Vaccines最新文献

{"title":"Impaired SARS-CoV-2-Specific CD8+ T Cells After Infection or Vaccination but Robust Hybrid T Cell Immunity in Patients with Multiple Myeloma.","authors":"Khalid Shoumariyeh, Benedikt Csernalabics, Elahe Salimi Alizei, Matthias Reinscheid, Sebastian Giese, Kevin Ciminski, Georg Kochs, Martin Schwemmle, Julia Lang-Meli, Michelle Maas, Natascha Roehlen, Vivien Karl, Anne Graeser, Oezlem Sogukpinar, Ivana von Metzler, Denise Grathwohl, Leo Rasche, Holger Hebart, Miriam Kull, Florian Emmerich, Cornelius Florian Waller, Justus Duyster, Monika Engelhardt, Tanja Nicole Hartmann, Bertram Bengsch, Tobias Boettler, Christoph Neumann-Haefelin, Maike Hofmann, Robert Thimme, Hendrik Luxenburger","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111249","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111249","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Multiple myeloma (MM) patients are at high risk of severe infections including COVID-19 due to an immune dysregulation affecting both innate and adaptive immune responses. However, our understanding of the immune responses to infection and vaccination in MM patients is limited. To gain more detailed insights into infection- and vaccine-elicited T cell immunity in MM, we studied the CD8+ T cell response on the single-epitope level in SARS-CoV-2 convalescent and mRNA-vaccinated MM patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We compared peptide/MHC class I tetramer-enriched SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells and antibody responses in MM patients (convalescent: <i>n</i> = 16, fully vaccinated: <i>n</i> = 5, vaccinated convalescent: <i>n</i> = 5) and healthy controls (HCs) (convalescent: <i>n</i> = 58, fully vaccinated: <i>n</i> = 7) either after infection with SARS-CoV-2 alone, complete mRNA vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection and single-shot mRNA vaccination (hybrid immunity).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MM patients have lower frequencies and a lower proportion of fully functional virus-specific CD8+ T cells compared to HCs, after both SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. CD8+ T cell memory subset distribution in MM patients is skewed towards reduced frequencies of central memory (T_CM) T cells and higher frequencies of effector memory 1 (T_EM1) T cells. In contrast, the humoral immune response was comparable in both cohorts after viral clearance. Notably, CD8+ T cell frequencies as well as the humoral immune response were improved by a single dose of mRNA vaccine in convalescent MM patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>MM patients have relative immunological deficiencies in SARS-CoV-2 immunity but benefit from hybrid immunity. These findings underline the relevance of vaccinations in this vulnerable patient group.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598869/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell-Free Screening, Production and Animal Testing of a STI-Related Chlamydial Major Outer Membrane Protein Supported in Nanolipoproteins.","authors":"Mariam Mohagheghi, Abisola Abisoye-Ogunniyan, Angela C Evans, Alexander E Peterson, Gregory A Bude, Steven Hoang-Phou, Byron Dillon Vannest, Dominique Hall, Amy Rasley, Dina R Weilhammer, Nicholas O Fischer, Wei He, Beverly V Robinson, Sukumar Pal, Anatoli Slepenkin, Luis de la Maza, Matthew A Coleman","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111246","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Vaccine development against Chlamydia, a prevalent sexually transmitted infection (STI), is imperative due to its global public health impact. However, significant challenges arise in the production of effective subunit vaccines based on recombinant protein antigens, particularly with membrane proteins like the Major Outer Membrane Protein (MOMP).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) technology is an attractive approach to address these challenges as a method of high-throughput membrane protein and protein complex production coupled with nanolipoprotein particles (NLPs). NLPs provide a supporting scaffold while allowing easy adjuvant addition during formulation. Over the last decade, we have been working toward the production and characterization of MOMP-NLP complexes for vaccine testing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The work presented here highlights the expression and biophysical analyses, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), which confirm the formation and functionality of MOMP-NLP complexes for use in animal studies. Moreover, immunization studies in preclinical models compare the past and present protective efficacy of MOMP-NLP formulations, particularly when co-adjuvanted with CpG and FSL1.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ex vivo assessments further highlight the immunomodulatory effects of MOMP-NLP vaccinations, emphasizing their potential to elicit robust immune responses. However, further research is warranted to optimize vaccine formulations further, validate efficacy against <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>, and better understand the underlying mechanisms of immune response.