Vaccines最新文献

{"title":"Dissolvable Microneedle Delivery of a Replication-Deficient Orthopoxvirus Vaccine: Formulation Screening and Immunogenicity Evaluation for Monkeypox Prevention.","authors":"Bin Wang, Kehui Wang, Zhiyao Xu, Weihua Liu, Xianhuang Li, Linhao Li, Renhui Zhou, Xingyue Du, Jin Jin, Yaqing Xu, Rihui Qin, Xiong Liu, Dayang Zou, Wei Liu","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14030276","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14030276","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The global spread of monkeypox virus (MPXV) highlights an urgent need for thermostable and easily administrable vaccines. Current orthopoxvirus vaccines are limited by cold-chain dependence and inconvenient injection-based delivery. <b>Objectives:</b> This study aimed to develop a dissolvable microneedle (DMN) vaccine against monkeypox based on a replication-deficient orthopoxvirus platform, through systematic formulation screening, stabilization mechanism exploration, and rigorous in vivo immunogenicity evaluation. <b>Methods:</b> A film-based approach was adopted for efficient, high-throughput formulation screening and thermostability assessment. NTV was mixed with excipients and dried into solid films. Stability was monitored via RT-qPCR after storage at 4 °C to 40 °C. The lead formulation was physically characterized, then used to fabricate MVA-BN-loaded DMN patches, which were further evaluated for in vivo immunogenicity via immunization in <i>BALB/c</i> mice. <b>Results:</b> The optimal formulation F2 (containing dextran, L-threonine, and BSA/HSA) showed a potency loss of only ~1 log₁₀ after 2 months at 25 °C, and <1 log₁₀ loss after 1 week at 37 °C. SEM revealed a porous virus-entrapment morphology, and FTIR indicated enhanced hydrogen bonding between the virus and the dextran matrix. The formulation was successfully manufactured into DMNs that dissolved within 5 min. In mice, these DMNs elicited robust MPXV-specific IgG and neutralizing antibody responses, with immunogenicity comparable to that induced by conventional intramuscular injection. <b>Conclusions:</b> This study successfully established a thermostable formulation and dissolvable microneedle delivery platform for replication-deficient orthopoxvirus vaccines against monkeypox. The optimized DMN vaccine induced robust MPXV-specific immune responses in mice with immunogenicity comparable to intramuscular injection, addressing the core limitations of current vaccines and providing a promising solution for monkeypox prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13030160/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147533126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining Discordance in Perceptions of COVID-19 and Influenza Vaccine Safety During Pregnancy Among a Cohort of US Adults.","authors":"Rachael Piltch-Loeb, Bai Xi Jasmine Chan, Josefina Nuñez Sahr, Chloe Teasdale, Sasha Fleary, Kate Penrose, Jenna Sanborn, Subha Balasubramanian, McKaylee Robertson, Angela Parcesepe","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14030274","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14030274","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Vaccination is an important strategy to protect pregnant people, fetuses, and infants from severe influenza and COVID-19. However, as of April 2025 in the United States, only 14% of pregnant women had received the 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccine, while influenza vaccine uptake among pregnant women was 38% compared to 57% in 2020. Our study assessed the perceived safety of receiving these vaccines during pregnancy within a community-based national cohort.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants reported safety perceptions of vaccination during pregnancy and were categorized as (1) endorsing the safety of both COVID-19 and influenza vaccines, (2) endorsing the safety of only the influenza vaccine, (3) endorsing the safety of only the COVID-19 vaccine and (4) endorsing the safety of neither vaccine during pregnancy. We examined sociodemographics, behaviors, and beliefs correlated with these four categories. Log-binomial models were used to estimate the prevalence ratios of (a) endorsing the safety of only influenza vaccine versus endorsing the safety of both COVID-19 and influenza vaccines during pregnancy, and (b) endorsing safety of neither versus both vaccines during pregnancy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 40% of adults (N = 1725) endorsed the safety of both vaccines during pregnancy, 18% (N = 751) endorsed the safety of only the influenza vaccine, 4% (N = 183) endorsed the safety of only the COVID-19 vaccine, and 38% (N = 1621) did not endorse the safety of either vaccine during pregnancy. Participants who were non-Hispanic Black, reported inconsistent vaccination habits, and expressed low trust in government and healthcare providers were more likely to endorse the safety of only the influenza vaccine or neither vaccine compared with endorsing both vaccines.