Vaccines最新文献

{"title":"Further Insights into the Measurement of Free Polysaccharide in Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccines.","authors":"Nicola J Beresford, Gianluigi De Benedetto, Kay Lockyer, Fang Gao, Karena Burkin, Karan Lalwani, Barbara Bolgiano","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020167","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020167","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives</b>: The purpose of this study was to further characterize the ultrafiltration (UF) method for determining free saccharide levels in glycoconjugate vaccines and compare it with other methods used for the determination of free saccharide levels in meningococcal glycoconjugate vaccines. <b>Methods</b>: We performed experiments on both meningococcal glycoconjugates and capsular polysaccharides, and compared UF, deoxycholate (DOC) precipitation, and solid-phase extraction (SPE) methods. Meningococcal capsular polysaccharides from groups A (MenA), C (MenC), and W (MenW) were depolymerized and characterized using SEC-MALS (size-exclusion chromatography with multi-angle laser light scattering) to determine the molecular weight and hydrodynamic size and then subjected to UF. The free saccharide content was quantified using HPAEC-PAD (high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection). <b>Results</b>: The characterization of size-reduced group C polysaccharide revealed weight-average molecular mass (Mw) ranging from 22,200 g/mol to 287,300 g/mol and hydrodynamic radii of 3.7 to 19.5 nm. Pore size studies confirmed that polysaccharides with diameters up to 15 nm filtered through the 100 kDa cellulose membrane. The smallest PS fragment tested (22,200 g/mol, 7.4 nm diameter) was partially recovered from the 30 kDa membrane. For MenC-CRM₁₉₇, DOC yielded the lowest free saccharide content (<1%), UF gave moderate results (7-8%), and SPE showed the highest and most variable values (up to 15%). For MenA- and MenW-CRM₁₉₇, UF and DOC consistently provided low free saccharide levels (<2% and 3-11%, respectively). <b>Conclusions:</b> The upper limits on the size of free group C meningococcal polysaccharides that can be ultrafiltered were assessed. Differences in the relative amount of free saccharide were observed between various methods used to control meningococcal conjugate vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861164/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Heterologous and Homologous Ad26.COV2.S Vaccine Boosting in Preventing COVID-19-Related Outcomes Among Individuals with a Completed Primary Vaccination Series in the United States.","authors":"Mawuli Nyaku, Lara S Yoon, Deborah Ricci, Lexie Rubens, Paige Sheridan, Monica Iyer, Thomas Zhen, Raymond A Harvey, Ann Madsen","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020166","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020166","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> COVID-19 vaccines have significantly reduced the mortality and morbidity associated with SARS-CoV-2. In the fall of 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration amended its emergency use authorization guidelines for COVID-19 vaccines to allow the administration of booster vaccine doses based on sound scientific evidence of the increase in effectiveness conferred by boosters. The effectiveness of the Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 booster vaccine during the periods of Delta and Omicron variant dominance is unknown. This study used real-world data to estimate the effectiveness of booster heterologous or homologous Ad26.COV2.S vaccination compared to that of a primary Ad26.COV2.S or mRNA COVID-19 vaccination series. <b>Methods:</b> A retrospective, observational, longitudinal cohort study design was used with a total eligible sample population consisting of 72,461,026 individuals in the HealthVerity dataset. The study cohort consisted of individuals ≥18 years in the United States with evidence of a COVID-19 primary vaccination series (Ad26.COV2.S or mRNA) administered between 1 January 2021 and 6 July 2022. Two exposure groups were considered based on retrospective database classification: a heterologous Ad26.COV2.S booster and a homologous Ad26.COV2.S booster. Individuals eligible for the referent groups, defined as those with a primary vaccine series alone, were identified through exact matching by age, sex, time since primary series vaccine, location, and Gagne comorbidity score. Propensity score-matched Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate outcomes, including COVID-19-related hospitalization and medically attended COVID-19. <b>Results:</b> Depending on the comparison group of interest, the adjusted hazard ratios for COVID-19-related hospitalization ranged from 0.63 (95% CI: 0.56, 0.72) to 0.82 (95% CI: 0.75, 0.90), and 0.93 (95% CI: 0.90, 0.96) to 0.94 (95% CI: 0.91, 0.97) for medically attended COVID-19, both favoring booster vaccination. <b>Conclusions:</b> The results of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of an Ad26.COV2.S booster vaccination compared to primary series vaccination in preventing COVID-19 hospitalization and medically attended COVID-19 for at least 12 months. This study adds to the scientific evidence that demonstrates the importance of COVID-19 booster vaccinations to support public health policy.