Vaccines最新文献

{"title":"Vaccinations for Elite Athletes.","authors":"Olli Ruuskanen, Maarit Valtonen, Olli J Heinonen, Matti Waris, Jussi Mertsola","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090931","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090931","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Elite athletes are at an increased risk of infections due to behavioral and social factors and frequent travel. Furthermore, heavy physical exercise may induce immunosuppression. Most infections in athletes are acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) with various viral etiologies. Although athletes, as young, healthy adults, are not at risk for severe infections, a prolonged ARI may ruin a training season or a significant competition or may spread within a sports team. Many common infections are vaccine-preventable. This Opinion advocates for more active vaccination among athletes, although some of the vaccines are not officially recommended for young adults. New respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) protein vaccines are effective and well-tolerated. Yearly influenza and COVID-19 vaccinations are strongly recommended. Conjugated polyvalent pneumococcal vaccines are recommended because they may also induce protection against respiratory viral infections. Pertussis and measles outbreaks are occurring globally. The history of measles vaccination should be reviewed, and consideration should be given to a pertussis booster vaccination (Tdap). A recombinant vaccine can effectively prevent herpes zoster. The vaccination of elite athletes is a cost-effective and powerful tool, but it is currently underused. The sports medicine community can address vaccine hesitancy among athletes by listening to their concerns and giving accurate information.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474241/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomic Analysis of Immune Tolerance Induction in NOD Mice Following Oral Vaccination with GAD65-<i>Lactococcus lactis</i>.","authors":"Mengxin Xie, Chunli Ma, Xinyi Wang, Tengjiao Li, Shihan Zhang, Jiandong Shi, Jing Sun, Yunzhang Hu","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090927","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090927","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. While conventional insulin therapy manages hyperglycemia, it fails to halt autoimmunity. Oral immunotherapy targeting autoantigens like GAD65 offers potential for antigen-specific tolerance; however, its efficacy is limited by gastrointestinal degradation and poor mucosal uptake. <i>Lactococcus lactis</i> (<i>L. lactis</i>), a food-grade delivery vector, enables sustained antigen release and intestinal tract immune modulation, yet the differential transcriptomic mechanisms underlying mucosal versus systemic immune responses remain uncharacterized.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice were randomized into control and GAD65 groups, receiving oral PBS or the GAD65 recombinant <i>L. lactis</i> vaccine, respectively. Fasting blood glucose was monitored weekly. GAD65-specific IgA and IgG, along with immune tolerance-related factors, were quantified using ELISA. Lymphocyte subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry, alongside RNA sequencing and transcriptional profiling.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study demonstrated that the orally administered GAD65-<i>L. lactis</i> vaccine could significantly induce GAD65-specific IgA antibody and TGF-β cytokine and alleviate hyperglycemia and diabetes symptoms in NOD mice. Our study facilitated the induction of GAD65-specific regulatory T cells within both intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes (LPLs) and splenic lymphocytes. Notably, antigen-specific tolerance was mainly observed in intestinal LPLs. Crucially, the immune responses elicited by the vaccine demonstrated significant disparities between intestinal LPLs and splenic lymphocytes, with intestinal LPLs exhibiting unique local immune tolerance transcriptomic profiles.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings have enhanced the comprehension of the mechanisms by which oral vaccines influence the interplay between mucosal and systemic immune responses, thereby establishing a foundational framework for the design of oral vaccines. This understanding is instrumental in advancing antigen-specific immune tolerance strategies for autoimmune diseases such as Type 1 Diabetes (T1D).</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474109/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: From Silent Threat to Vaccine Horizon.","authors":"Rafaela Anna Moutsopoulou, Aikaterini Markou, Alexandra Lianou, Konstantina Leontari, Zoi Iliodromiti, Theodora Boutsikou, Georgios Kafalidis, Styliani Paliatsiou, Paraskevi Volaki, Nicoletta Iacovidou, Andreas G Tsantes, Rozeta Sokou","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090929","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090929","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection is the most prevalent congenital infection, affecting approximately 0.5-2% of newborns, and is the leading non-genetic cause of sensorineural hearing loss and neurological impairment. The most severe outcome occurs following primary maternal infection during the first trimester of pregnancy, and up to 40-50% of affected fetuses sustain permanent damage. Diagnosis relies on early prenatal screening through maternal serum testing, optimally performed in the first trimester, followed by confirmatory amniocentesis after 17 weeks' gestation. Prenatal imaging with ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a critical role in the identification of fetal brain abnormalities. Prevention strategies emphasize hygiene measures aimed at reducing maternal exposure to bodily fluids of young children, particularly prior to conception and during early pregnancy. Despite progress in vaccine development, currently available ones demonstrate modest efficacy. This review presents a comprehensive summary of congenital CMV infection, addressing its epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic approaches, clinical presentation, and preventive measures, with a focus on recent advances in vaccine research.