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings highlight the need to build trust in the medical system, reduce access barriers, and use equitable, community-driven messaging to strengthen confidence in the safety of receiving the COVID-19 and influenza vaccines during pregnancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13030822/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147533165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generation and Evaluation of a Multi-Epitope Vaccine Against <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>, a Nosocomial Bacterial Pathogen.","authors":"Nicolas D Prather, Jadelynn Aki, Sean Jeffreys, Bernard P Arulanandam, Chiung-Yu Hung, Jieh-Juen Yu","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14030275","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14030275","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Multidrug-resistant (MDR) <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> (<i>Ab</i>) has emerged as a significant bacterial pathogen responsible for nosocomial infections. The most common clinical manifestations of <i>Ab</i> infection include ventilator-associated pneumonia and catheter-related bloodstream/urinary infections. Given the extensive MDR phenotype of <i>Ab</i>, preventive vaccination strategies are crucial for protecting susceptible populations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We utilized immunoinformatics to identify candidate peptides containing both putative B- and T-cell epitopes from proteins associated with <i>Ab</i> pathogenesis. Subsequently, we designed novel <i>Acinetobacter</i> Multi-Epitope Vaccines (AMEVs), each comprising an <i>Ab</i> thioredoxin A (TrxA) leader protein, five to seven of the identified peptide antigens, and a C-terminal His(6x)-tag to facilitate protein purification.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Subcutaneous vaccination of C57BL/6 mice with AMEV1 or AMEV2, formulated with TiterMax adjuvant, conferred 60% and 80% protection, respectively, against intraperitoneal <i>Ab</i> challenge. AMEV vaccination induced a robust antibody response to each corresponding whole protein and most of its component peptides. We then constructed an improved vaccine, AMEV5, which included the <i>Ab</i> TrxA protein and seven confirmed B-cell epitope peptides. Subcutaneous immunization of BALB/c mice (<i>n</i> = 10 per group) with rAMEV5 emulsified in Adda03 adjuvant activated antigen-specific IL-5-secreting T cells and antibody-producing B cells. Evaluation of vaccine efficacy demonstrated that AMEV2- and AMEV5-immunized mice were protected from a lethal intraperitoneal <i>Ab</i> challenge, with survival rates of 70% and 90%, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These study results provide insights into the application of reverse vaccinology to combat the rise of MDR <i>Acinetobacter</i> infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13030376/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147533224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rational Design of a Chimpanzee Adenoviral-Vector Vaccine Against Yellow Fever Through the Modification of Antigen Transmembrane Domains.","authors":"Marta Ulaszewska, Ji Ma, Susan J Morris, Sophie M Jegouic Goodall, Winnie Kerstens, Hendrik Jan Thibaut, Lotte Coelmont, Kai Dallmeier, Sarah C Gilbert, Barbara Dema","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14030273","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14030273","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Chimpanzee adenoviral-vectored vaccines have proven to be both safe and effective, with a manufacturing and distribution pipeline capable of rapid global supply, as demonstrated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Yellow fever is a mosquito-borne viral hemorrhagic disease endemic in parts of Africa and Latin America, and although an effective live attenuated vaccine exists, its use is limited by safety and eligibility restrictions. Moreover, large outbreaks continue to expose critical challenges, such as an insufficient vaccine supply, reliance on fractional dosing, and slow and difficult-to-scale manufacturing processes. Here, we report the design, development and in vivo immunogenicity of multiple yellow fever virus (YFV) antigen constructs based on the pre-membrane (prM) and envelope (E) proteins-with or without the transmembrane domain (TM or ΔTM)-delivered using the ChAdOx1 adenoviral vector. <b>Methods</b>: Four ChAdOx1 YF vaccines were developed, and immunogenicity was evaluated. The efficacy of the full-length YF envelope vaccine was also tested in Balb/c mice. <b>Results/Conclusions</b>: In contrast to previously described orthoflavivirus vaccines on the same platform, the full-length antigen elicited superior immunogenicity and conferred protection against intracranial challenge with the YF17D virus in mice. Notably, this protection was comparable to that induced by the licensed YF17D vaccine, highlighting the promise of this platform as a next-generation yellow fever vaccine candidate.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13030295/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147533241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Status of Measles and Rubella Outbreak Detection, Early Alerts, and Response in Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), 2023.","authors":"Eman Elmahdy, Eltayeb Elfakki, Amany Ghoniem, Basma M Saleh, Frank Mahony, Quamrul Hasan","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14030272","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14030272","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Measles and rubella remain major public health concerns in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), despite regional elimination goals. In 2023, the region experienced an increase in measles outbreaks. This study assessed outbreak detection and response challenges in either case definition or data analysis, in addition to gaps in laboratory and genotyping data integration to improve preparedness and response. <b>Method</b>: A retrospective epidemiological study was conducted using official World Health Organization (WHO) data on measles and rubella (MR) in EMR countries, from 1 January to 31 