Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia最新文献

{"title":"Reviewer Acknowledgements for 2025","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101230","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 3","pages":"Article 101230"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147849500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of noninvasive respiratory strategies for the management of postoperative hypoxaemia in dogs: a prospective, randomized clinical trial","authors":"Claudia Piemontese ,&nbsp;Marzia Stabile ,&nbsp;Caterina Vicenti ,&nbsp;Annalaura Scardia ,&nbsp;Claudia Acquafredda ,&nbsp;Caterina Di Bella ,&nbsp;Antonio Crovace ,&nbsp;Luca Lacitignola ,&nbsp;Pablo Otero ,&nbsp;Francesco Staffieri","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101187","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101187","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate the effectiveness, the time to restore normoxaemia (TRN), and the tolerability of face mask (FM), continuous-positive-airway-pressure helmet (CPAP), or high-flow nasal cannulae (HFNC) as noninvasive respiratory support strategies for treating transient postoperative hypoxaemia in dogs.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Prospective, randomized, clinical trial.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A total of 600 client owned dogs anaesthetized for various procedures.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>At the end of general anaesthesia, the haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO₂) on room air (SpAT) was used for assessment of oxygenation 10 minutes after extubation (T-POST). Hypoxaemic dogs (SpO₂ &lt; 95%) were randomly assigned to: FM-group [flow rate = 10 L minute^–1; fraction of inspired oxygen (F<span>I</span>O₂) = 0.3–0.4], CPAP-group (flow rate = 10 L minute^–1; F<span>I</span>O₂ = 0.3–0.4; CPAP = 5 cmH₂O), and HFNC-group (flow rate = 2–2.5 L kg^–1 minute^–1 at 37 °C; F<span>I</span>O₂ = 0.3–0.4). Treatments lasted 1 hour, divided into 15-minute intervals (T15, T30, T45, T60) with 10 minutes of treatment and 5 minutes of SpAT. The TRN during SpAT was recorded. Interface tolerance was assessed using a dedicated scale. SpO₂ and TRN were compared with two-way ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis was used to test for differences in tolerance score between groups. <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>At T-POST, 168 dogs (28%) were hypoxaemic, and 76 of them completed the study (CPAP-group <em>n</em> = 31, FM-group <em>n</em> = 24, HFNC-group <em>n</em> = 21). All treatments restored normoxaemia. TRN was faster in the CPAP-group compared with HFNC-group and FM-group (mean ± standard deviation: 16.9 ± 15.7, 27.8 ± 20.8, and 40.4 ± 12.8 minutes, respectively) (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Tolerance was good for all devices, without differences between groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Postoperative hypoxaemia in dogs can be effectively treated with FM, HFNC, or CPAP, the latter restoring normoxaemia more rapidly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 3","pages":"Article 101187"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147285352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Severe bradycardia and asystole in a dog after intravenous metoclopramide injection","authors":"Liliana Rolfi,&nbsp;Mandoline Chesnel","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 5-month-old English Bulldog with a history of clinically resolved bronchopneumonia was admitted for a computed tomography scan and corrective surgery for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. The day of imaging and surgery, the dog did not show any signs of cardiovascular abnormalities. The dog was premedicated intravenously (IV) with maropitant (1 mg kg⁻¹), pantoprazole (1 mg kg⁻¹) and acepromazine (20 μg kg⁻¹). Anaesthesia was induced with alfaxalone (2 mg kg⁻¹) IV after 5 minutes of preoxygenation, and anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen [inspired fraction (F<span>I</span>O₂) =1]<strong>.</strong> After induction, physiological variables were unremarkable. Metoclopramide (1 mg kg⁻¹) was injected slowly IV, and the dog immediately developed a severe sinus bradycardia (4 beats minute⁻¹) followed by asystole. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was started along with atropine (40 μg kg⁻¹ IV), and isoflurane discontinued. Within 1 minute, spontaneous circulation with stable haemodynamic variables was restored. Both the diagnostic and the surgical procedures were completed without further complications. The dog recovered and was discharged the same day. Rare but serious cardiac effects have been described following metoclopramide administration in humans, including bradycardia, asystole and arrhythmia. Cardiotoxicity may be linked to its clinical ability to inhibit sodium channels. To our knowledge, no metoclopramide-induced asystole has previously been reported in veterinary patients. The link between cardiac arrest and metoclopramide administration and possible predisposing factors in this case are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 2","pages":"Article 101166"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145967018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine after intraperitoneal instillation in anaesthetized dogs: a randomized clinical trial","authors":"Natali Verdier ,&nbsp;Karin Hummel ,&nbsp;Valentin Al-Jalali ,&nbsp;Svenja Claaßen ,&nbsp;Pablo A. Donati ,&nbsp;Diego A. Portela ,&nbsp;Ebrahim Razzazi-Fazeli ,&nbsp;Martina Mosing","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of two doses of intraperitoneal ropivacaine in anaesthetized dogs.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Randomized clinical trial.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A total of 20 dogs undergoing ovariectomy/ovariohysterectomy.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Dogs were anaesthetized and randomized to be given 1 (group R1) or 3 (group R3) mg kg^-1 of ropivacaine intraperitoneally, diluted with 0.9% NaCl to a total volume of 0.8 mL kg^-1. Before abdominal wall closure, solution aliquots were instilled over the ovarian pedicles and, if applicable, the uterine stump. Venous blood was sampled 2 minutes before and 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 120 and 240 minutes after instillation. Cardiovascular signs of toxicity were noted. Plasma concentrations of free and total ropivacaine were measured using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Plasma protein binding (PPB) was determined by rapid equilibrium dialysis. Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived by a noncompartmental analysis, and the maximum total and free ropivacaine plasma concentrations (Cmax) were compared between groups using an independent samples t-test. Data are presented as mean or median (95% confidence intervals). Significance was set at <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>One dog in R3 was excluded. Total ropivacaine Cmax values were 0.27 (0.21–0.33) and 0.67 (0.43–0.92) mg L^-1 at 15 (8.64–30.35) and 5 (1.77–8.23) minutes (Tmax) for R1 and R3, respectively, and different between groups (<em>p</em> = 0.005). Free ropivacaine Cmax values were 0.02 (0.02–0.03) and 0.06 (0.03–0.09) mg L^-1 at 10 (4.67–15.32) and 5 (0–19.13) minutes (Tmax) for R1 and R3, respectively, and Cmax was different between groups (<em>p</em> = 0.015). Median ropivacaine PPB for all dogs was 92.5% (89.7–95.2%). No signs of cardiovascular toxicity were noted.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Although R3 had a greater total and free ropivacaine Cmax than R1, Cmax remained below toxic levels in all dogs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 2","pages":"Article 101146"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146054069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound-guided out-of-plane approach to the sciatic nerve in dogs: a cadaveric comparison with the caudal in-plane approach","authors":"Alfredo Díaz ,&nbsp;Santiago E. Fuensalida ,&nbsp;Lisa Tarragona ,&nbsp;Nicolás H. Giansanti ,&nbsp;Diego A. Portela ,&nbsp;Pablo E. Otero","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.101169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.101169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To assess the feasibility [defined as successful circumferential staining of the sciatic nerve (SN) over &gt; 2 cm] and incidence of needle–nerve contact of a novel ultrasound-guided out-of-plane approach targeting the subepimysial perineural compartment cranial to the SN, compared with the conventional caudocranial in-plane technique.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Prospective, randomized, experimental anatomical study.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>Twelve canine cadavers (24 pelvic limbs).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Bilateral injections of 0.1 mL kg^–1 of a lidocaine–dye mixture were performed at the midthigh level in each canine cadaver, with one limb randomly assigned to the in-plane (caudocranial) approach and the contralateral limb to the out-of-plane (lateromedial) approach. Ultrasound recordings were analyzed for needle–nerve contact and number of attempts to reach the injection site. Anatomical dissections assessed the length of circumferential staining. The incidence of needle–nerve contact between approaches was analyzed using McNemar’s test, with statistical significance set at <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05. Data not submitted to statistical testing are presented as median and 25th and 75th percentiles (Q1–Q3).