Vaccines最新文献

{"title":"Humoral Immune Response Following COVID-19 Vaccination in Multifocal Motor Neuropathy and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy.","authors":"Louise Sloth Kodal, Sonja Holm-Yildiz, Sebastian Rask Hamm, Laura Pérez-Alós, Cecilie Bo Hansen, Mia Marie Pries-Heje, Line Dam Heftdal, Rasmus Bo Hasselbalch, Johannes Roth Madsen, Ruth Frikke-Schmidt, Linda Maria Hilsted, Erik Sørensen, Sisse Rye Ostrowski, Henning Bundgaard, Peter Garred, Kasper Iversen, Susanne Dam Nielsen, John Vissing, Tina Dysgaard","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090902","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090902","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Multifocal Motor Neuropathy (MMN) and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) are immune-mediated polyneuropathies often treated with immunoglobulin therapy. They were prioritized for COVID-19 vaccination during the pandemic. However, their immune response following COVID-19 vaccination remains unclear. We investigated short- and long-term immune responses to COVID-19 vaccination in patients with MMN and CIDP compared to controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a prospective observational study, patients with CIDP or MMN and matched controls were followed over 24 months. Controls were age- and sex-matched 1:9. Participants received COVID-19 vaccines in accordance with the Danish vaccination program. Primary outcomes were levels of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies and virus-neutralizing capacity. A positive vaccine response was defined as IgG > 225 AU/mL and neutralizing capacity ≥ 25%.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included 34 patients and 306 matched controls. While baseline SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels were similar, controls exhibited higher IgG levels at 6- (mean difference, 88%; <i>p</i> = 0.008), 18- (91%; <i>p</i> = 0.023), and 24 months (160%; <i>p</i> < 0.001). Neutralization capacity was also higher in controls at 6 (10%, <i>p</i> = 0.004), 18 (7%, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and 24 months (9%, <i>p</i> = 0.002). Despite this, the proportion of vaccine responders did not differ between the two groups after 24 months (<i>p</i> = 0.196). In patients receiving immunoglobulin therapy, IgG levels were lower than in controls at 24-month follow-up alone (56%, <i>p</i> < 0.001); all demonstrated a positive vaccine response.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Patients with CIDP and MMN demonstrated a positive humoral response to COVID-19 vaccination. Although IgG and neutralization levels were lower than in controls, all patients receiving immunoglobulin therapy were vaccine responders.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474186/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"mRNA and DNA-Based Vaccines in Genitourinary Cancers: A New Frontier in Personalized Immunotherapy.","authors":"Jasmine Vohra, Gabriela Rodrigues Barbosa, Leonardo O Reis","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090899","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090899","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Genitourinary (GU) cancers, including prostate, bladder, and renal cancers, represent a significant burden on global health. Conventional treatments, while effective in certain contexts, face limitations due to tumor heterogeneity, therapeutic resistance, and relapse. Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy, particularly in the development of personalized mRNA and DNA-based vaccines, have opened new avenues for precise and durable antitumor responses. These vaccines are being developed to leverage neoantigen identification and next-generation sequencing technologies, with the goal of tailoring immunotherapeutic interventions to individual tumor profiles. mRNA vaccines offer rapid, non-integrative, and scalable, with encouraging results reported in infectious diseases and early-phase cancer trials. DNA vaccines, known for their stability and ease of modification, show promise in generating robust cytotoxic T-cell responses. This review discusses the current landscape, preclinical findings, and ongoing clinical trials of mRNA and DNA-based vaccines in GU cancers, highlighting delivery technologies, combination strategies with immune checkpoint inhibitors, and future challenges, including tumor immune evasion and regulatory hurdles. Integrating immunogenomics and artificial intelligence into vaccine design is poised to further enhance precision in cancer vaccine development. As GU malignancies remain a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality, mRNA and DNA vaccine strategies represent a promising and rapidly evolving area of investigation in oncology.