Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia最新文献

{"title":"Investigating the effect of local anaesthetic cream on the behavioural response to intravenous cannulation of calves","authors":"Dogukan Polat,&nbsp;Latif Emrah Yanmaz,&nbsp;Mehmet Nur Cetin,&nbsp;Servet Yalcin","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate the behavioural response of calves to intravenous (IV) cannulation following application of local anaesthetic cream or a placebo, with a focus on the efficacy of 2 or 5 minute exposure periods.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Prospective, randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A total of 60 Holstein calves enrolled as part of a scheduled disbudding procedure.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Holstein calves were randomly assigned to four groups: local anaesthetic [eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics (EMLA)] or placebo with 2 or 5 minute exposure (15 calves per group). After treatment, an IV catheter was placed in a jugular vein and behavioural responses to catheter placement were scored on a 0–3 scale, with a higher value indicating a greater response. Reaction scores were analysed using Mann–Whitney <em>U</em> tests, with statistical significance set at <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05. Cream application sites were evaluated 15 minutes post-procedure for any adverse effects.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>No adverse effects or dermal toxicity were observed. Behavioural response scores did not differ significantly between the EMLA 2 group [median (range): 1 (0–3)] and the Placebo 2 group [1 (0–3); <em>p</em> = 0.566]. However, a significant difference was observed between the EMLA 5 group [0 (0–2)] and the Placebo 5 group [1 (0–3); <em>p</em> = 0.010].</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>This study demonstrates that a 5 minute exposure to EMLA cream effectively reduced behavioural reactions in calves during IV cannulation. Based on these findings, a 5 minute exposure period may be recommended to improve the welfare of calves undergoing IV cannulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 2","pages":"Article 101168"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of preemptive carbon dioxide reduction in prolonged positive pressure breath holding in anesthetized dogs receiving oxygen","authors":"Junghwa Chae,&nbsp;Changhoon Nam,&nbsp;Nahyun Kim,&nbsp;Jihyun Kim,&nbsp;Younggwang Cho,&nbsp;Inhyung Lee,&nbsp;Won-gyun Son","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.08.040","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.08.040","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To characterize physiological responses to prolonged positive pressure breath holding (PPBH) in anesthetized dogs with oxygen supplementation, and to determine whether lowering initial end-tidal carbon dioxide (P<span>e′</span>CO₂) extends the safe duration of PPBH.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Prospective, randomized, crossover study.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A group of five healthy adult Beagle dogs (12.9 ± 1.2 kg).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Each dog underwent two PPBH trials at initial P<span>e′</span>CO₂ levels of 40 mmHg (5.3 kPa, control) and 30 mmHg (4.0 kPa, treatment), with 2 week interval. Anesthesia was induced and then maintained using total intravenous anesthesia with alfaxalone (3 mg kg^–1, then 12 mg kg^–1 hour^–1) and rocuronium (1 mg kg^–1, then 0.2 mg kg^–1 hour^–1). Mechanical ventilation with 100% oxygen was used to achieve target P<span>e′</span>CO₂ levels. PPBH was initiated at an end-expiratory pressure of 15 cmH₂O for 10 minutes. Arterial blood gases, heart rate and arterial blood pressure were recorded every minute. Primary end points were the time to reach arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂) ≥ 60 mmHg (8.0 kPa) or pH ≤ 7.2. Time-dependent changes were analyzed using linear mixed models. The duration of PPBH before reaching end points was evaluated using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>No hypoxemia was observed. PPBH resulted in progressive increases in PaCO₂ and corresponding pH reductions over time (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). The time to reach PaCO₂ ≥ 60 mmHg (8.0 kPa) was 2.4 ± 0.8 minutes at 40 mmHg (5.3 kPa) and 5.8 ± 1.6 minutes at 30 mmHg (4.0 kPa) (<em>p</em> = 0.006). Similarly, the time to reach pH ≤ 7.2 was significantly prolonged in the 30 mmHg (4.0 kPa) treatment (<em>p</em> = 0.002). Cardiovascular variables remained within reference ranges.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>The results of this study show that adjusting initial P<span>e′</span>CO₂ effectively delays the progression of hypercapnia and acidemia, thereby extending the clinically tolerable duration of PPBH.