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861575/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Invasive Meningococcal Disease in the Post-COVID World: Patterns of Disease Rebound.","authors":"Jamie Findlow, Myint Tin Tin Htar, Rodolfo Villena, Paul Balmer","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020165","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020165","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is a global health threat with an unpredictable epidemiology that varies regionally and over time. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance Consortium reported widespread reductions in bacterial diseases transmitted via the respiratory route, including IMD, that were associated with the stringency of COVID-19 measures implemented in each country. Here, we report the epidemiology of IMD from the United States, England, France, Australia, and Chile during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. There was a consistent trend in which IMD incidence declined throughout 2020 and into 2021 but began to increase in 2021 (England and Chile) or 2022 (United States, France, and Australia). Case numbers of IMD in France and the United States surpassed pre-pandemic levels by December 2022 and 2023, respectively, whereas in other countries examined, overall cases in 2021/2022 or 2023 approached but did not exceed pre-pandemic levels. Except for the United States, meningococcal serogroup B was the prominent serogroup of post-pandemic re-emergence, although substantial increases in serogroup Y and W disease in France in 2022 and serogroup W disease in Chile in 2023 were also observed. In the United States, where meningococcal vaccination coverage did not decline during the pandemic, the rebound in cases was predominantly due to serogroups C, Y, and nongroupable serogroups. The data indicate that surveillance of IMD cases, associated serogroups, and vaccination uptake is essential for monitoring the effectiveness of disease prevention strategies and guiding future public health policy.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861802/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Current-Season-Only Versus Continuous Two-Season Influenza Vaccination on Mortality in Older Adults: A Propensity-Score-Matched Retrospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Huimin Sun, Yijing Wang, Yongyue Wei, Weihua Hu, Junwen Zhou, Nuosu Nama, Yujie Ma, Gang Liu, Yuantao Hao","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020164","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>This study evaluated the impact of influenza vaccination on mortality using real-world data and compared the effect of current-season-only vaccination versus continuous two-season vaccination.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The 2017-2019 data from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, included 880,119 individuals aged ≥65 years. The participants were divided into vaccinated and unvaccinated groups and matched using propensity scores with a 1:4 nearest-neighbor approach. Vaccinated individuals were further divided into current-season-only and continuous two-season vaccination groups, matched 1:1. Cox's multivariable proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the effect of vaccination on all-cause mortality, with Firth's penalized likelihood method applied to correct for a few events. The Fine-Gray competing risk models were used to assess the effect of vaccination on cardio-cerebral vascular disease (CCVD) mortality. Sensitivity analyses, including caliper matching, a nested case-control design, and Poisson's regression, were performed to test the robustness of the results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Influenza vaccination reduced all-cause mortality by 39% (HR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.47-0.80) and 55% (HR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.33-0.60) in 2017-2018 and 2018-2019, respectively. Current-season-only vaccination showed stronger protective effects than continuous two-season vaccination (HR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.31-0.99). Influenza vaccination reduced CCVD mortality by 46% (HR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.34-0.84) in 2018-2019. The results were consistent across the sensitivity analyses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Influenza vaccination was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause and CCVD mortality in older adults, underscoring the importance of routine influenza vaccination