vaccine-induced immune response. <b>Methods</b>. This study was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines, and the protocol was registered on the PROSPERO platform (ID: CRD42024582638). PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were consulted as bibliographic and citation databases. Studies published in Italian and English and that aimed to investigate the effects of exposure to active and passive tobacco smoking on vaccine-induced immune response were included. <b>Results</b>. Thirty-four studies were selected. Overall, a decrease in antibody levels and avidity and in immune cell production were observed in individuals exposed to smoke. The meta-analysis showed a weighted mean difference between smokers and non-smokers equal to 0.65 (95% CI: 0.10-1.19, <i>p</i> = 0.02) for vaccinations against COVID-19, influenza, pneumococcus, HBV, HPV, tetanus, pertussis, polio, haemophilus influenzae type b, measles-mumps-rubella, and recurrent urinary tract infections. <b>Conclusions</b>. Smoking cessation campaigns should be considered in order to increase the effectiveness of vaccination programs. Furthermore, the opportunity to adopt different vaccine dosing schemes for smokers and non-smokers, especially in acute epidemics, should be considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11599009/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lessons from Recent Measles Post-Campaign Coverage Surveys Worldwide.","authors":"M Carolina Danovaro-Holliday, Mitsuki Koh, Claudia Steulet, Dale A Rhoda, Mary Kay Trimner","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111257","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Measles elimination strategies include supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) to rapidly fill immunity gaps. Post-campaign coverage surveys (PCCSs) are recommended to assess SIA coverage. We characterized selected PCCSs performed following recent SIAs, highlighting specific challenges and strengths, and provide recommendations for improvement.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We extracted national SIA data from the global measles/MR SIA database for the period of 2020-2023 and reviewed PCCS reports available at the World Health Organization headquarters. We extracted selected information on PCCS implementation, including information about the implementer, sampling, and main results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Only 15 of 66 countries (23%) with a national-level SIA performed since 2020 had a PCCS report available. We reviewed those reports, plus six more, following three 2019 SIAs with a delayed PCCS and two PCCSs following large subnational SIAs (Kenya 2021 and Yemen 2023). All 24 PCCS reports available were from Gavi-eligible countries, with 15 from South Saharan Africa (Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Ethiopia had two PCCSs). Eleven (45.8%) PCCSs were conducted within three months of the end of the SIA. All included sampling information and most had percentage of participation. Description of the interviewers' profiles varied but was limited. PCCS coverage was lower than administrative data in all but two instances. All PCCSs collected data on previous measles vaccination status that would allow exploring indicators on the SIA reaching previously measles zero-dose children. Of the 12 PCCSs reporting coverage among previously measles zero-dose children, nine reported coverage among this group of more than 50% (range: 12% and 91.6%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Even though a PCCS following an SIA is recommended and a requirement in Gavi-supported countries, most SIAs are not followed by a PCCS and, when performed, the timeliness of survey implementation needs improvement. Recent PCCSs were independently conducted and reports included basic survey information, but analysis and presentation of survey results vary particularly for measles zero-dose-related indicators. More guidance and technical support on how to implement PCCSs, including standardization of reports and more in-depth PCCS analyses, may help improve reporting and use of available PCCS data.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598291/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}