Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia最新文献

{"title":"Description of an ultrasound-guided maxillary nerve block in dogs: a cadaveric study and case series","authors":"Teresa Mangas-Ballester ,&nbsp;Rocío Fernández-Parra ,&nbsp;Jaime Viscasillas","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To describe an ultrasound-guided in-plane technique for maxillary nerve block in dogs and its clinical analgesic application.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Descriptive anatomical study and retrospective case series.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A group of 12 canine cadavers and six client-owned dogs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Cadavers were placed in lateral recumbency, and the ultrasound transducer was positioned transversely across the head, ventral to the zygomatic arch and cranial to the mandible to visualize the pterygopalatine fossa. The fascial plane between the zygomatic gland and medial pterygoid muscle was identified, and a 22 gauge, 50 mm insulated needle was advanced in-plane to inject 0.1 mL of a 1:1 dye–saline per hemimaxilla. Injection success was assessed by staining of the maxillary nerve or its perineural fascia during dissection. Clinical anaesthesia records from six dogs undergoing maxillofacial procedures were reviewed retrospectively. Blocks were performed using the pulsation of the maxillary artery as a sonographic landmark. Block success was defined as absence of nociceptive response to upper lip pinching postoperatively. Staining success is presented as numbers and percentages (<em>n/n</em>, %).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In the cadavers, 14/24 injections (58.3%) resulted in maxillary nerve or perineural fascia staining. In the clinical series, median body mass was 26.6 (range: 4.4–34.8 kg). A total of nine blocks were performed in six dogs using 0.5% bupivacaine (0.06–0.2 mL kg^–1): bilateral blocks in three dogs and unilateral blocks in three dogs. All dogs (9/9, 100%) demonstrated postoperative sensory blockade; however, two dogs required intraoperative fentanyl.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>This ultrasound-guided in-plane approach achieved a moderate success rate in cadavers. <em>In vivo</em>, the pulsatile maxillary artery served as a reliable landmark for injection with consistent postoperative sensory blockade. The technique appears feasible and may represent a clinically effective alternative to traditional blind approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 2","pages":"Article 101195"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146221194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence and risk factors for intra-anesthetic hyperglycemia in 400 nondiabetic dogs: a retrospective cohort study","authors":"Jihyun Kim,&nbsp;Minha Kim,&nbsp;Hwanhoon Park,&nbsp;Inhyung LEE,&nbsp;Won-gyun Son","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To determine the incidence of intra-anesthetic hyperglycemia and identify associated risk factors in nondiabetic dogs undergoing general anesthesia.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Retrospective, single-center cohort study.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A total of 400 client-owned, nondiabetic dogs anesthetized for surgical or diagnostic procedures between May and December 2024.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Medical records were reviewed to collect data on patient characteristics, anesthetic management and intra-anesthetic blood glucose concentrations measured via arterial blood gas analysis. Hyperglycemia was defined as blood glucose &gt; 180 mg dL^–1 (10 mmol L^–1) and severe hyperglycemia as &gt; 300 mg dL^–1 (16.7 mmol L^–1). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent associated factors of hyperglycemia.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Intra-anesthetic hyperglycemia occurred in 14.8% (59/400) of dogs, and severe hyperglycemia was observed in 4.3% (17/400). Multivariable logistic regression identified the following independent risk factors for hyperglycemia: preanesthetic fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg dL^–1 (5.6 mmol L^–1) [odds ratio (OR) 4.40, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.98–9.79, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001], American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification (ASA status) ≥ 3 (OR 2.78, 95% CI: 1.18–6.54, <em>p</em> = 0.019), medetomidine use (OR 4.62, 95% CI: 1.03–20.75, <em>p</em> = 0.046), undergoing surgery (OR 3.09, 95% CI: 1.21–7.85, <em>p</em> = 0.018), intra-anesthetic hypothermia &lt; 36 °C (OR 3.09, 95% CI: 1.29–7.38, <em>p</em> = 0.011), dopamine (OR 22.75, 95% CI: 9.36–55.33, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) and norepinephrine use (OR 4.63, 95% CI: 1.76–12.20, <em>p</em> = 0.002), with dopamine showing the strongest association.