in older populations. Stronger effects were observed for current-season-only vaccination, warranting further research to confirm the association and explore mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860298/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"P23-Specific IgY Significantly Reduces Diarrhea and Oocyst Shedding in Calves Experimentally Infected with <i>Cryptosporidium parvum</i>.","authors":"Anabela Mira, Carlos Javier Garro, Paloma de Alba, Demian Monti, Maria Cecilia Lang, Alejandro Vivas, Esteban Medina, Juan Cruz Franco, Álvaro Gutierrez, Leonhard Schnittger, Andrés Wigdorovitz, Viviana Parreño, Marina Bok","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020162","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong><i>Cryptosporidium parvum</i> is a zoonotic enteroparasite causing severe diarrhea in newborn calves, leading to significant economic losses in dairy and beef farming. This study aimed to evaluate whether <i>C. parvum</i> p23-specific IgY antibodies could control neonatal calf diarrhea caused by <i>C. parvum</i>.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A recombinant immunogen comprising the p23 protein fused to the antigen-presenting cell homing (APCH) molecule was expressed using the baculovirus system. Hens were immunized with the APCH-p23 immunogen, and the resulting IgY was spray-dried for treatment use. Eight newborn calves were included in the study and received commercial colostrum within the first 12 h of life. Four calves were treated with 20 g of powdered egg containing IgY (p23-specific IgY titer of 256 in milk) twice daily for 7 days. The remaining four calves received regular non-supplemented milk. All calves were orally infected with 6 million oocysts and monitored for 21 days.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Calves treated with p23-specific IgY exhibited significantly reduced diarrhea duration (3.5 vs. 7.5 days; <i>p</i> = 0.0397) and oocyst shedding duration (6.50 vs. 12 days; <i>p</i> = 0.0089). In addition, the total number of excreted oocysts, as measured by the change of the area under the curve (AUC), was significantly reduced in the treated group (14.25 vs. 33.45; <i>p</i> = 0.0117). Although the onset of diarrhea was delayed (3.5 to 6.5 days post-infection; <i>p</i> = 0.1840), and diarrhea severity was reduced (24.25 to 17 AUC; <i>p</i> = 0.1236), both parameters were not statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>P23-specific IgY antibodies effectively reduced the <i>C. parvum</i>-induced duration of diarrhea in experimentally infected calves. These findings highlight the potential of this passive treatment as a promising strategy for controlling neonatal calf diarrhea.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860195/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal Surveillance of COVID-19 Antibodies in Pediatric Healthcare Workers.","authors":"Dunia Hatabah, Sneh Lata Gupta, Grace Mantus, Patrick Sullivan, Stacy Heilman, Andres Camacho-Gonzalez, Deborah Leake, Mimi Le, Mark Griffiths, Carson Norwood, Samuel Shih, Rawan Korman, Giorgi Maziashvili, Chris A Rees, Laura Benedit, Bridget A Wynn, Mehul Suthar, Miriam B Vos, Jens Wrammert, Claudia R Morris","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020163","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Vaccines against COVID-19 target the spike protein. There is minimal information on longitudinal COVID-19 immune profiling in recovered versus naïve and vaccinated versus non-vaccinated healthcare workers (HCWs). <b>Methods:</b> This is a prospective longitudinal observational cohort of pediatric HCWs (pHCWs) conducted during 2020-2022 at an academic center, exploring the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titers over time and cross-reactivity with other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and seasonal coronaviruses (HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43). <b>Results:</b> A total of 642 pHCWs initially enrolled, and 337 participants had repeat IgG titers measured post-vaccine and post-booster. Most participants were female, median age range of 31-40 years. Anti-spike was higher in all vaccinated individuals versus non-vaccinated (<i>p</i> < 0.0001) and naïve versus infected (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). A single dose of vaccine was sufficient to attain maximum titers in recovered participants versus naïve who received both doses of vaccine. Anti-spike titers dropped significantly at 9 months after the primary series, whereas sustained anti-spike titers were observed at 9 months post-booster. <b>Conclusions:</b> All vaccinated pHCWs developed antibodies to spike. COVID-19 infection and/or vaccination yielded antibodies that cross-reacted to SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-OC43. Anti-spike titers were more durable post-booster compared to the primary series. Longitudinal immune profiling of COVID-19 responses provides vital data to shape public health policies, optimize vaccine strategies, and strengthen pandemic preparedness.