Vaccines最新文献

{"title":"Strategies to Increase Vaccinations in Adult Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Giuseppina Lo Moro, Federica Golzio, Sara Claudia Calabrese, Giacomo Scaioli, Alessandro Basile, Roberta Siliquini, Fabrizio Bert","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090964","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090964","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Although vaccinations are a priority for patients with cancer, achieving high coverage remains challenging. Evidence on effective strategies in oncology settings is still limited. This systematic review aimed to identify interventions to improve vaccination uptake or reduce hesitancy among cancer patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Scopus, including studies published up to the end of 2023. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024511008).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 10,927 non-duplicate records, 15 studies describing unique interventions were included. All studies were published between 2011 and 2022, primarily conducted in Europe/UK (40%) and in North America (40%). The most common study design was pre-post (60%), and 33.3% included a control group. Most interventions were multi-component (60%) and were classified into three main categories: educational materials/campaigns (46.7%), reminders (40%), and patient counselling (33.3%). Additional components included guideline development in two studies. Some studies also highlighted the importance of specific key figures, such as dedicated professionals, general practitioners, and pharmacists. Interventions mainly targeted patients (40%), with 33.3% addressing both healthcare professionals and patients and 26.7% professionals only. They most frequently concerned vaccinations against influenza and pneumococcal disease (26.7%), pneumococcal disease alone (26.7%), or Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (26.7%). Vaccination uptake was the primary outcome in 86.7% of studies, with 66.7% reporting significant improvements.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This review identified a variety of strategies, with education, reminders, and counselling as key components. Multicomponent interventions and those involving both patients and providers were most promising. However, methodological limitations and limited generalizability highlighted the need for more rigorous research.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474426/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influenza Vaccines: Current Status, Adjuvant Strategies, and Efficacy.","authors":"Vijay Reddy Mokalla, Shirisha Gundarapu, Radhey S Kaushik, Mrigendra Rajput, Hemachand Tummala","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090962","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090962","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The influenza virus is one of the major global health concerns, causing significant morbidity and mortality in both humans and animals, with substantial impacts on public health. Vaccination remains the primary strategy for managing influenza virus infections; however, the virus undergoes frequent genetic changes through antigenic drift and shift. These mutations lead to new seasonal strains that evade pre-existing immunity. These mutations can potentially result in virulent strains that could trigger future pandemics. Therefore, developing a vaccine capable of providing robust protection despite these genetic changes is essential. Vaccine adjuvants are essential for boosting and directing the immune system's response, broadening the spectrum of protection, and reducing the amount of antigen required to achieve protection, which is particularly valuable in the face of rapidly evolving strains and during pandemics. Recent advances in adjuvant design and formulation strategies have demonstrated promising improvements in both the overall potency and durability of influenza vaccines, importantly, significant reductions in losses due to influenza infection. This review highlights the current status of different types of influenza virus vaccines, their benefits, and challenges. Further, the review focuses on the role of adjuvants, discussing their advantages, limitations, and methodological approaches, while also considering their potential contribution in developing a universal flu vaccine intended to provide extensive and lasting protection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474428/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Study on Immune Protection Efficacy: An HSV-1 Trivalent Antigen Subunit Vaccine Formulated with a Cellular Immunity-Inducing Adjuvant Versus an mRNA Vaccine.","authors":"Han Cao, Jingping Hu, Fengyuan Zeng, Ning Luan, Dandan Gao, Zhentao Lei, Jishuai Cheng, Cunbao Liu","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090958","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090958","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b><b>:</b> Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a neurotropic virus that can be categorized into two serotypes: HSV-1 and HSV-2. HSV-1 causes symptoms such as herpes labialis, herpetic keratitis, genital ulcers, and encephalitis, and primarily establishes latent infection in the trigeminal ganglion. The complexity of membrane fusion mechanisms and potential infection in nerves allow HSV to easily evade recognition and clearance by host immune cells. Therefore, developing a vaccine that can prevent both primary and reactivated HSV-1 infection is critical. Currently, no preventive or therapeutic HSV-1 vaccines have been approved for marketing. <b>Methods</b>: In this study, we utilized the gC, gD, and gE proteins of HSV-1, which are associated with viral fusion and immune escape, to design a trivalent antigen vaccine that is capable of inducing a cellular immune response. Two formulations of the vaccine are available: a subunit vaccine incorporating oligodeoxynucleotides with CpG motifs (CpG ODNs) and QS-21 as adjuvants, as well as an mRNA vaccine. Mice were immunized via intramuscular injection to evaluate and compare the immunological responses and protective efficacy of the two vaccines. <b>Results</b>: After the challenge, the viral load in the tissues of both vaccine groups was significantly lower than that in the positive control group, indicating that both vaccines were able to control viral proliferation in the tissues. <b>Conclusions</b>: The findings indicated that both mRNA and subunit vaccines were capable of eliciting comparable humoral and cellular immune responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474238/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances in Clinical Research of Prophylactic Vaccines Against Tuberculosis.","authors":"Buyun Xu, Mengjuan Yuan, Lisa Yang, Lan Huang, Jingxin Li, Zhongming Tan","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090959","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090959","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is one of the leading infectious causes of adult mortality worldwide. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is currently the only approved vaccine for TB prevention, but its protective efficacy against adult pulmonary TB is limited, and it lacks effective protection against primary or latent TB infection. There is an urgent need to develop more effective preventive TB vaccines. Currently, preventive TB vaccines under clinical investigation globally include live attenuated vaccines, recombinant subunit vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and mRNA vaccines. This article reviews and summarizes recent progress in the clinical development of preventive TB vaccines, analyzing and comparing their safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy. It also explores novel strategies for next-generation TB vaccine development, aiming to provide insights and directions for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474261/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Lung Cancer: The Role of Immunotherapy and HPV-Targeted Cancer Vaccines.","authors":"Krupa Bhaliya, Muneera Anwer, Ming Q Wei","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090957","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090957","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for most cases. Although advances in targeted therapies and immunotherapy have improved outcomes, long-term survival remains limited. This review aims to explore current immunotherapeutic strategies, the evolving role of therapeutic cancer vaccines, and the emerging potential of human papillomavirus-targeted interventions in lung cancer, particularly among non-smoker populations. <b>Methods</b>: A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to identify relevant articles published between 2015 and 2024. Studies focusing on immune checkpoint inhibitors, vaccine platforms, HPV-associated lung cancer, tumor microenvironment modulation, and novel delivery systems such as bacterial ghosts were included. Relevant clinical trials and preclinical studies were critically evaluated and synthesized. <b>Results</b>: Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 have demonstrated clinical efficacy in NSCLC, yet their effectiveness is often limited by resistance mechanisms and lack of robust predictive biomarkers. Cancer vaccines, including peptide-based, mRNA, DNA, dendritic cell, and bacterial ghost platforms are emerging as complementary strategies to enhance antitumor immunity. Moreover, accumulating evidence suggests a potential association between high-risk HPV infection and lung cancer development, supporting the rationale for HPV-targeted vaccine strategies. <b>Conclusions</b>: Immunotherapy and therapeutic vaccination hold significant promise in reshaping lung cancer treatment. Advancements in vaccine design, delivery platforms like bacterial ghosts, and better understanding of HPV's role in lung oncogenesis could support more effective, personalized immunotherapeutic approaches in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474300/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Presence of Vaccine-Induced Antibodies Against <i>Leptospira</i> spp. Complicates the Diagnosis of Leptospirosis by the Microscopic Agglutination Test.","authors":"Katharina Gesa Schmitt, Michèle Bergmann, Hans van der Linden, Ahmed A Ahmed, Reinhard K Straubinger, Yury Zablotski, Katrin Hartmann","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090956","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090956","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Leptospirosis is a potentially fatal infectious disease. Therefore, annual revaccination of dogs is recommended, but this can lead to diagnostic interference due to vaccine-induced antibodies. This study determined the prevalence of <i>Leptospira</i> spp.-specific antibodies in 97 healthy adult dogs revaccinated with a 4-serovar vaccine (Nobivac^® L4).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Antibodies were measured with a microscopic agglutination test against 12 serovars before (week 0) and 2, 4, 12, 26, and 52 weeks after revaccination. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the presence of pre-revaccination antibodies. Mixed-effect logistic regression analyses and chi-squared tests were used to compare differences between antibodies against vaccine serovars and between vaccine and non-vaccine serovars at different time points.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 63/97 dogs (64.9%) had antibodies against vaccine serovars before revaccination. During the study period, antibodies against ≥1 vaccine serovars were detected in all 97 dogs (100.0%). The highest likelihood of detectable antibodies was present in weeks 2 and 4, but 71/97 dogs (73.2%) had antibodies persisting 52 weeks after revaccination. Of 97 dogs, 75 dogs (78.4%) even had antibodies against ≥1 non-vaccine serovars. Among those, 19/75 (25.0%) had a fourfold titre increase.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggest that high levels of antibody titres against <i>Leptospira</i> spp. occur frequently and cross-reactivity against non-vaccine serovars is likely. The detection of vaccine-induced antibodies can therefore complicate the diagnosis of leptospirosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474255/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of T-Cell Epitopes and Vaccine Development for African Swine Fever Virus.","authors":"Wanyi Ni, Hanchun Yang, Nianzhi Zhang","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090955","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090955","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>African swine fever virus (ASFV) has inflicted severe devastation on the global pig industry, yet a globally approved vaccine remains unavailable. Given that cellular immunity is critical for ASFV prevention, the development of vaccines based on T-cell epitopes emerges as a promising strategy to control this virus. This review synthesizes the recent advancements and challenges in the research on ASFV T-cell epitopes, while offering insights into the potential impact of novel T-cell epitope-based vaccines. Notably, only a limited number of ASFV T-cell epitopes have been experimentally identified to date, covering fewer than 20 ASFV proteins. This bottleneck is attributed to challenges such as high swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) polymorphism, suboptimal accuracy of predicting tools, and complex experimental validation procedures. Although current studies on ASFV-specific T-cell immune responses and epitope identification are insufficient to meet vaccine development needs, continuous progress in T-cell immunology research in recent years has brought this goal closer to reality.