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Intra-anesthetic hyperglycemia occurred in nondiabetic dogs, with specific risk factors identified: elevated preanesthetic fasting glucose, ASA status ≥ 3, medetomidine use, surgery, intra-anesthetic hypothermia, dopamine and norepinephrine use. Patients with these risk factors may be predisposed to hyperglycemia, highlighting the importance of intra-anesthetic glucose monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 2","pages":"Article 101165"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145913206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intra-anaesthetic asystole in a Bulldog during positioning for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome surgery","authors":"María Gregorio García,&nbsp;Amy Talbot,&nbsp;Sanne Melis","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A male English Bulldog, aged 2.5 years, presented for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome corrective surgery for treatment of ventilatory difficulties and castration. The dog experienced asystole twice during positioning for surgery, suspected to result from the maxillomandibulocardiac reflex, a version of the trigeminocardiac reflex. Procedures were postponed and the dog was allowed to recover from anaesthesia. Echocardiography, electrocardiogram and 24 hour Holter monitoring were unremarkable. As ventilatory compromise persisted, the procedure was attempted again. Despite a period of severe bradycardia with intermittent sinus arrest after premedication, the dog was anaesthetized, underwent surgery and recovered. On follow-up 1 year after the procedure, the dog showed an improvement in respiratory effort and overall quality of life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 2","pages":"Article 101193"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146221263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiopulmonary effects of alfaxalone-midazolam-hydromorphone or dexmedetomidine-midazolam-hydromorphone before isoflurane anesthesia in healthy rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)","authors":"Shannon Toy,&nbsp;Isabelle Desprez,&nbsp;Shannon Beazley,&nbsp;Barbara Ambros","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To compare the cardiopulmonary effects of anesthetic premedication with dexmedetomidine, midazolam, and hydromorphone (DMH) <em>versus</em> alfaxalone, midazolam, and hydromorphone (AMH) in healthy adult rabbits under isoflurane anesthesia.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Prospective, randomized, masked crossover study.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>Eight healthy adult New Zealand White rabbits.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Rabbits were sedated with 0.03 mg kg^-1 dexmedetomidine, 1 mg kg^-1 midazolam, and 0.1 mg kg^-1 hydromorphone (DMH) or 2 mg kg^-1 alfaxalone, 1 mg kg^-1 midazolam, and 0.1 mg kg^-1 hydromorphone (AMH) injected intramuscularly. Anesthesia was induced with 1–5 mg kg^-1 ketamine intravenously and maintained with isoflurane. Physiological variables were recorded every 5 minutes during anesthesia. Arterial blood samples for arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO₂) and carbon dioxide (PaCO₂) were obtained at baseline, 15 minutes post-premedication, 3 minutes post-preoxygenation, 15, 30, 45, 60 minutes under anesthesia, and 15 minutes post-extubation. Data were compared using generalized estimating equations adjusted with the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure, the Kolomogorov–Smirnov test, paired t-tests, and Wilcoxon signed ranks tests.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Rabbits given DMH had lower heart rates (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.008) and invasive systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial blood pressures (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.016) compared with AMH. Mean arterial pressure was 22 ± 3 mmHg (mean ± standard deviation) higher in the AMH group. The DMH group had higher PaCO₂ at 15 minutes post-premedication (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) and 15 minutes post-extubation (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.027). There was no significant difference in PaO₂ between treatments, but PaO₂ increased following 3 minutes of preoxygenation in both groups (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). Rabbits given DMH had a higher sedation score (<em>p</em> = 0.011) and a longer time to recover (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.048).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Rabbits premedicated with DMH were more sedate and, under anesthesia, had significantly more cardiopulmonary depression (heart rate, arterial blood pressure, PaCO₂) compared with AMH.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 2","pages":"Article 101198"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146259438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of discontinuing a constant rate intravenous infusion of lidocaine on recovery from general anesthesia with isoflurane in horses: A randomized clinical trial","authors":"Megan F. Sha ,&nbsp;Rachel A. Reed ,&nbsp;Jane E. Quandt ,&nbsp;Michele Barletta ,&nbsp;Daniel M. Sakai ,&nbsp;Stephanie C. Dantino ,&nbsp;Heather Knych","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.09.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.09.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate the effect of discontinuing intravenous (IV) lidocaine infusions 30 minutes before the end of inhalational anesthesia on recovery from general anesthesia in horses.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Randomized controlled clinical study.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A group of 40 healthy adult horses undergoing general anesthesia for magnetic resonance imaging.