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598365/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Epitopic Peptide Vaccine Against Newcastle Disease Virus: Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Experimental Validation.","authors":"Muhammad Tariq Zeb, Elise Dumont, Muhammad Tahir Khan, Aroosa Shehzadi, Irshad Ahmad","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111250","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111250","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a highly contagious and economically devastating pathogen affecting poultry worldwide, leading to significant losses in the poultry industry. Despite existing vaccines, outbreaks continue to occur, highlighting the need for more effective vaccination strategies. Developing a multi-epitopic peptide vaccine offers a promising approach to enhance protection against NDV.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Here, we aimed to design and evaluate a multi-epitopic vaccine against NDV using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>We retrieved NDV sequences for the fusion (F) protein and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein. Subsequently, B-cell and T-cell epitopes were predicted. The top potential epitopes were utilized to design the vaccine construct, which was subsequently docked against chicken TLR4 and MHC1 receptors to assess the immunological response. The resulting docked complex underwent a 1 microsecond (1000 ns) MD simulation. For experimental evaluation, the vaccine's efficacy was assessed in mice and chickens using a controlled study design, where animals were randomly divided into groups receiving either a local ND vaccine or the peptide vaccine or a control treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 40 amino acid peptide vaccine demonstrated strong binding affinity and stability within the TLR4 and MHC1 receptor-peptide complexes. The root mean square deviation of peptide vaccine and TLR4 receptor showed rapid stabilization after an initial repositioning. The root mean square fluctuation revealed relatively low fluctuations (below 3 Å) for the TLR4 receptor, while the peptide exhibited higher fluctuations. The overall binding energy of the peptide vaccine with TLR4 and MHC1 receptors amounted to -15.7 kcal·mol^-1 and -36.8 kcal·mol^-1, respectively. For experimental evaluations in mice and chicken, the peptide vaccine was synthesized using services of GeneScript Biotech^® (Singapore) PTE Limited. Experimental evaluations showed a significant immune response in both mice and chickens, with the vaccine eliciting robust antibody production, as evidenced by increasing HI titers over time. Statistical analysis was performed using an independent <i>t</i>-test with Type-II error to compare the groups, calculating the <i>p</i>-values to determine the significance of the immune response between different groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Multi-epitopic peptide vaccine has demonstrated a good immunological response in natural hosts.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598688/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"STAR LIGHT Study: XBB.1.5 COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines Boost Systemic but Not Mucosal Immunity Against the SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 Variant in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease.","authors":"Simon Woelfel, Daniel Junker, Irina Bergamin, Pamela Meyer-Herbon, Roman Stillhard, Nicole Graf, Georg Leinenkugel, Joel Dütschler, Marius König, Livia Kammerlander, Rahel Häuptle, Sarah Zwyssig, Claudia Krieger, Samuel Truniger, Seraina Koller, Katline Metzger-Peter, Nicola Frei, Star Sign Study Investigators, Werner C Albrich, Matthias Friedrich, Christine Bernsmeier, Jan Hendrik Niess, Wolfgang Korte, Justus J Bürgi, Alex Dulovic, Nicole Schneiderhan-Marra, David Semela, Stephan Brand","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111241","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) have impaired vaccine immunogenicity and an excess risk of severe COVID-19. While variant-adapted COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are recommended for vulnerable individuals, their efficacy in patients with CLD has not been studied.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We present the first evaluation of XBB.1.5 COVID-19 vaccine immunogenicity against the SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 variant in patients with CLD. Serum anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG, neutralization, and saliva anti-RBD IgG and IgA against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 (WT) and the XBB.1.5, EG.5.1, BA.2.86, and JN.1 variants were quantified before and 2-4 weeks following a fourth dose of XBB.1.5 mRNA vaccines.