Vaccines最新文献

{"title":"Editorial Note-Special Issue on Pandemic Influenza Vaccination.","authors":"Francisco Nogareda, Shoshanna Goldin","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090783","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090783","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Influenza pandemics occur when a novel influenza virus strain emerges that spreads rapidly between people with little or no immunity [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13612079/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can Microneedle-Nanocarrier Platforms Deliver True Tolerogenic Immunotherapy for Psoriasis?","authors":"Mingpeng Feng, Hong Zhou","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090784","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090784","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Psoriasis is a chronic, relapsing skin disease driven by failed immune tolerance toward self-antigens and sustained IL-23/IL-17 signaling. Systemic drugs and biologics control disease in many patients, yet they do not restore lasting tolerance, and most patients relapse after treatment withdrawal. Tolerogenic vaccines aim to re-educate the cutaneous immune system: when administered under non-inflammatory conditions, they push antigen-presenting cells toward tolerogenic dendritic cells (tDCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) instead of pathogenic effectors. Because the hyperkeratotic stratum corneum of psoriatic plaques blocks macromolecular vaccines, microneedle (MN) arrays can deposit nanocarriers directly into the dermal-epidermal junction. The narrative review asks whether MN-delivered tolerogenic nanovaccines can advance psoriasis therapy beyond broad immunosuppression. We first define tolerogenic vaccination and explicitly distinguish antigen-specific tolerogenic vaccines, antigen-independent immune-reprogramming nanocarriers, and conventional local drug delivery, then survey MN engineering and nanocarrier architectures, the immunomodulatory pathways involved, and translational barriers spanning manufacturing, safety, and regulation. Because most evidence is preclinical, the level of evidence is reported for each platform, and the unresolved autoantigen problem, the limitations of imiquimod-based models, and the need for human-relevant validation are emphasized.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611329/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Routine Adult Vaccination in Primary Care: A Multicenter Interrupted Time Series Analysis.","authors":"Begüm Yıldırım Erence, Feyzanur Erdem, Ebru Tepe, Seçil Arıca","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090785","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090785","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> This study evaluated changes in routine adult vaccination across the COVID-19 pandemic period in Istanbul primary care using interrupted time series (ITS) analysis, disentangling immediate from gradual effects and comparing patterns across socioeconomically distinct centers, through a multicenter retrospective analysis of routine (non-COVID-19 vaccination records). <b>Methods:</b> The full descriptive dataset comprised 33,016 adult vaccination records. After excluding 25,805 COVID-19 vaccination records, 7211 routine (non-COVID-19) vaccination records from nine family medicine units in three Istanbul training family health centers-Şişli-Gülbahar, Kağıthane, and Gaziosmanpaşa-were included in the routine vaccine and ITS analyses and were analyzed over 97 monthly observations (June 2017-August 2025), divided into three 672-working-day periods: pre-pandemic, pandemic, and post-pandemic. Segmented negative binomial ITS regression with a log (working days) offset was the primary analysis; Newey-West HAC-robust Poisson regression served as sensitivity analysis. Catchment districts were characterized using the 2022 Socioeconomic Development Ranking (SEGE-2022). <b>Results:</b> No significant immediate level change occurred in total routine vaccination at pandemic onset. Pneumococcal vaccination showed the most pronounced signal: an upward pretrend (annual slope IRR = 2.583; <i>p</i> = 0.001), a level increase at onset (IRR = 3.589; <i>p</i> = 0.013), then a rapid within-pandemic slope decline (annual slope IRR = 0.227; <i>p</i> < 0.001). Tetanus-diphtheria (Td) vaccination fell sharply at onset (IRR = 0.686; <i>p</i> = 0.002) and continued declining post-pandemic (annual slope IRR = 0.805; <i>p</i> = 0.008). Versus Gaziosmanpaşa (rank 85/973), Kağıthane (rank 38) showed the highest total routine vaccination rate (excluding COVID-19 vaccination) (IRR = 1.539; <i>p</i> < 0.001), exceeding Şişli (rank 1; IRR = 1.269; <i>p</i> < 0.001). <b>Conclusions:</b> Changes in routine adult vaccination across the pandemic period were vaccine-specific: pneumococcal vaccination surged then declined; Td vaccination showed continued post-pandemic decline. Center-level vaccination patterns were not consistently aligned with district-level socioeconomic ranking.