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474324/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systemic and Mucosal Immune Responses Induced by Adenoviral-Vectored Consensus H5 Influenza A Vaccines in Mice and Swine.","authors":"Adthakorn Madapong, Joshua Wiggins, Jennifer DeBeauchamp, Richard J Webby, Eric A Weaver","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090928","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090928","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>The continued evolution and cross-species transmission of clade 2.3.4.4b H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses underscores the need for broadly protective vaccines in swine, a key intermediary host. This study aimed to evaluate systemic and mucosal immune responses elicited by adenoviral-vectored (Ad) vaccines encoding a centralized consensus hemagglutinin antigen (H5CC) in mice and swine.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We constructed H5CC-based vaccines that were delivered using replication-defective (Ad5 and Ad6) and replication-competent (Ad28 and Ad48) human adenoviral vectors. Using a serotype-switched prime-boost strategy, vaccines were delivered intramuscularly (IM) or intranasally (IN) in mice and swine. We determined humoral, mucosal, and cell-mediated immune responses by hemagglutination inhibition (HI), microneutralization assay (MNA), ELISA, and IFN-γ ELISpot. Protective efficacy was evaluated by lethal H5N1 challenge in mice.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All vaccine strategies and routes induced significant levels of anti-H5 immunity. Ad5/Ad6 IM immunization elicited strong systemic IgG and MNA titers and robust T cell responses. IN delivery with Ad5/Ad6 induced superior mucosal IgA levels in lungs and nasal secretion. In swine, Ad5/Ad6 IM conferred the highest MNA titer and T cell responses, while the IN route enhanced mucosal IgA. The Ad28/Ad48 vaccines induced immunity in a similar pattern as compared to the Ad5/Ad6 strategy, but to a slightly lesser degree, in general. The commercial H1/H3 swine influenza vaccine failed to elicit cross-protective immunity. All H5CC vaccinated mice survived lethal H5N1 challenge without weight loss.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Adenoviral-vectored H5CC vaccines elicit broad, cross-clade immunity with route-dependent immune profiles. IM vaccination is optimal for systemic and cellular responses, while IN delivery enhances mucosal immunity. These findings support the advancement of adenoviral platforms for influenza control in swine and pandemic preparedness.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474482/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influenza Vaccination Appropriateness: Insights from the Local Health Unit of Catania During the 2023/2024 and 2024/2025 Seasons.","authors":"Francesco Leonforte, Claudio Fiorilla, Gabriele Giorgianni, Vito Nicosia, Fabio Contarino, Cristina Genovese, Giovanni Genovese, Giustino Morlino, Martina Chimienti, Antonio Mistretta","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090925","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090925","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Influenza poses a substantial global public health challenge, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations. Vaccination is the most effective preventive measure, and recent strategies in Italy emphasize the principle of \"appropriateness\"-the alignment of specific vaccine formulations (e.g., adjuvanted or high-dose) with targeted risk groups to optimize protection. Nevertheless, challenges persist in ensuring the consistent administration of the most suitable vaccine, particularly among high-risk individuals who would benefit most. <b>Methods</b>: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted using data from the 2023-2024 and 2024-2025 influenza vaccination campaigns of the Local Health Authority of Catania. Vaccination data were analyzed by age group and vaccine type, based on national immunization guidelines. Population categories included individuals ≥ 65 years, adults 60-64 years, adults 18-59 years (with/without chronic conditions), children, and pregnant/postpartum women. Vaccine types analyzed were aQIV, QIV-HD, QIV-SD, QIVcc, and LAIV. Descriptive statistics were used, and Relative Risk (RR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) was calculated using the 60-64 age group as a reference. Analyses were performed with Stata 18.0. <b>Results</b>: In 2023-2024, 78.8% of individuals ≥ 65 received recommended vaccines, compared to 100% in the 60-64 group (RR = 0.23; 95% CI: 0.225-0.231). Adults 18-59, children, and pregnant/postpartum women showed ≥99% adherence. In 2024-2025, appropriateness in the ≥65 group improved to 96.1% (RR = 0.12; 95% CI: 0.118-0.128). All other groups maintained high adherence (≥99%), except for 6.2% of children aged 6 months-2 years who inappropriately received LAIV. <b>Conclusions</b>: Despite dramatically improved vaccination appropriateness in the elderly, a persistent and critical safety issue--inappropriate administration LAIV use in 6.2% of young children-highlights the need for targeted interventions to ensure complete patient safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474316/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune Response to MVA-BN Vaccination for Mpox: Current Evidence and Future Directions.","authors":"Joanne Byrne, Patrick D M C Katoto, Bruce Kirenga, Wilber Sabiiti, Andrew Obuku, Virginie Gautier, Patrick W G Mallon, Eoin R Feeney","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090930","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090930","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 2022 global mpox outbreak, caused by clade IIb of the monkeypox virus (MPXV), prompted emergency use authorisation of the Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic (MVA-BN) vaccine, previously approved for smallpox prevention. Understanding immune responses to the MVA-BN vaccine is critical to inform both current and future mpox vaccine policy, particularly amid reports of breakthrough infections in vaccinated persons, uncertainty about the durability of vaccine-induced protection, and the emergence of further outbreaks of mpox from different viral clades, including the clade I-driven public health emergency of international concern. MVA-BN elicits binding and neutralising antibody, memory B cells, and T cell responses. Immune responses vary by host factors, prior orthopoxvirus exposure, and dosing regimens. While seroconversion is generally robust, circulating antibody titres often wane rapidly, particularly in vaccinia-naïve and/or immunocompromised individuals, including people with HIV. Vaccine-induced neutralising antibody responses to MPXV are frequently lower than to vaccinia virus, and their role in protection remains ill-defined. In contrast, T cell responses appear more sustained and may support long-term immunity in the absence of persistent antibody titres. This narrative review synthesises current evidence on the immunogenicity and durability of MVA-BN vaccination, highlights challenges in assay interpretation, and outlines key research priorities, including the need to explore correlates of protection, booster strategies, and next-generation vaccine design.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474463/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunogenicity of a Recombinant Avian Influenza H2 Protein Using an Abdominal Inoculation Model in Chickens.","authors":"Juan Rondón-Espinoza, Gina Castro-Sanguinetti, Ana Apaza-Chiara, Rosa Gonzalez-Veliz, Alonso Callupe-Leyva, Vikram N Vakharia, Eliana Icochea, Juan More-Bayona","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090926","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090926","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Avian influenza represents a major threat to both animal and public health. Our group has tracked avian influenza viruses circulating in wild birds in Peru during the last 20 years. While most of these viruses are low-pathogenic avian influenza strains, some exhibit genetic changes that significantly diverge from common circulating viruses. We selected a highly divergent hemagglutinin H2 gene from a genetically characterized avian influenza virus to develop a recombinant protein using a baculovirus system.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We administered 5 µg and 20 µg doses of the recombinant H2 protein (rH2) into 3-week-old chickens using an abdominal cavity inoculation model to evaluate the activation of innate immune responses. Chickens were euthanized at 24 and 72 h post inoculation and an abdominal lavage was performed to harvest the abdominal cavity content.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Infiltrating cells were counted and their cell viability was measured using an Annexin V/PI staining. At 24 h, a large proportion of infiltrating leukocytes were identified as heterophils, monocyte/macrophages and lymphocytes. These proportions changed at 72 h, with a decrease in heterophils and increase in monocyte and lymphocyte pools. We observed strong cellular activity in abdominal leukocytes at 24 h, with a decline in activation levels at 72 h. Cytokine expression suggested a tightly regulated immune response during the 72 h period, while a more sustained response was observed at the 20 µg dose. Antibody levels demonstrated the capacity of the rH2 protein to induce long-term responses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results revealed that the baculovirus-expressed rH2 protein induces a controlled immune activation, a long-term immune response, holding promise as a potential vaccine candidate for animal health.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474272/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"School Entry Vaccination Checks Allow Mapping of Under-Vaccinated Children in Zambia.","authors":"Megan P Powell, Webster Mufwambi, Alvira Z Hasan, Aliness M Dombola, Christine Prosperi, Rodgers Sakala, Kelvin Kapungu, Gershom Chongwe, Prachi Singh, Qiulin Wang, Stella Chewe, Francis D Mwansa, Constance Sakala, Elicah Kamiji, Patricia Bobo, Kennedy Matanda, Joan Manda, Amy K Winter, Molly Sauer, Andrea C Carcelen, Shaun A Truelove, William J Moss, Simon Mutembo","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090924","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090924","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Geographic information systems (GIS) are a promising tool for mapping vaccination coverage and identifying missed communities, yet their use in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) remains limited. In settings without standardized addresses such as schools or outreach sites, innovative methods are needed to collect and analyse spatial data. Schools offer a unique platform for identifying under-vaccinated children missed by routine or campaign efforts.