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Vaccination boosted anti-RBD IgG and neutralization against all tested variants including JN.1 (each <i>p</i> < 0.001). Following immunization, neutralization was lower against JN.1 compared to WT, XBB.1.5, and EG.5.1 (<i>p</i> < 0.001, <i>p</i> < 0.001, and <i>p</i> < 0.01, respectively). Vaccination reduced neutralization failure rates against BA.2.86 and JN.1 (each <i>p</i> < 0.05). The evasion of vaccine-induced antibodies by the tested variants was low, indicated by the positive correlation between anti-RBD IgG and neutralization. At mucosal sites, vaccination boosted anti-RBD IgG (each <i>p</i> < 0.01) but failed to induce infection-blocking IgA (each <i>p</i> > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>XBB.1.5 vaccines protect CLD patients against recent SARS-CoV-2 variants, but developing vaccines with optimized mucosal immunogenicity is required to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission and recurrent seasonal COVID-19 outbreaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598625/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sequential Vaccination Against <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> Appears as Immunologically Safe in Clinically Stable Kidney Transplant Recipients.","authors":"Monika Lindemann, Lukas van de Sand, Nils Mülling, Kim L Völk, Ulrich W Aufderhorst, Benjamin Wilde, Peter A Horn, Andreas Kribben, Adalbert Krawczyk, Oliver Witzke, Falko M Heinemann","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111244","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111244","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Vaccination against <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> is advised for transplant recipients to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with invasive pneumococcal disease. However, data on alloantibodies after sequential vaccination (with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine followed by a polysaccharide vaccine) are still lacking. <b>Methods:</b> In the current study, we determined HLA class I and II and major histocompatibility class I-related chain A (MICA) antibodies in 41 clinically stable kidney transplant recipients. These antibodies were measured prior to and post sequential pneumococcal vaccination over a period of 12 months. Alloantibodies were measured by Luminex bead-based assays, and pneumococcal IgG antibodies were measured by ELISA. <b>Results:</b> Over a 12-month period, the sequential analysis revealed no significant change in alloantibodies. One patient developed de novo donor-specific antibodies (DSA) 1.5 months after the first vaccination, with mean fluorescence intensities of up to 2300. These DSA became undetectable in the follow-up, and the patient showed no signs of allograft rejection. Another patient experienced a biopsy-proven borderline rejection 7 months after the first vaccination but did not develop de novo DSA. Both maintained stable kidney function. As expected, the pneumococcal antibodies increased significantly after vaccination (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). <b>Conclusions:</b> Given the overall risk of alloimmune responses in transplant recipients, we would not attribute the two noticeable patient courses to vaccination. Thus, we consider sequential vaccination immunologically safe.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598495/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Communication Barriers and Facilitators in School Vaccination: A Case Study in South Eastern Sydney, Australia.","authors":"Leigh McIndoe, Alexandra Young, Cassandra Vujovich-Dunn, Vicky Sheppeard, Stephanie Kean, Michelle Dives, Cristyn Davies","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111243","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111243","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Given the discrepancies in immunisation coverage, the goal of this study was to explore the barriers and facilitators to effective communication across the school-based vaccination program in South Eastern Sydney schools. <b>Methods</b>: A qualitative study was undertaken with purposively selected immunisation staff, school coordinators, and parents of Year 7 students who had not received two vaccinations (dTpa and HPV) at school. A focus group with immunisation staff and interviews with school coordinators explored the barriers and facilitators to vaccination uptake, including communication across stakeholders. The parent interviews explored attitudes to vaccination and the school program and investigated the program communication methods. <b>Results</b>: Five immunisation staff, eleven school coordinators, and eleven parents participated in the study. The barriers to participation in the school vaccination program included low parent recall of vaccination information, challenges encountered by school staff in consent tracking, no communication channel between health staff and parents, a greater school focus on vaccination facilitation than student education, and limited communication between stakeholders about catch-up vaccinations. The facilitators included established school/parent relationships for vaccine communication, effective communication between health and school staff, and using multiple methods to promote clinic and consent requirements. <b>Conclusions</b>: Opportunities exist to increase program participation by enhancing vaccination information and education for students and parents, with better communication about vaccination catch-ups and consent.