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13612101/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research Progress, Application, and Industrialization Prospects of Circular RNA Vaccines in Viral Diseases.","authors":"Dongjie Cai, Xingling Li, Ruoxu Wang, Chen Lin, Jing Wen, Bin Tian","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090781","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090781","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>RNA vaccines-comprising linear mRNA, self-amplifying RNA, and circular RNA (circRNA)-constitute a core next-generation platform for the prevention and control of viral diseases; among these, circRNA vaccines possess notable structural stability, yet their technical bottlenecks and application prospects in veterinary medicine have not been systematically reviewed. This review synthesizes current research on circRNA vaccine design, circularization strategies, translation mechanisms, delivery systems, and immunological outcomes, and compares their antiviral performance with that of linear mRNA vaccines. Owing to their covalently closed circular conformation, circRNA vaccines exhibit enhanced resistance to nucleases and superior thermal stability, enabling sustained transfection activity at ambient temperatures without reliance on strict cold chains; through cap-independent translation driven by internal ribosome entry sites or N⁶-methyladenosine modifications, and in conjunction with optimized circularization protocols and lipid nanoparticle carriers, circRNA vaccines elicit substantially higher antiviral IgG titers and durable antigen-specific T-cell memory relative to linear mRNA vaccines. These vaccines have been deployed against COVID-19, monkeypox, influenza, and livestock viral diseases, demonstrating strong adaptability to viral variants and compatibility with mucosal or needle-free administration routes. CircRNA vaccines are well suited for both emergency outbreak response and routine immunization programs; nevertheless, challenges persist, including low circularization efficiency for long sequences, elevated manufacturing costs, and inadequate quality control standards. Addressing these issues through improved production workflows and delivery technologies adapted to resource-limited settings will be critical to establishing circRNA vaccines as a pillar of livestock disease management and as a strategic reserve for emerging zoonotic threats.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611519/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a Motivational Interviewing-Based Training Programme in Vaccination Counselling for Family Physicians: A Pre-Post Study in Romania.","authors":"Roxana Surugiu, Virginia-Maria Rădulescu, Anca Deleanu, Mirela Mustață, Dana Fărcășanu, Iulia Vișinescu, Alexandra-Aurora Dumitra, Gheorghe Gindrovel Dumitra","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090782","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090782","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Motivational interviewing (MI) is an established approach to addressing vaccine hesitancy, yet immediate changes following dedicated training for family physicians remain insufficiently documented in Romania. This study evaluated pre-post changes in physicians' MI knowledge, self-reported communication behaviour, and self-perceived ability to counsel patients about vaccination, together with patient-level change following consultations delivered by trained physicians. <b>Methods</b>: This uncontrolled pre-post study used a voluntary, self-selected non-probability sample of 28 family physicians recruited through announcements distributed via county family medicine associations; participants completed paired assessments immediately before and after structured MI-based training. The three main physician-level outcomes were MI knowledge (MISI), corrected self-reported MI communication behaviour (MIBI), and self-perceived MI ability (SPMI). The linked component comprised 151 patients nested within 15 physicians. Patient changes were averaged within physician, and the physician-level mean patient composite change was used as the principal outcome of this component. Paired physician changes and physician-aggregated patient change were assessed using Wilcoxon tests, rank-biserial effect sizes, and bootstrap 95% confidence intervals (CIs), with Holm adjustment across the three physician outcomes. <b>Results</b>: Mean MISI increased by 39.80 percentage points (95% CI: 29.59-50.51), though the limited internal consistency of this seven-item composite requires item-level interpretation, and corrected MIBI by 0.44 points (95% CI: 0.20-0.68; r_rb = 0.75) and SPMI by 1.22 points (95% CI: 0.89-1.61; r_rb = 0.99); all Holm-adjusted <i>p</i>-values were <0.001. Across the 15 linked physicians, the mean patient composite change was 0.55 points (95% CI: 0.38-0.75; r_rb = 1.00; <i>p</i> < 0.001). No consistent association was observed between physician-level competency changes and mean patient change. <b>Conclusions</b>: Immediate post-training physician scores and post-consultation patient composite scores were higher. Controlled studies incorporating observed consultations and follow-up are required before causal or sustained effects can be inferred.