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861628/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Adverse Events Reported Following the First Dose of COVID-19 Vaccines in Bahia State, Brazil, from 2021 to 2022.","authors":"Ramon da Costa Saavedra, Enny S Paixao, Maria Yury Travassos Ichihara, Maria da Conceição Nascimento Costa, Rita Carvalho-Sauer, Caroline Tianeze de Castro, Maria Gloria Teixeira","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020161","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Despite adverse events following immunization (AEFI) being well described in vaccine trials, there is a need to produce more real-world data on events supposedly attributed to vaccination against COVID-19. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of AEFI in the first dose of COVID-19 vaccines in the state of Brazil and to verify whether such events differ among the types of vaccines offered in this country. <b>Methods</b>: A population-based study using linked administrative data on vaccine registry and adverse events following immunization in 2021 and 2022. The study included 10,169,378 individuals aged 18 or over who lived in Bahia and received the first dose of COVID-19 vaccines. We calculated AEFI prevalence and verified differences among vaccines by logistic regression to estimate crude and adjusted by sex and age group prevalence ratio (PR). <b>Results</b>: The prevalence of AEFI was 74.3 per 100,000 doses applied, with a higher rate of nonserious events, mainly following the ChAdOx1-S. More than two-thirds of these adverse effects occurred in women, and almost half were between 30 and 49 years old. The individuals who received ChAdOx1-S had a 125% higher prevalence than those who received CoronaVac. Those who received BNT162b2 and Ad26.COV2.S had a 71% and 58%, respectively, lower prevalence of AEFI than those who received CoronaVac. <b>Conclusions</b>: The use of vaccines against COVID-19 has proven to be positive and effective in combating SARS-CoV-2, significantly reducing morbidity and mortality from the disease. We cannot deny the presence of adverse events in the context of vaccination. However, the vaccines have proven to be safe and reliable. The results of this study offer relevant data that can contribute to the qualification of AEFI pharmacovigilance in Brazil and worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861607/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Prevention: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Teresa Gavaruzzi, Andrea Ceccarelli, Camilla Nanni, Carloalberto Vignali, Valentina Colonnello, Marta Caserotti, Matteo Riccò, Davide Gori","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020159","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020159","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: New strategies for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prevention are available and are in development, but their acceptance is crucial to their effectiveness. Objectives: This systematic review aims to summarize current quantitative and qualitative evidence regarding knowledge and attitudes relating to RSV prevention. <b>Methods</b>: Six databases (PubMed, Scopus, APA PsycArticles; APA PsycInfo; CINAHL Complete; Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection) and two preprint repositories (medRxiv and Preprints) were searched up until 23 December 2024 (PROSPERO: CRD42024602351). <b>Results</b>: Sixty-one articles were included, focusing on vaccination for the elderly and adults at risk (n = 10) or pregnant people (n = 24, of which 8 also examined preferences for maternal vs. infant immunization) and infant immunization (n = 27, of which 16 focused on palivizumab, with 6 focusing on adherence to its monthly administration). Eighteen articles assessed attitudes in healthcare professionals. Overall, findings showed limited knowledge and awareness of RSV but generally positive attitudes towards prevention strategies and moderate to high intentions and uptake rates. Protection against the disease and perceived severity promoted acceptance, whereas concerns about side effects hindered it. Maternal vaccination was more acceptable than infant immunization. <b>Conclusions</b>: Attitudes towards RSV prevention options were generally favorable. Should more options become available, preferences may depend on which options are available, their characteristics, and how they are framed and presented. These insights highlight the importance of education on RSV grounded in decision-making literature, while recognizing the likely favorable reception of preventive measures across target age-populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861692/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis on the Epidemiological Characteristics of Breakthrough Varicella Cases and Incremental Effectiveness