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>During a pilot school vaccination screening program in Zambia, GIS reference maps of health facility catchment areas were developed from hand-drawn sketch maps, catchment area shapefiles, and coordinates of prominent landmarks. These maps were iteratively refined with input from local health staff. In caregiver interviews, data collectors used the maps to identify the child's zone of residence within the health facility catchment area. Vaccination status was extracted from paper registries used during screening. Geographic heat maps were generated in ArcGIS to visualize under-vaccination by zone.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 535 children screened across 25 zones, 29% were under-vaccinated. Under-vaccination varied by zone, with clusters of missed children identified, for example, 50% of children in Kabushi Zone 6 were under-vaccinated, compared with much lower rates elsewhere.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pairing school-based vaccination checks with GIS mapping offers a scalable approach to identifying missed communities in LMICs. This method enables spatial analysis without household visits, supporting targeted immunization planning where traditional data systems fall short. However, because the study was limited to children enrolled in five purposively selected schools, out-of-school children and those in other schools were not represented. This selection bias may underestimate the true extent of under-vaccination, and future evaluations should incorporate broader and more representative populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474360/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of T-Cell Responses Following Sequential Vaccination with PCV13 and PPSV23 Against <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> in Patients with Psoriasis.","authors":"Thea Wojtakowski, Lukas van de Sand, Lorena Helmer, Mona Mokanis, Oliver Witzke, Peter A Horn, Adalbert Krawczyk, Wiebke Sondermann, Monika Lindemann","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090920","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090920","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Characterization of cellular responses to vaccinations in immunocompromised patients remains an evolving area of research. This particularly applies for pneumococcal vaccination in diseases such as psoriasis and in the setting of immunosuppressive therapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective study included 42 patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Following German guidelines at the time, patients underwent a sequential vaccination protocol against <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>, consisting of Prevenar 13 (PCV13) and Pneumovax 23 (PPSV23). Over a 7-month period, we analyzed T-cell responses to common serotypes of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> using an interferon-γ ELISpot assay. For comparison, we performed an ELISA to measure pneumococcus-specific antibody production.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients undergoing anti-TNF-α blocker therapy, monoclonal antibody therapy (specifically anti-IL-12/23, IL-23, and IL-17), and methotrexate therapy showed significantly different responses to the pneumococcal serotype PS14 at onset (<i>p</i> = 0.02). T-cell responses ranged from strong (PS9N, PS14, PS25F) and intermediate (PS2) to weak (PS6A and PS11A). We did not observe a significant correlation of IgG antibodies with the magnitude of cellular immune responses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Immunosuppressive therapy alters vaccination-induced cellular immunity in psoriasis patients. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms involved.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474348/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ImmuniT Platform for Improved Neoantigen Prediction in Lung Cancer.","authors":"Stephanie J Hachey, Alexander G Forsythe, Hari B Keshava, Christopher C W Hughes","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090921","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090921","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality, with many patients responding poorly to immunotherapy due to limited tumor recognition. Neoantigen-based strategies offer a promising solution, but current discovery methods often miss key targets, particularly those with low or heterogeneous expression. To address this, we developed ImmuniT, a three-phase platform for enhanced neoantigen discovery and validation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Under an IRB-approved protocol, patients with lung cancer consented to tumor collection for ex vivo processing to modulate antigen expression. Autologous T cells from matched blood were co-cultured with treated cancer cells to expand tumor-reactive populations. The nextneopi pipeline integrated mutational, transcriptomic, and HLA data to predict candidate neoantigens, which were validated using MHCepitope tetramer staining.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In five patient samples, ImmuniT identified a broader spectrum of neoantigens and induced stronger T cell activation in vitro compared to conventional approaches. Notably, in one case, two neoantigens missed by standard methods were confirmed to elicit tumor-specific T cell responses in both the tumor-infiltrating and peripheral compartments.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings highlight ImmuniT's potential to expand the repertoire of actionable tumor antigens and improve personalized immunotherapy strategies, particularly for patients with limited response to existing treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474151/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}