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611294/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Adjuvant Administration of a Prophylactic HPV Vaccine in HPV-Positive Infertile Men: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Ana Banko, Ivana Lazarevic, Danijela Miljanovic, Marko Jankovic, Jovana Cupic, Andja Cirkovic","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090778","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090778","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Accumulating data suggest that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection may be associated with male infertility by impairing sperm quality. An induced anti-HPV humoral immune response could mediate the effective clearance of HPV infection. This systematic review aimed to assess reported differences in semen quality parameters and HPV presence in men with persistent HPV infection after adjuvant administration of a prophylactic HPV vaccine. <b>Methods:</b> Possibly eligible articles were retrieved from three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) since 26 June 2026, with three ultimately included in both qualitative and quantitative analysis. <b>Results:</b> The estimated HPV DNA negativity was 74% (95% CI 59-86) and 98% (95% CI 78-100) at the end of vaccination and 6 months after complete vaccination. <b>Conclusions:</b> This study identified limited evidence suggesting a potential benefit of HPV vaccination in infertile HPV-positive men, particularly in terms of shift toward HPV negativity. Given the small number of available studies and their methodological limitations, further large, well-designed prospective trials are required to determine whether adjuvant administration of a prophylactic HPV vaccine provides clinically relevant benefits in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611411/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prefusion F IgG Antibodies in Japanese Mother-Infant Pairs Following Maternal Abrysvo Vaccination and in Infants Hospitalized with RSV Infection.","authors":"Tomohiro Oishi, Takashi Nakano","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090780","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090780","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: The approval of Abrysvo, a maternal bivalent respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prefusion F (pre-F) vaccine, marked a major milestone in pediatric prophylaxis. However, real-world serological data on transplacental antibody transfer in Asian populations remains limited. This brief report evaluated serum RSV pre-F immunoglobulin G (IgG) geometric mean titers (GMTs) across three distinct Japanese cohorts. <b>Methods</b>: This single-center, comparative study analyzed neonates born to Abrysvo-vaccinated mothers (<i>n</i> = 12), neonates born to unvaccinated mothers (<i>n</i> = 40), and infants aged <6 months hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed RSV infection (<i>n</i> = 18) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). <b>Results</b>: Neonates of vaccinated mothers exhibited significantly higher pre-F IgG GMTs (4.74; 95% CI: 4.30-5.18) than those of unvaccinated mothers (3.80; 95% CI: 3.50-4.14). Conversely, infants requiring hospitalization for RSV infection demonstrated critically low pre-F IgG GMTs (1.08; 95% CI: 0.65-2.15), revealing statistically significant differences across all three groups (<i>p</i> < 0.001). <b>Conclusions</b>: Maternal immunization with Abrysvo significantly enhances passive humoral immunity in Japanese neonates compared to natural background immunity. Given the severe antibody deficiency observed in hospitalized infants, expanding maternal vaccination coverage is a high-priority public health strategy to mitigate the pediatric RSV burden in the post-pandemic era.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611396/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> Polysaccharide-Modified Nanoadjuvant Elicits Potent Cellular Immunity for Hepatitis B Vaccine.","authors":"Zhe Zhai, Jiansong You, Xuhan Liu","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090779","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090779","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Aluminum-adjuvanted hepatitis B vaccines effectively prevent primary HBV infection but predominantly favor humoral immunity and have limited capacity to induce strong cellular responses. To improve immune-response quality, we developed a <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> polysaccharide-modified hybrid nanoparticle adjuvant (GHNP) for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) vaccination.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cationic PEG-PCL/DOTAP hybrid nanoparticles (HNPs) were surface-modified with <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> polysaccharide (GLP) at different mass ratios and characterized by particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and transmission electron microscopy. Antigen uptake, RAW264.7 cell viability, MHC II expression, and TLR2/4-associated TNF-α secretion were evaluated in vitro. C57BL/6 mice were immunized intramuscularly with PBS, HBsAg, HBsAg + Aluminum, HBsAg@HNP, or HBsAg@GHNP6 on Days 0, 14, and 28. HBsAg-specific antibodies, splenocyte activation, proliferation, and cytokine secretion were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>GHNP6 showed suitable physicochemical properties, acceptable cytocompatibility at concentrations up to 10 μg·mL^-1, and efficient model-antigen uptake. GHNP increased MHC II expression in RAW264.7 cells, and TLR2/4 inhibition reduced nanoparticle-associated TNF-α secretion, supporting involvement of these pathways in immune activation. In vivo, HBsAg@GHNP6 induced robust HBsAg-specific IgG responses and a higher IgG2a/IgG1 ratio than HBsAg@HNP and HBsAg + Aluminum. It also produced the highest splenocyte proliferation after HBsAg restimulation, with lower IL-6 secretion than HBsAg + Aluminum and moderately increased IFN-γ compared with PBS and free HBsAg.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>GHNP integrates nanoparticle-assisted antigen delivery with GLP-mediated immunomodulation and represents a promising strategy for enhancing cellular immune responses while maintaining humoral immunity in HBsAg vaccination.