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 2","pages":"Article 101135"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound-guided coronoid approach to the trigeminal nerve block in a dog undergoing orbital exenteration","authors":"Sophie Dixon ,&nbsp;Alvaro Guitérrez-Bautista ,&nbsp;Roger Medina-Serra","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.101171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.101171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An ultrasound-guided trigeminal nerve block using a coronoid approach was performed in a male neutered Jack Russell Terrier, aged 12 years, undergoing orbital exenteration for a retrobulbar mass. The previously reported temporal approach for this block was contraindicated as the location of the mass risked intersecting the tumour with the needle. With the dog anaesthetized and in left lateral recumbency, a microconvex transducer was placed caudal to the orbital ligament to obtain a transverse view of the pterygopalatine fossa. The angle of the probe was adjusted until the frontal bone and sphenoid complex could be visualized, along with the coronoid process of the mandible. Colour Doppler identified the location of the maxillary artery exiting the skull. A 22 gauge, 38 mm, spinal needle was inserted using an in-plane technique until the tip was near the artery. After negative aspiration, 1.35 mL of 0.75% ropivacaine was injected, with anechoic fluid observed during injection along the fascial plane and around the artery. During surgery, noninvasive arterial blood pressure remained within 20% of baseline values, whereas heart rate (HR) increased from 95 to 118 beats minute^–1, exceeding the 20% threshold. A low dose of intravenous methadone (0.07 mg kg^–1) was administered without effect, and HR normalized following intravenous fluid infusion, consistent with a response to vasodilation rather than nociception. A multimodal analgesic plan (methadone, paracetamol and meloxicam) was implemented and continued postoperatively. Postoperative pain was assessed every 4 hours using the Short Form Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale, with scores remaining below the rescue threshold throughout the postoperative period. This case suggests that the coronoid approach to the trigeminal nerve block is feasible and may be effective as part of a multimodal analgesic approach. Further studies are warranted to evaluate its safety and efficacy in dogs undergoing craniofacial surgery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 2","pages":"Article 101171"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145897878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound-guided lateral approach to the sciatic and femoral nerves in chicken cadavers: a comparison of two injection volumes of a bupivacaine–dye solution","authors":"André Escobar ,&nbsp;Douglas Castro ,&nbsp;Tom Campbell ,&nbsp;Kristen Fizzano","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.101170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.101170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To compare the length of nerve staining of two volumes of bupivacaine–dye solution following ultrasound-guided injections of sciatic and femoral nerves using a lateral approach in chicken cadavers.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Prospective, randomized, blinded, crossover design.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A group of eight Ross 708 breeder hen cadavers weighing 1.7 ± 0.5 kg.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Chicken cadavers were placed in lateral recumbency, and an ultrasound transducer was positioned perpendicular to the femur, on the proximolateral aspect of the thigh, allowing visualization of the sciatic nerve and femoral neurovascular sheath in the same acoustic window. Each chicken leg (<em>n</em> = 16) was assigned to one of two treatments: low-volume (0.2 mL per nerve; LV) or high-volume (0.8 mL per nerve; HV) bupivacaine–dye solution. Perineural injections in the sciatic and femoral nerves were performed by advancing an insulated needle in-plane in a caudal-to-cranial direction. The coelomic cavities were inspected for dye solution. Gross dissections were conducted to assess distribution of the dye in both phases. Length of nerve staining between LV and HV groups was compared using a two-tailed <em>t</em> test.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All sciatic nerves for both groups were stained. One femoral nerve in the LV group and two in the HV group were not stained. The mean ± standard deviation length of nerve staining for LV and HV was 2.3 ± 0.7 and 4.7 ± 1.0 cm (<em>p</em> = 0.001) for the sciatic nerve, and 1.5 ± 0.5 and 2.8 ± 0.7 cm (<em>p</em> = 0.002) for the femoral nerve, respectively. Dye was detected in the coelomic musculature of one chicken and coelomic cavity of another after femoral nerve injections.