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>All horses underwent a standard anesthetic protocol. Lidocaine was injected IV as a loading dose (2 mg kg^–1), followed by a continuous rate IV infusion of 3 mg kg^–1 hour^–1. Horses were randomly allocated to one of two groups: discontinuation of the infusion 30 minutes before the end of anesthesia (group DC, <em>n</em> = 20), or continuation until the end of anesthesia (group C, <em>n</em> = 20). A three-axis accelerometer was secured around the withers to obtain accelerometry-based recovery scores (RS). Lower scores correlate with higher-quality recovery and higher scores correlate with lower-quality recovery. Recorded variables included time to first movement, time to sternal recumbency, time to standing and number of standing attempts. RS (mean ± standard deviation) was analyzed using a Student’s <em>t</em>-test. Significance was set at <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Mean RS were 22 ± 7 and 25 ± 8 for groups C and DC, respectively (<em>p</em> = 0.175). Median times to first movement, sternal recumbency and standing were 43 (21–69), 56 (29–90) and 61 (29–111) minutes for group C, and 33 (21–69), 45 (26–97) and 50 (36–97) minutes for group DC, respectively. The median number of stand attempts was 1 (1–5) for both groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Discontinuing lidocaine infusions 30 minutes before the end of inhalational anesthesia did not improve recovery quality compared with infusions continued until the end. These findings do not support a benefit of early lidocaine discontinuation in this context.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 101144"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elizabeth Anne Leece, BVSc, Cert VA, Dip ECVAA, MRCVS (1970–2025)","authors":"Carl Bradbrook ,&nbsp;Jackie Brearley ,&nbsp;Louise Clark ,&nbsp;Frances Downing ,&nbsp;Mark Evitts ,&nbsp;Sarah Gibson ,&nbsp;Nicolas Girard ,&nbsp;Matthew Gurney ,&nbsp;Rachel Hattersley ,&nbsp;Ronald S. Jones ,&nbsp;Heide Kloeppel ,&nbsp;Massimo Mariscoli ,&nbsp;Nichole Neate ,&nbsp;Ambra Panti ,&nbsp;Anja Pape ,&nbsp;Sheilah Robertson ,&nbsp;Rachel Royle ,&nbsp;Abigail Semal ,&nbsp;Annie Tute ,&nbsp;Kate White","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.11.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.11.007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 101163"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacological profiles of intravenously and subcutaneously administered fentanyl in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)","authors":"Vanessa Bettembourg,&nbsp;Lena Olsén,&nbsp;Anneli Rydén,&nbsp;Josefin Brock von Rein,&nbsp;Erica Gumpert Herlofson,&nbsp;Malin Erkas,&nbsp;Patricia Hedenqvist","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To measure the bioavailability, maximal plasma concentration (C_max) and half-life (t_½) of fentanyl in rabbits after intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) administration. Secondary aims were to investigate behavioural effects and faeces production.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Randomized, experimental, crossover study.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A group of six male New Zealand White rabbits, Crl:KBL(NZW), aged 5–6 months and weighing 2.9–3.7 kg.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Fentanyl 15 μg kg^–1 was administered IV and SC to rabbits with a 14 day washout period. Plasma was sampled at 2 (IV), 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 (IV + SC), 300 (SC) and 390 (SC) minutes and analysed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Sedation was scored from 0–3, 3 being most sedated, 10 and 45 minutes after administration by an assessor blinded to treatment. Oxygen was supplemented if the haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO₂) was &lt;90%. After the experiment, faeces and urine were weighed. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (range).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Bioavailability for fentanyl after SC administration was 47% ± 16% and 50% (27%–68%). The t_½ for fentanyl after IV and SC administration was 65 ± 11 and 275 ± 16 minutes, respectively. The C_max of fentanyl after SC injection was 0.55 ± 0.17 ng mL^–1 and the time to maximal concentration (T_max) was 15 (15–68) minutes. Median sedation score at 10 minutes was higher (<em>p</em> = 0.014) after IV than after SC administration (3 and 1, respectively). After IV administration, but not SC administration, 5/6 rabbits became recumbent and 2/6 rabbits required oxygen. There was no statistically significant difference in faecal/urinary output between groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Fentanyl administered SC as the sole drug to conscious rabbits resulted in variable plasma concentrations substantially lower than after IV administration. Supplemental oxygen should be available whenever fentanyl is administered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 101159"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145792219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of the caudal thoracic paravertebral block in a multimodal anaesthetic protocol for cholecystectomy in a diabetic dog","authors":"Lorena Espadas González ,&nbsp;Nieves Pastor Sirvent ,&nbsp;Irene Cantalejo Rodrigo ,&nbsp;Jesús M. Usón Casaús ,&nbsp;Eva M. Pérez Merino","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.11.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.11.