December 2023. Routine MR surveillance line list, genotyping data and supplemental immunization activity (SIA) reported by countries were used. <b>Results</b>: In 2023, 1206 suspected measles outbreaks were reported in 13 countries; 942 (78%) were confirmed. Rubella accounted for 158 confirmed outbreaks. Children under 5 years old comprised 76% of cases, with 62% zero dose. Timely detection was achieved in only 46% of outbreaks, with wide national variation. Genotype B3 predominated, but missing genotyping data limited verification. Six immunization campaigns occurred; however, outbreaks persisted due to high zero dose, limited targeting, and delayed responses. <b>Conclusions</b>: Persistent immunity gaps, under detection, inconsistent genotyping, and delayed response hindered MR control in EMR. Strengthening surveillance, integrating epidemiological and molecular data, expanding targeted supplementary immunization activities, and ensuring timely response are essential tasks. Standardized outbreak definitions, capacity building, and regular subnational analyses remain critical to regional elimination goals.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13029939/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147533209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Routine Childhood Vaccination in Oklahoma.","authors":"Jessica Beetch, Laura A Beebe, Amanda Janitz, Chao Xu, Mary Gowin, Katrin Gaardbo Kuhn","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14030271","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14030271","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: The COVID-19 pandemic substantially disrupted routine childhood vaccination practices across the United States. Oklahoma, a state characterized by lower socioeconomic indicators and higher levels of vaccine hesitancy, may have been particularly vulnerable to these disruptions. This study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine childhood vaccination in Oklahoma. <b>Methods</b>: Data were obtained from the Oklahoma State Immunization Information System to examine changes in the administration of DTaP and MMR vaccines before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, stratified by pandemic phase. Percentage changes in vaccine doses administered were calculated across time periods. Log-binomial regression models were used to evaluate the association between pandemic timing and receipt of subsequent DTaP doses among children under one year of age. <b>Results</b>: Administration of both DTaP and MMR vaccines declined during the COVID-19 pandemic across all pandemic phases examined. Compared with the pre-pandemic period, fewer children returned for subsequent DTaP doses during the pandemic. Regression analyses indicated a reduced likelihood of completing age-appropriate DTaP dosing among infants during the pandemic. <b>Conclusions</b>: Routine childhood vaccination in Oklahoma declined during the COVID-19 pandemic, with persistent reductions observed across pandemic phases. These findings highlight vulnerabilities in vaccination delivery during public health emergencies and underscore the need for targeted state-level strategies to sustain routine immunization services during future crises.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13030722/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147533205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preventing Human Papillomavirus and Vaccine Strategies.","authors":"Rui M Gil da Costa","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14030270","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14030270","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) has been widely adopted, aiming at preventing infection and, ultimately, the development of HPV-driven uterine cervical neoplasia [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13029823/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147533166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prophylactic HPV Vaccination in Gynaecological Practice: Recommendations, Practices, and Challenges Reported in the ESGO-PERCH HPV Survey.","authors":"Joanna Kacperczyk-Bartnik, Marc Arbyn, Sophie Denoël, Esra Bilir, Nina Dhollander, Zoia Razumova, Khayal Gasimli, Andrej Cokan, Houssein El Hajj, Tibor Andrea Zwimpfer, Maria Kyrgiou, Murat Gultekin, Nicolò Bizzarri","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14030269","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14030269","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>HPV vaccination is highly effective in preventing HPV-related cancers when administered before viral exposure. However, vaccination practices for patients already diagnosed with gynaecological cancers remain poorly characterized. Understanding clinicians' perspectives and barriers is essential for optimizing preventive strategies in oncologic care.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted an international, web-based survey among members of the European Society of Gynaecological Oncology (ESGO) and the European Network of Young Gynaecological Oncologists (ENYGO). The questionnaire explored clinicians' attitudes, practices, and perceived obstacles regarding HPV vaccination in patients with gynaecological cancer or pre-invasive disease across multiple clinical scenarios and age groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 149 respondents from 33 countries completed the survey. Most clinicians supported HPV vaccination for patients treated for cervical precancer (78-82% for patients under 45 years), and even for invasive cervical cancer (57-62%). Recommendations varied by patients' age, cancer type, and treatment status. For endometrial and ovarian cancer, endorsement ranged from 16% to 53%, depending on patient age. Timing of vaccination was a point of divergence: some clinicians favoured vaccination immediately after treatment for CIN2+, while others recommended delaying vaccination depending on HPV test results. Reported barriers discouraging HPV vaccination recommendations included misinformation (69.8%), lack of patient education materials (52.3%), and time constraints (48.3%), alongside economic factors and uncertainty about efficacy in oncologic settings.