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Both low- and high-injection volumes effectively stained all sciatic and most femoral nerves using an ultrasound-guided lateral approach. However, coelomic cavity injection may occur with this approach to the femoral nerve.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 2","pages":"Article 101170"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145935109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of two atracurium dosing regimens in dogs undergoing ophthalmic surgery","authors":"Conrado Sánchez Martínez ,&nbsp;José I Redondo ,&nbsp;Eva Rioja","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101188","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101188","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To compare two atracurium intravenous dosing protocols, intermittent boluses (BOL) and variable rate infusion (VRI), for total dose, neuromuscular blockade depth and recovery, need for reversal, and extubation times in dogs undergoing ophthalmic surgery.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>A total of 48 anaesthetic records (24 per group) were retrospectively analysed from dogs meeting predefined inclusion criteria. Extracted data included total atracurium dose, dose rate, train-of-four count (TOFC) and ratio (TOFR), duration within TOFR 0.2–0.7, time to recover 0.9TOFR, extubation time, and reversal requirement. Data were analysed with Welch’s t-tests, Wilcoxon rank-sum, or Fisher’s exact tests. Effect estimates for reversal requirements were expressed as risk ratios (RRs), risk differences (RDs), odds ratios, and number needed to treat. Significance was set at <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Total atracurium dose did not differ between BOL (0.42 ± 0.26 mg kg^-1) and VRI (0.38 ± 0.12 mg kg^-1; <em>p</em> = 0.500). When normalised to surgical duration, atracurium dose rate was higher in BOL (5.51 ± 2.14 μg kg^-1 minute^-1) than VRI (4.16 ± 1.24 μg kg^-1 minute^-1; <em>p</em> = 0.010). Dogs receiving VRI spent longer within a TOFR 0.2–0.7. Time to 0.9TOFR was shorter in VRI compared with BOL (12.5 ± 6.3 <em>versus</em> 41.5 ± 14.4 minutes; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), as was extubation time (31.1 ± 29.3 <em>versus</em> 62.0 ± 21.2 minutes; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). Neostigmine reversal was required in 2/24 dogs in VRI (8%) and 7/24 dogs in BOL (29%) (<em>p</em> = 0.140), corresponding to a RR of 0.29 (95% confidence interval 0.07–1.24) and a RD of −21% (95% confidence interval −42–0).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Atracurium VRI was associated with lower dose rate, more stable neuromuscular blockade depth, faster recovery, and shorter extubation times than BOL injection. These findings support the potential clinical advantages of VRI in canine ophthalmic anaesthesia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 2","pages":"Article 101188"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146133108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimodal perianaesthetic management in a dog undergoing portal vein venotomy","authors":"Lorenza Paolella ,&nbsp;Filippo Cinti ,&nbsp;Beatrice Hertel ,&nbsp;Stefania Renier ,&nbsp;Elisa Bortolami","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 2","pages":"Article 101167"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvement of oxygenation and shunt fraction following lung lobectomy during selective lung ventilation with the Uniblocker in a dog during propofol–dexmedetomidine anaesthesia","authors":"Valeria Martín Bellido ,&nbsp;Federico Corletto","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 2","pages":"Article 101161"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146158230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence of inadvertent intravascular injection during sacrococcygeal epidural administration in dogs and cats","authors":"Francesco Aprea ,&nbsp;Andrea García-Urdiales ,&nbsp;Pablo E. Otero","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101194","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 2","pages":"Article 101194"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146166903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence for the use of total intravenous anaesthesia versus inhalant anaesthetics in dogs: a systematic review","authors":"Johanna Kaartinen ,&nbsp;Aoife Hynes ,&nbsp;Rachel C. Bennett","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.101173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.101173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate the evidence of the pharmacodynamic benefits of total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) compared with inhalant anaesthesia in dogs.