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474340/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Associated with Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Among Working-Age Adults in Poland: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey.","authors":"Radosław Sierpiński, Mateusz Jankowski, Filip Raciborski","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090954","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090954","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Influenza-related absenteeism causes significant economic implications. Vaccination is the most effective intervention for preventing influenza infection and its complications. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of seasonal influenza vaccination as well as to identify factors associated with seasonal influenza vaccination among working-age adults in Poland.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study is a secondary analysis of a dataset generated during the representative cross-sectional survey among adults aged 18-64 years in Poland (December 2024). In the study group (<i>n</i> = 5006), 49.9% were women.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among all respondents, 16.9% declared getting vaccinated against influenza in the last 3 years: 8.2% were vaccinated several times during this period, and 8.8% were vaccinated once. There were several socio-demographic differences (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in the influenza vaccination uptake. Among working-age adults, male gender (OR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.55-2.15, <i>p</i> < 0.001), age 18-24 years (OR: 2.63, 95% CI: 2.05-3.39; <i>p</i> < 0.001), living in cities over 100,000 residents (<i>p</i> < 0.05), having a part-time job (OR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.08-1.73; <i>p</i> < 0.01), very good household financial situation (OR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.19-2.24; <i>p</i> < 0.01), frequent infections throughout the year (<i>p</i> < 0.05), having chronic diseases (<i>p</i> < 0.05), taking dietary supplements regularly (OR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.36-2.03; <i>p</i> < 0.001) and personal beliefs on doctors' competencies (<i>p</i> < 0.05) were significantly associated with getting vaccinated against influenza in the last 3 years.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study revealed very low influenza vaccination coverage rates in working-age adults in Poland. Public health interventions are needed to address gaps in influenza vaccination uptake among working-age adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474479/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CD8+ T Cells Primed by Antigenic Peptide-Pulsed B Cells or Dendritic Cells Generate Similar Anti-Tumor Response.","authors":"Ichwaku Rastogi, Wanyi Guo, Jena E Moseman, Douglas G McNeel","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090953","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090953","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Peptide-loaded antigen-presenting cell (APC)-based vaccines have been under investigation as a therapeutic approach for treating cancer. However, in general they have demonstrated limited efficacy in clinical trials. Dendritic cells (DCs) have been the primary choice for APC-based vaccines given their ability to cross-present antigens. B cells have been less studied as APCs for vaccines. Here we compare the phenotype and anti-tumor activity of activated T cells that result from peptide-specific priming using either B cells or DCs. <b>Methods:</b> B cells and DCs were isolated from C57Bl/6 mice, and either treated or not treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for maturation, and then either loaded or not loaded with SIINFEKL peptide to prime CD8+ T cells from OT-1 mice. Activated T cells were then analyzed for their phenotype and anti-tumor efficacy. <b>Results:</b> We report that both immature B cells and immature DCs were similarly capable of activating antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. However, LPS-matured DCs generated a stronger CD8+ T cell activation profile <i>in vitro</i> compared to LPS-matured B cells. Immature B cells, mature DCs and immature DCs all generated a similar anti-tumor response upon adoptive transfer of primed CD8+ T cells to tumor-bearing mice. <b>Conclusions:</b> Collectively, our data suggests that B cells and DCs are each capable of priming CD8+ T cells and generating anti-tumor responses. Given that B cells are relatively easier to culture and expand compared to DCs, our study suggests that, following further validation, B cells could be further investigated as APCs for peptide-based human cancer vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474392/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influenza-Associated Ocular Complications: A Comprehensive Review of Viral Subtypes, Clinical Presentations, and Vaccination Risks.","authors":"Yuan Zong, Shuang Qiu, Jing Zhang, Mingming Yang, Yaru Zou, Jingheng Du, Kyoko Ohno-Matsui, Koju Kamoi","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090950","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090950","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This comprehensive review examines the multifaceted interactions between influenza viruses and the ocular system, integrating viral pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and vaccine-related considerations. Influenza A subtypes (H7, H1N1, H5N1) and influenza B viruses induce a spectrum of ocular complications, from mild conjunctivitis-predominantly associated with H7 avian strains-to sight-threatening disorders like uveal effusion syndrome, acute macular neuroretinopathy, and optic neuritis. Experimental evidence confirms viral replication in human corneal and retinal cells, with H7N7 demonstrating unique tropism for ocular tissues via NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways. Clinical cases highlight direct viral invasion and immune-mediated mechanisms, such as Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease exacerbation and retinal vasculitis. Rarely, influenza vaccination has been linked to oculorespiratory syndrome, uveitis, and demyelinating events, though large-scale epidemiological studies (e.g., WHO safety reports) confirm vaccines' favorable risk-benefit profile, distinguishing true adverse events from temporal associations. This synthesis emphasizes the need for ophthalmologists to prioritize surveillance during influenza seasons, integrating diagnostic tools like conjunctival RT-PCR and optical coherence tomography. Future research should focus on defining viral receptor-binding mechanisms in ocular tissues and developing targeted therapies for severe retinopathies, while reinforcing vaccination as a cornerstone of public health despite rare ocular risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474507/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}