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11599012/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines During the Pre-Omicron and Omicron Periods: A Retrospective Test-Negative Case-Control Study.","authors":"Romeo Brambilla, Renata Gili, Federica Vigna Taglianti, Jacopo Lenzi, Matteo Riccò, Roberto Burioni, Mariaelisabetta Scarvaglieri, Rachele Rocco, Vittorina Buttafuoco, Rosa Maria Teresa Antonia Cristaudo, Davide Gori","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111245","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111245","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of this study was to estimate the effectiveness of original and bivalent COVID-19 vaccines in reducing COVID-19-associated hospitalizations among the adult population of Turin, Italy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective, test-negative, case-control study of 5768 adults aged ≥50 years who had symptoms that were consistent with COVID-19-like illness and were admitted to the hospitals of the Turin Health Unit network from 1 January 2021 to 31 January 2023. We evaluated the effectiveness of the vaccines that at the time of the study were authorized in the European Union (original/bivalent BNT162b2; original mRNA-1273; ChAdOx1-S; Ad26.COV2.S) by comparing the odds of a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 in vaccinated patients with the odds of a positive test in unvaccinated patients. The association between vaccination status, hospitalization, ICU admission and positive SARS-CoV-2 test was estimated by building multivariate adjusted logistic regression models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During the predominance of the pre-Omicron variants, the vaccine effectiveness of two and three doses received in the last 120 days against COVID-19-associated hospitalizations was 93.6% (95% CI: 90.1 to 95.9) and 97.1% (95% CI: 90.8 to 99.1), respectively. During the predominance of the Omicron variant, the vaccine effectiveness of two and three doses was 26.6% (95% CI: -0.6 to 46.5) and 75.2% (95% CI: 68.1 to 80.7), respectively, and it rose to 88% (95% CI: 78.2 to 93.3) for four or five doses of the bivalent vaccine.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study confirms that the COVID-19 vaccines protect adult patients from hospitalizations, including the subgroup ≥80 years, also during the period of the Omicron variant's predominance.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598972/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142733044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Well-Being and Performance of Nursery Pigs Subjected to Different Commercial Vaccines Against Porcine Circovirus Type 2, <i>Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae</i> and <i>Lawsonia intracellularis</i>.","authors":"Caio Abércio Silva, Marco Aurélio Callegari, Cleandro Pazinato Dias, Kelly Lais de Souza, Gabrieli Souza Romano, Luciana Fiorin Hernig, Ricardo Tesche Lippke, Rutger Jansen, Fernando Lopes Leite, Fernando Filipe, Rafael Humberto de Carvalho","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111242","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Vaccination is a strategy in pig farming for the control of several pathogens, but commercial vaccines may have detrimental side effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of commercial vaccines on the control of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), <i>Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae</i> (Mhp), and <i>Lawsonia intracellularis</i> (<i>L</i>. <i>intracellularis</i>) and their potential side effects on welfare, behavior, acute inflammation biomarkers (C-reactive protein and haptoglobin), and the performance of piglets during the nursery phase. <b>Methods:</b> A total of 240 piglets, both female and castrated males, with an average weight of 6.3 ± 0.9 kg were subjected to four treatments: T1-FLEXcombo^® (Ingelvac^®CircoFLEX and Ingelvac^®MycoFLEX) + Enterisol^® Ileitis; T2-FLEXCombo^® + Porcilis^® Ileitis; T3-Porcilis^® PCV M HYO + Porcilis^® Ileitis; and T4-FLEXCombo^® + 0.9% saline solution. This study measured therapeutic interventions, body condition score, behavioral changes, rectal temperature, and inflammation biomarkers post-vaccination. <b>Results:</b> The T3 group required more therapeutic interventions and exhibited a 23.1% higher incidence of thin body condition (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and 10 times more animals with depressed behavior than T1 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The piglets vaccinated for <i>L. intracellularis</i> (T2 and T3) had rectal temperatures exceeding 39.7 °C post-vaccination, significantly higher than in T1 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The T1 animals showed five times more positive behavior traits 24 h after vaccination (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Touch response was 29% lower in the T2 and T3 groups, and the lying down behavior was higher in these groups compared to T1. Additionally, 41.7% of the T3 animals exhibited a sitting posture 48 h after vaccination. Higher serum C-reactive protein and haptoglobin levels were observed in T3 (<i>p</i> < 0.05) at 24 and 48 h post-vaccination. Feed intake was higher in T1 compared to T3 between 29 and 35 days of age. It is important to note that this study did not measure immune responses to the pathogens and did not include challenge tests, and therefore, it does not assess which vaccine is superior in pathogen control. <b>Conclusions:</b> The vaccine programs resulted in similar zootechnical performance. However, T1, T2, and T4 showed better effects on piglet welfare and behavior compared to T3.