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The survey shows that HPV vaccination is often recommended beyond evidence-supported indications. Randomized trials have not demonstrated a reduction in CIN2+ recurrence with adjuvant vaccination, and no evidence supports vaccination in women with invasive gynaecological cancers. These findings reveal a gap between clinical practice and available evidence, highlighting the need for clearer, evidence-based guidance.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13030639/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147533142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to Employ Trained Immunity and Trained Immunity-Based Vaccines to Inhibit Allergic Inflammation.","authors":"Wonho Kim, Dooil Jeoung","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14030268","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14030268","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trained immunity confers protection against subsequent unrelated infections through metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming. Unlike adaptive immunity, trained innate immunity provides broad, non-specific protection against diverse heterologous pathogens. In addition to potentiating inflammatory responses upon secondary challenge, trained innate immune cells can also acquire anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic phenotypes, a property with important implications for chronic inflammatory diseases such as allergic disorders. Trained immunity-based vaccines (TIbVs) have emerged as promising immunomodulatory strategies capable of attenuating allergic inflammation by inducing immune tolerance. Similarly, allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) promotes long-term tolerance to allergens through metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune cells. AIT drives the differentiation of monocytes into tolerogenic dendritic cells, thereby reshaping downstream adaptive immune responses. This review summarizes the current understanding of trained immunity and its role in protection against the same and heterologous infections. We discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying trained immunity, with an emphasis on metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming. Furthermore, we highlight the therapeutic potential of TIbVs and AIT as next-generation vaccines for allergic diseases. A deeper understanding of AIT-induced immune tolerance, the identification of predictive biomarkers, and the optimization of delivery platforms-such as lipid nanoparticle-based systems-will be critical for improving the safety and efficacy of future anti-allergy vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13030827/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147533214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oropouche Virus (OROV) Vaccine Development for Vulnerable Populations: Epidemiological Context, Challenges and Future Directions.","authors":"Wenrui Wu, Yiu-Wing Kam","doi":"10.3390/vaccines14030267","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vaccines14030267","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oropouche virus (OROV) is an emerging arthropod-borne virus in the Americas that has evolved from a pathogen historically restricted to forest environments into an increasingly important regional and international public health concern. Despite decades of documented circulation, the true burden of OROV infection remains substantially underestimated, largely because of frequent misdiagnosis and the high proportion of asymptomatic or subclinical infections. This review synthesizes current evidence on the historical emergence, epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and clinical features of OROV, with a particular focus on populations at increased risk due to biological susceptibility, environmental exposure, and limited access to healthcare. Drawing on seroepidemiological data, we demonstrate that OROV transmission is far more widespread than routine surveillance suggests and examine how factors such as age, pregnancy, immune status, underlying health conditions, occupational exposure, and healthcare accessibility interact to influence disease risk and detection. Although multiple vaccine platforms have shown promise in preclinical studies, progress toward clinical development remains constrained by limited immunological evidence, shortcomings of available animal models, diagnostic uncertainty, and structural barriers in endemic regions. We propose that future OROV vaccine development prioritize population-specific needs rather than focusing solely on technological platforms, and that effective prevention will require integrating vaccination with strengthened surveillance, improved diagnostics, and equitable delivery systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":23634,"journal":{"name":"Vaccines","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13030507/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147533108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}