of 2-Dose Varicella Vaccine in China.","authors":"Mingzhu Lin, Tian Yang, Pengfei Deng, Laibao Yang, Caoyi Xue","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020160","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020160","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A 2-dose varicella vaccination strategy has been implemented in Shanghai, China since 2018. This study aims to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of breakthrough varicella cases and to evaluate the incremental effectiveness of the 2-dose varicella vaccination among Chinese children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective investigation was conducted among native children born between 2015 and 2019 in the Pudong New area of Shanghai, China. From 2016 to 2023, demographic information and data regarding varicella vaccination were collected through the Shanghai Immunization Information System, while information on varicella infections was obtained from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. The incremental vaccine effectiveness (VE) for varicella was defined as (1 - relative risk (RR)) × 100%, where RRs were calculated based on the rate of varicella infections.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 519,951 local children were enrolled in the cohort analysis. The overall rate of breakthrough varicella infections was found to be 0.25%, corresponding to 1182 cases. Specifically, the rates of breakthrough varicella infections for individuals who received 1-dose and 2-dose VarV were 0.39% (977 cases) and 0.10% (205 cases), respectively. The average ages of onset for these infections were 2.13 ± 0.99 years and 5.52 ± 1.18 years, respectively. Furthermore, the breakthrough varicella infection rate among individuals born between 2015 and 2019 exhibited a decline, decreasing from 0.52% to 0.26% for those who received one dose of VarV, and from 0.23% to 0.01% for those who received two doses. The VE against all varicella was 85% (95% confidence interval: 84-86) for one dose and 96% (95% confidence interval: 96-97) for two doses, and the incremental VE was 75% (95% confidence interval: 71-79) compared with 1-dose.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>the 2-dose VarV vaccination strategy provided excellent protection to prevent varicella, and the universal 2-dose regimen of the varicella vaccine should be recommended to prevent varicella disease among children in China.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860291/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measles Vaccination Coverage and Anti-Measles Herd Immunity Levels in the World and WHO Regions Worsened from 2019 to 2023.","authors":"Pedro Plans-Rubió","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13020157","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13020157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The objectives of this study were as follows: to determine mean percentages of measles vaccination coverage with zero, one and two doses of vaccine and anti-measles herd immunity levels in World Health Organization (WHO) regions in 2023; to assess variations in measles vaccination coverage and anti-measles herd immunity-related indicators from 2019 to 2023; and to assess whether zero-dose measles vaccination coverage indicators were on track to achieve the Immunization Agenda 2030 objective.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Mean percentages of vaccination coverage with two, one and zero doses of measles vaccine in WHO regions in 2023 were calculated using data from the WHO/UNICEF global and regional immunization information system.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In 2023, the global mean two-dose measles vaccination coverage was 65.3%, and mean two-dose vaccination coverage was lower than 95% in all WHO regions; the mean prevalence of measles-protected individuals in the target vaccination population was 87.6%, and anti-measles herd immunity levels in the target vaccination population were sufficient to block the transmission of measles viruses with greater transmissibility (R_o ≥ 15) only in the Western Pacific and European WHO regions. The global mean two-dose measles vaccination coverage decreased by 3.7% from 2019 to 2023. In 2023, the mean zero-dose measles coverage and number of zero-dose measles children were, respectively, 36.7% and 40.6% greater than the values required to be on track to achieve the 2030 objective.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study found that all measles-vaccination-coverage-related indicators worsened from 2019 to 2023, and the zero-dose measles vaccination coverage and number of zero-dose measles children in 2023 were not on track to achieve the AI2030 objective. Interventions to increase routine two-dose measles vaccination coverage should be developed in all WHO regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860562/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}