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This report describes the anaesthetic management of a diabetic dog undergoing cholecystectomy. A multimodal analgesic approach was employed, including an ultrasound-guided bilateral caudal thoracic paravertebral block (CTPVB) with bupivacaine, to reduce the need for inhalational anaesthetics and systemic opioids. With the use of the CTPVB, no additional analgesia was required during the 8 hour period following endotracheal extubation. This is the first report describing the use of a CTPVB to provide analgesia and cardiovascular stability in a diabetic dog undergoing cholecystectomy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 101162"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145885613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perioperative management of a miniature donkey undergoing surgical femoral head ostectomy","authors":"Alexandra R. Robinson ,&nbsp;Marta Nieto Poza ,&nbsp;Pablo E. Otero ,&nbsp;Morgane Schambourg ,&nbsp;Daniel SJ. Pang","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite global popularity of donkeys as pets and working animals, reports regarding effective surgical, anesthetic and analgesic treatments remain scarce. A 19-year-old castrated male miniature donkey (106 kg) presented for investigation of a chronic right coxofemoral luxation. The donkey had significant right pelvic limb lameness (4–5/5) and severe muscle atrophy. Physical examination was otherwise unremarkable. A surgical femoral head ostectomy was planned under general anesthesia with a combination of two regional local anesthetic blocks. These included a ‘GIN &amp; TONIC’ block; a greater ischiatic notch plane block, targeting the lumbosacral trunk, and a caudal quadratus lumborum block, targeting the lumbar plexus, using 0.25% bupivacaine at 0.2 mL kg^–1 and 0.3 mL kg^–1, respectively. Anesthetic premedication consisted of intravenous (IV) romifidine and butorphanol, followed by induction of anesthesia with IV ketamine and midazolam and maintenance with isoflurane carried in oxygen. The donkey had low isoflurane requirements (end-expired fraction 0.81–0.96%) and an absence of autonomic responses to surgery intraoperatively. Surgery proceeded uneventfully. At 4 hours after the block was performed, 80 minutes after recovery from anesthesia, the Donkey Pain Scale score was elevated (6/11), and the donkey was treated with IV morphine (0.4 mg kg^–1). On the second postoperative day, Donkey Pain Scale scores were consistently low (0–1/11) and morphine treatment was discontinued. At 12 weeks after surgery, the owner reported good comfort and mobility while walking, with ambulation facilitated with a wooden shoe to compensate for limb length difference. The report describes use of the GIN &amp; TONIC block to provide effective perioperative analgesia for a successful femoral head ostectomy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 101158"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145726327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of an endotracheal tube disinfection protocol and the impact of its steps on tubes collected from dogs anaesthetized for routine clinical procedures","authors":"Francesco Ascione ,&nbsp;Ioanna L. Radu ,&nbsp;Stefano Di Nola ,&nbsp;Tommaso Furlanello ,&nbsp;Erika Carli ,&nbsp;Laura Ventura ,&nbsp;Elisa Bortolami","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To determine the efficacy of an endotracheal tube (ETT) disinfection method and the impact of its different steps.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>A prospective randomized study.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The tracheas of 100 dogs undergoing routine clinical procedures were intubated with a sterile polyvinyl chloride ETT. At extubation, each ETT, presenting without gross contamination after extubation, was cultured for bacterial and fungal growth, and randomly and equally assigned to the ‘enzymatic solution, peracetic acid, water and drying’ (ESPAWD) protocol or one of its constituent steps: enzymatic solution soaking (ES protocol), peracetic acid soaking for 30 minutes (PA protocol), tap water rinsing for 1 minute (W protocol) or drying in ambient air for 24 hours (D protocol). Another swab was performed at the end of the assigned protocol. Post-treatment fungal and bacterial growth was evaluated using aerobic and anaerobic culture media and subsequently analysed. Statistical analysis was performed using R (version 4.3.2). Quantitative variables were compared with non-parametric tests (Wilcoxon, Mann–Whitney <em>U</em>, Kruskal–Wallis with Holm’s correction), whereas categorical data were analysed with Chi-square and McNemar’s tests. Statistical significance was set at <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The ESPAWD protocol was effective at disinfecting all ETTs (failure relative frequency 0%). Among the different steps, PA showed the lowest failure frequency (20%), followed by D (35%), W (90%) and ES (100%) protocol. Comparison between ESPAWD and PA protocols did not reveal any significant difference in terms of both post-treatment number of microbial species (<em>p</em> = 0.09) and reduction of microbial load (<em>p</em> = 0.09).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>In the ESPAWD protocol, all ETTs were successfully disinfected, and the protocol may represent a promising option for disinfecting previously used ETTs presenting without gross contamination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 101157"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145696350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}