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474112/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TCR-T Cell Recognition of an NY-ESO-1 Epitope Presented by HLA-A2 Supertype: Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy.","authors":"Qingqing Lin, Fenglan Liu, Yipeng Ma, Yanwei Li, Tong Lin, Xiaochun Chen, Jinling Zhang, Heng Sun, Zhi Wang, Xiaojun Xia, Geng Tian, Shi Jin, Mingjun Wang","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090898","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090898","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>T-cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T-cell therapy (TCR-T) has become a promising anticancer therapy. Recognition of tumor cells by TCR-T cells requires matched human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles and tumor antigens, which seriously limits their population coverage. One strategy to expand the population coverage of a specific TCR-T cell therapy is to enable TCR-T cells to recognize target peptides presented by more HLA alleles.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, HLA alleles were selected based on the Chinese population frequency and HLA supertype classification. Then, COS-7 and two tumor cell lines (586 mel and 5637) were transduced with selected HLA alleles for functional evaluation of TCR-T cells. HLA-A2 alleles capable of both exogenously and endogenously presenting the NY-ESO-1-derived epitope and thereby being recognized by TCR-T cells were tested.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We demonstrated that a given TCR-T cell product can recognize the NY-ESO-1 peptide exogenously and endogenously presented not only by HLA-A*02:01 but also by HLA-A*02:03, HLA-A*02:06, and HLA-A*02:10, almost doubling the population coverage in the Chinese population from 12.01% to 21.05%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study suggests that cancer patients expressing members of the HLA-A2 supertype may benefit from the TCR-T cell product, and other TCR-T cell products could similarly expand their population coverage even within the non-Chinese population through an analogous approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474311/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanovaccines: Innovative Advances from Design Strategies to Clinical Translation.","authors":"Jiuxiang He, Wen Xiao, Dong Hua, Minchi Liu, Hongxia Guo, Li Xu, Meiling Xiao, Yunsha Du, Jintao Li","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090900","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090900","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanovaccines have emerged as a transformative platform in immunotherapy, distinguished by their capabilities in targeted antigen delivery, enhanced immunogenicity, and multifunctional integration. By leveraging nanocarriers, these vaccines achieve precise antigen transport, improve immune activation efficiency, and enable synergistic functions such as antigen protection and adjuvant co-delivery. This review comprehensively explores the foundational design principles of nanovaccines, delves into the diversity of nanovaccine design strategies-including the selection of primary carrier materials, functionalization modification, synergistic delivery of immune adjuvants, and self-assembled nano-delivery systems-and highlights their applications in cancer immunotherapy, infectious disease and autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, it critically examines existing technical challenges and translational barriers, providing an integrative reference to guide future research and development in this dynamic field.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474465/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunogenic Responses Elicited by a Pool of Recombinant <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i> NC8 Strains Surface-Displaying Diverse African Swine Fever Antigens Administered via Different Immunization Routes in a Mouse Model.","authors":"Assad Moon, Hongxia Wu, Tao Wang, Lian-Feng Li, Yongfeng Li, Zhiqiang Xu, Jia Li, Yanjin Wang, Jingshan Huang, Tianqi Gao, Yuan Sun, Hua-Ji Qiu","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090897","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090897","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and often deadly disease that poses a major threat to swine production worldwide. The lack of a commercially available vaccine underscores the critical need for innovative immunization strategies to combat ASF. <b>Methods:</b> Six ASFV antigenic proteins (K78R, A104R, E120R, E183L, D117L, and H171R) were fused with the <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i> WCFS1 surface anchor LP3065 (LPxTG motif) to generate recombinant <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i> NC8 (rNC8) strains. The surface expression was confirmed using immunofluorescence and Western blotting assays. Additionally, the dendritic cell-targeting peptides (DCpep) were co-expressed with each antigen protein. Mice were immunized at a dosage of 10⁹ colony-forming units (CFU) per strain per mouse via intragastric (I.G.), intranasal (I.N.), and intravenous (I.V.) routes. The bacterial mixture was heat-inactivated by boiling for 15 min to destroy viable cells while preserving antigenic structures. I.V. administration caused no hypersensitivity, confirming the method's safety and effectiveness. <b>Results:</b> Following I.G. administration, rNC8-E120R, rNC8-E183L, rNC8-K78R, and rNC8-A104R induced significant levels of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in fecal samples, whereas rNC8-H171R and rNC8-D117L failed to