</div></div><div><h3>Databases used</h3><div>PubMed, Embase, CABI and ScienceDirect databases were searched from 1 January 1990 to 30 August 2025. Search criteria: TIVA AND DOG AND INHALANT; ANAESTHESIA AND PROPOFOL OR ALFAXALONE AND TIVA AND DOG; PROPOFOL AND ISOFLURANE OR SEVOFLURANE AND DOG. Published research papers comparing TIVA and inhalant anaesthesia in dogs were evaluated. Studies were assessed for their level of evidence (LoE) based on categorization as clinical studies or experimental and the risk of bias (RoB). RoB was assigned by two independent assessors using five domains: selection bias, performance bias, attrition bias, reporting bias and other sources of bias. Assessments were then categorized as low, moderate or high RoB.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This review identified 24 studies comparing TIVA with inhalant anaesthesia for maintenance of anaesthesia in dogs. All studies were categorized as LoE II–III. Of the 24 studies, 18 studies used isoflurane as the inhalant anaesthetic, whereas five studies used sevoflurane and one study used both. Propofol TIVA was used in 20 studies, whereas two studies used alfaxalone TIVA, and both were investigated in two studies. Cardiovascular outcomes were assessed in nine studies, whereas four studies focused on pulmonary outcomes. Neurological outcome, neuromuscular blockade, postoperative analgesia, immunological effects, urethral closing pressures and ease of duodenal endoscopy were also assessed. Of the 24 studies, three also included recovery quality characteristics. In all the evaluated studies, elements of bias were identified; five studies were assigned an overall moderate risk, 19 studies with an overall high RoB and none were low RoB.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>There is currently limited evidence supporting the use of TIVA in preference to inhalant anaesthesia in dogs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 2","pages":"Article 101173"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Description of an ultrasound-guided maxillary nerve block in dogs: a cadaveric study and case series","authors":"Teresa Mangas-Ballester ,&nbsp;Rocío Fernández-Parra ,&nbsp;Jaime Viscasillas","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To describe an ultrasound-guided in-plane technique for maxillary nerve block in dogs and its clinical analgesic application.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Descriptive anatomical study and retrospective case series.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A group of 12 canine cadavers and six client-owned dogs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Cadavers were placed in lateral recumbency, and the ultrasound transducer was positioned transversely across the head, ventral to the zygomatic arch and cranial to the mandible to visualize the pterygopalatine fossa. The fascial plane between the zygomatic gland and medial pterygoid muscle was identified, and a 22 gauge, 50 mm insulated needle was advanced in-plane to inject 0.1 mL of a 1:1 dye–saline per hemimaxilla. Injection success was assessed by staining of the maxillary nerve or its perineural fascia during dissection. Clinical anaesthesia records from six dogs undergoing maxillofacial procedures were reviewed retrospectively. Blocks were performed using the pulsation of the maxillary artery as a sonographic landmark. Block success was defined as absence of nociceptive response to upper lip pinching postoperatively. Staining success is presented as numbers and percentages (<em>n/n</em>, %).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In the cadavers, 14/24 injections (58.3%) resulted in maxillary nerve or perineural fascia staining. In the clinical series, median body mass was 26.6 (range: 4.4–34.8 kg). A total of nine blocks were performed in six dogs using 0.5% bupivacaine (0.06–0.2 mL kg^–1): bilateral blocks in three dogs and unilateral blocks in three dogs. All dogs (9/9, 100%) demonstrated postoperative sensory blockade; however, two dogs required intraoperative fentanyl.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>This ultrasound-guided in-plane approach achieved a moderate success rate in cadavers. <em>In vivo</em>, the pulsatile maxillary artery served as a reliable landmark for injection with consistent postoperative sensory blockade. The technique appears feasible and may represent a clinically effective alternative to traditional blind approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 2","pages":"Article 101195"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146221194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}