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598480/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142733089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Host Cell Entry Efficiency and Neutralization Sensitivity of Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Lineages KP.2, KP.2.3, KP.3, and LB.1.","authors":"Nianzhen Chen, Katharina Emma Decker, Sebastian R Schulz, Amy Kempf, Inga Nehlmeier, Anna-Sophie Moldenhauer, Alexandra Dopfer-Jablonka, Georg M N Behrens, Metodi V Stankov, Luis Manthey, Hans-Martin Jäck, Markus Hoffmann, Stefan Pöhlmann, Prerna Arora","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111236","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111236","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>New SARS-CoV-2 lineages continue to evolve and may exhibit new characteristics regarding host cell entry efficiency and potential for antibody evasion. Here, employing pseudotyped particles, we compared the host cell entry efficiency, ACE2 receptor usage, and sensitivity to antibody-mediated neutralization of four emerging SARS-CoV-2 lineages, KP.2, KP.2.3, KP.3, and LB.1. The XBB.1.5 and JN.1 lineages served as controls. Our findings reveal that KP.2, KP.2.3, KP.3, and LB.1 lineages enter host cells efficiently and in an ACE2-dependent manner, and that KP.3 is more adept at entering Calu-3 lung cells than JN.1. However, the variants differed in their capacity to employ ACE2 orthologues from animal species for entry, suggesting differences in ACE2 interactions. Moreover, we demonstrate that only two out of seven therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAbs) in preclinical development retain robust neutralizing activity against the emerging JN.1 sublineages tested, while three mAbs displayed strongly reduced neutralizing activity and two mAbs lacked neutralizing activity against any of the lineages tested. Furthermore, our results show that KP.2, KP.2.3, KP.3, and LB.1 lineages evade neutralization by antibodies induced by infection or vaccination with greater efficiency than JN.1, particularly in individuals without hybrid immunity. This study indicates that KP.2, KP.2.3, KP.3, and LB.1 differ in ACE2 interactions and the efficiency of lung cell entry and suggest that evasion of neutralizing antibodies drove the emergence of these variants.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598761/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Long-Term Stability of Enveloped rVSV Viral Vector Expressing SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Using a DOE-Guided Approach.","authors":"M D Faizul Hussain Khan, Caroline E Wagner, Amine A Kamen","doi":"10.3390/vaccines12111240","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines12111240","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Liquid formulations have been successfully used in many viral vector vaccines including influenza (Flu), hepatitis B, polio (IPV), Ebola, and COVID-19 vaccines. The main advantage of liquid formulations over lyophilized formulations is that they are cost-effective, as well as easier to manufacture and distribute. However, studies have shown that the liquid formulations of enveloped viral vector vaccines are not stable over extended periods of time. In this study, we explored the development of the liquid formulations of an enveloped recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. To do so, we used a design of experiments (DOE) method, which allowed us to assess the stability dynamics of the viral vector in an effective manner. An initial stability study showed that trehalose, gelatin, and histidine were effective at maintaining functional viral titers during freeze-thaw stress and at different temperatures (-20, 4, 20, and 37 °C). These preliminary data helped to identify critical factors for the subsequent implementation of the DOE method that incorporated a stress condition at 37 °C. We used the DOE results to identify the optimal liquid formulations under the selected accelerated stress conditions, which then guided the identification of long-term storage conditions for further evaluation. In the long-term stability study, we identified several liquid formulations made of sugar (sucrose, trehalose, and sorbitol), gelatin, and a histidine buffer that resulted in the improved stability of rVSV-SARS-CoV-2 at 4 °C for six months. This study highlights an effective approach for the development of liquid formulations for viral vector vaccines, contributing significantly to the existing knowledge on enveloped viral vector thermostability.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11598241/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142732941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}