induce a comparable response. Meanwhile, rNC8-D117L, rNC8-K78R, and rNC8-A104R also elicited significant levels of sIgA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Following I.N. immunization, rNC8-E120R, rNC8-K78R, and rNC8-A104R significantly increased sIgA levels in both fecal and BALF immunization. In contrast, I.V. immunization with heat-inactivated rNC8-K78R and rNC8-A104R induced robust serum IgG titers, whereas the remaining antigens elicited minimal or insignificant responses. Flow cytometry analysis revealed expanded CD3⁺CD4⁺ T cells in mice immunized via the I.N. and I.G. and CD3⁺CD4⁺ T cells only in those immunized via the I.N. route. Th1 responses were also significant in the sera of mice immunized via the I.G. and I.N. routes. <b>Conclusions:</b> The rNC8 multiple-antigen cocktail elicited strong systemic and mucosal immune responses, providing a solid foundation for the development of a probiotic-based vaccine against ASF.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474437/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acceptance of Nirsevimab for the Prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Neonates: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Emilia-Romagna, Italy.","authors":"Susanna Esposito, Valentina Fainardi, Maria Elena Capra, Melodie Aricò, Angela Lanzoni, Beatrice Rita Campana, Marta Niceforo, Cosimo Neglia, Enrico Valletta, Giacomo Biasucci, Serafina Perrone","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090896","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090896","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background</i>: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis remains a leading cause of hospitalization in infants, particularly those with risk factors such as prematurity or chronic diseases. Nirsevimab, a long-acting monoclonal antibody, has recently been approved for RSV prevention. However, parental acceptance of this novel immunoprophylaxis is crucial for effective implementation. The aim of this study was to investigate parental acceptance of nirsevimab prophylaxis for RSV among eligible neonates in Emilia-Romagna, Italy, and to identify factors influencing decision making. <i>Methods</i>: A prospective, multicenter observational study enrolled 1042 parents of neonates eligible for nirsevimab prophylaxis according to regional criteria. Parents completed a semi-structured questionnaire during pre-immunization counseling, exploring knowledge, attitudes, perceived risks, information sources, and willingness to accept prophylaxis. Statistical analysis assessed associations between parental characteristics and acceptance rates. <i>Results</i>: Among the 1042 respondents, 87.0% (n = 907) expressed willingness to administer nirsevimab to their child, while 2.2% (n = 23) refused and 8.8% (n = 92) were undecided. Higher acceptance was significantly associated with awareness of RSV risks (72.1% vs. 41.7%, <i>p</i> < 0.01), belief in nirsevimab's high efficacy (46.2% vs. 18.3%, <i>p</i> < 0.01), and lower concern over side effects (10.6% vs. 27.8%, <i>p</i> < 0.01). Trust in primary care pediatricians and the healthcare system was also notably higher among accepting parents (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Willingness to pay declined with a hypothetical EUR 250 cost but remained higher among the acceptance group (71.0% vs. 50.4%, <i>p</i> < 0.001). <i>Conclusions</i>: Parental acceptance of nirsevimab in Emilia-Romagna was high, though significant gaps in knowledge and concerns about safety persist. Targeted educational strategies that clarify the nature, efficacy, and safety of nirsevimab-alongside maintaining cost-free access-are essential to support the successful implementation of RSV prophylaxis programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474476/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Central Importance of Vaccines to Mitigate the Threat of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens.","authors":"Jiaqi Amber Zhang, Victor Nizet","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090893","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090893","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antibiotics have dramatically reduced the burden of infectious diseases since their discovery, but the accelerating rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) now threatens these gains. AMR was responsible for nearly 5 million deaths in 2023 and continues to undermine the efficacy of existing treatments, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. While efforts to address AMR have focused heavily on antibiotic stewardship and new drug development, vaccines represent a powerful yet underutilized tool for prevention. By reducing the incidence of bacterial infections, vaccines lower antibiotic consumption, interrupt transmission of resistant strains, and minimize the selective pressures that drive resistance. Unlike antibiotics, vaccines offer long-lasting protection, rarely induce resistance, and confer indirect protection through herd immunity. This review examines the global burden and drivers of AMR, highlights the unique advantages of vaccines over antibiotics in mitigating AMR, and surveys the current development pipeline of vaccines targeting key multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474152/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Programs in United States Schools.","authors":"Cassandra Duran, Aditi Gupta, Lynda Aririguzo, Norma Castillo, Sanghamitra M Misra","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090894","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090894","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>School vaccination programs (school-based and school-located) that include the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine have been implemented throughout the United States since 2009.