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611445/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilizing the CFIR to Evaluate Rural COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake: Extension Personnel Perspectives.","authors":"Megan Undeberg, Ghazal Meratnia, Skylar Zelenko, Kimberly McKeirnan","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090776","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090776","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Rural populations in the United States experienced consistently lower COVID-19 vaccination rates than urban populations during the pandemic. While barriers to vaccination have been well documented, less is known about facilitators of uptake in rural settings. This study aimed to identify facilitators of COVID-19 vaccination in rural communities from the perspectives of Washington State University (WSU) Extension personnel and to examine these factors using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) Outer Setting domain. <b>Methods:</b> A qualitative descriptive study was conducted using semi-structured key informant interviews with WSU Extension personnel. Twenty-one participants representing 34 of 40 Extension offices across Washington State were interviewed in Fall 2023. Interviews were transcribed, de-identified, and analyzed using deductive thematic analysis. Findings were organized into the seven CFIR Outer Setting constructs: critical incidents, local attitudes, local conditions, partnerships and connections, policies and laws, financing, and external pressures. <b>Results:</b> Perceived facilitators of COVID-19 vaccination were identified across all CFIR Outer Setting constructs. Trust emerged as a central theme, with participants reporting that vaccine acceptance was higher when information was delivered by trusted local sources, including Extension personnel, healthcare providers, community leaders, and informal networks. Participants described leveraging partnerships with public health agencies, schools, faith-based organizations, and community groups as enhancing outreach and information dissemination. Additional facilitators identified by participants included no-cost vaccine and personal protective equipment availability, accessible community-based vaccination sites, culturally appropriate educational materials, and coordinated communication systems. <b>Conclusions:</b> Rural vaccination efforts were supported by trust, strong community partnerships, and locally tailored strategies. These findings may inform future public health emergency responses in rural communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611241/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guidelines on Immunization of People with Chronic Neurological Disorders: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Giuseppina Lo Moro, Andreea Mihaela Butnaru, Carola Toffanin, Anastasia Cataldo, Simona Mazzeo, Manuela Martella, Giacomo Scaioli, Fabrizio Bert, Roberta Siliquini","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14090777","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14090777","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>People with chronic neurological disorders may be vulnerable to severe outcomes from vaccine-preventable infections. However, immunization recommendations for these patients may be difficult to identify and apply. This systematic review aimed to identify and describe official guidelines on preventive active immunization for individuals with chronic neurological disorders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 and registered in the PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD420251005848). Bibliographic databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus) and grey literature sources were searched to identify official national or international clinical practice guidelines or comparable structured guidance documents providing recommendations relevant to chronic neurological disorders. The search was restricted to countries with a Human Development Index greater than 0.8, to allow comparison across broadly comparable healthcare and socioeconomic contexts. Data were extracted on document characteristics, neurological conditions addressed, vaccines covered, and vaccination-related recommendations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 12 unique documents were included. Four were vaccination-focused documents including recommendations for neurological disorders, four were disease-management guidelines including vaccination-related recommendations, and four specifically addressed vaccination in selected neurological diseases. Guidance was unevenly distributed across countries, neurological conditions, and document types. Influenza and COVID-19 vaccination were the most consistently addressed vaccines. Multiple sclerosis was the condition with the most detailed guidance, especially regarding vaccination before disease-modifying therapies, live attenuated vaccines, vaccine timing in relation to immunosuppression or relapse, and protection of close contacts.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Official immunization guidance for people with chronic neurological disorders remains limited and heterogeneous. Future guidelines should provide clearer and regularly updated recommendations to support vaccination assessment, treatment-sensitive planning, and multidisciplinary coordination.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611198/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}