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a review of school HPV vaccination programs in PUBMED, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Ovid, Medline, and Embase and included peer-reviewed studies originating in the United States that focused on any aspect of HPV school vaccination programs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our review yielded 47 articles that fell into several categories: (1) parent and child perceptions, (2) school nurse perceptions, (3) development, (4) implementation, (5) outcomes, and (6) barriers and facilitators of HPV vaccination programs in schools.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>School vaccination programs including the HPV vaccine have been implemented successfully all over the United States. Overall, nurse, parent, and student perceptions are positive, but there are various barriers to program success. Successes and failures of school HPV vaccination programs should be examined to develop best practices to sustain and expand these impactful programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474329/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of the Virome in Vaccine-Induced Immunization.","authors":"Rossella Cianci, Mario Caldarelli, Paola Brani, Annalisa Bosi, Alessandra Ponti, Cristina Giaroni, Andreina Baj","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090895","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090895","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human virome-comprising viruses that can persist in a host, those that benefit the host, and those that remain latent-has gained increasing acceptance as a modulator of immune response toward vaccination. The factors known to influence vaccine efficacy include host genetics, age, and bacterial microbiota, while the virome is a much less considered fourth dimension. This article reviews how components of the virome such as Torque Teno Virus (TTV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and bacteriophages impact both innate and adaptive immune responses, including mechanisms of immune pre-activation, trained immunity, and molecular mimicry from both beneficial and detrimental perspectives for vaccine-induced immunization. Emphasis is given to immunocompromised populations such as transplant recipients and those with HIV, where virome composition has been shown to correlate with vaccine responsiveness. Experimental models support clinical observations on how chronic viral exposures can either enhance or inhibit vaccine efficacy. Finally, we discuss virome-aware precision vaccinology and call for the integration of the virome in the development of immunization strategies, thus improving outcomes through customization.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474315/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influenza Virus: Global Health Impact, Strategies, Challenges, Role of Nanotechnolgy in Influenza Vaccine Development.","authors":"Shabi Parvez, Anushree Pathrathota, Arjun L Uppar, Ganesh Yadagiri, Shyam Lal Mudavath","doi":"10.3390/vaccines13090890","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines13090890","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Influenza is a serious and global health issue, and it is a major cause of morbidity, fatality, and economic loss every year. Seasonal vaccines exist but are not very effective due to strain mismatches, delays in production, and antigenic drift. This comprehensive overview discusses the current situation of influenza vaccination, including the numerous types of vaccines-inactivated, live attenuated, and recombinant vaccines-and their effectiveness, efficacy, and associated challenges. It highlights the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the trends of influenza vaccination and the level to which innovation should be practiced. In the future universal influenza vaccines will be developed that target conserved viral antigens to provide long-term protection to people. In the meantime, novel vaccine delivery platforms, such as mRNA technology, virus-like particle (VLP), and nanoparticle-based systems, and less cumbersome and invasive administration routes, as well as immune responses are also under development to increase access and production capacity. Collectively, these innovations have the potential to not only reduce the global influenza epidemic but also to change the way influenza is prevented and prepare the world for a pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474260/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}