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Needle–nerve contact occurred in 9/12 (75%) in-plane injections but in 0/12 (0%) out-of-plane injections (<em>p</em> = 0.003). The out-of-plane approach required fewer attempts to reach the injection site [1 (1–2)] than the in-plane approach [2.5 (2–3.5)] and a shorter needle insertion depth [2.4 (2.1–3.1)] <em>versus</em> 4.61 (3.6–5.2) cm]. Circumferential staining was achieved in all specimens, with staining lengths of 3.5 (2.8–6.6) cm for the in-plane and 4.3 (3.5–4.9) cm for the out-of-plane approach.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>The ultrasound-guided out-of-plane approach targeting the subepimysial perineural compartment cranial to the SN in dogs consistently achieved circumferential staining without observable needle contact, requiring fewer attempts and a shorter needle path compared with the traditional in-plane technique.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 2","pages":"Article 101169"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145913250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound-guided medial approach to the sciatic nerve in dogs: a cadaveric study","authors":"Shengwei Qiao ,&nbsp;Cristina Costa-Farré ,&nbsp;Neus Casanovas Combalia ,&nbsp;Pablo E. Otero ,&nbsp;Mauricio Tobón","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101200","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101200","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To describe a novel ultrasound-guided medial approach to the sciatic nerve in canine cadavers and to compare its feasibility and injectate distribution with the conventional lateral approach.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Prospective, randomized, cadaveric study.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A total of seven adult canine cadavers (14 pelvic limbs).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Each cadaver received either a medial or a lateral approach in randomized order. Both approaches were performed with the dogs in lateral recumbency, using a linear transducer to localize the sciatic nerve at the mid-femoral level. A 0.2 mL kg^–1 mixture of 2% lidocaine and iobitridol was injected per site. Total procedural time (time to identify the nerve and needling time) and skin-to-nerve distance were recorded. Distribution of the injectate, nerve coverage, and contrast spread length were assessed via computed tomography (CT). Student’s paired t-test, Wilcoxon matched pairs test and Fisher’s exact test were used for statistical analysis (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Ultrasound-guided identification and injection around the sciatic nerve were successful in all cadavers for both approaches, with real-time ultrasonography demonstrating perineural spread of the injectate. The medial approach required significantly longer total procedural time (95.5 ± 43.6 seconds) than the lateral approach (64.1 ± 23.7 seconds) (<em>p</em> = 0.03). Skin-to-nerve distances were similar across groups. CT confirmed correct perineural distribution of the injectate in every case, showing comparable circumferential nerve coverage and contrast spread between approaches.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>The ultrasound-guided medial approach to the sciatic nerve is feasible in canine cadavers and provides an injectate distribution around the paraneural sheath like that achieved with the lateral technique. While the medial approach took longer to perform initially, this may reflect a learning curve that may improve with practice. The findings suggest the medial approach could offer a viable alternative for sciatic nerve block in dogs, particularly when lateral access is contraindicated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 2","pages":"Article 101200"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146776598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of medial and lateral ultrasound-guided approaches to radial, ulnar, median, and musculocutaneous (RUMM) nerve injections in rats","authors":"Douglas Castro ,&nbsp;Andre Escobar ,&nbsp;Nassim Bouhabib ,&nbsp;Stuart C. Clark-Price ,&nbsp;Erik H. Hofmeister","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.101172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.101172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To compare the length staining of the radial, ulnar, median, and musculocutaneous nerves (RUMM) in rat cadavers using one of two ultrasound-guided injection approaches: medial (MA) and lateral (LA).</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Prospective, experimental, randomized cadaveric study.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A group of ten frozen-thawed adult Wistar rat cadavers.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Ultrasound-guided proximal RUMM injections were performed using a volume of 0.1 mL of a bupivacaine-dye solution, divided between two injection sites: within the neurovascular sheath [radial, ulnar, and median (RUM) nerves] and near the musculocutaneous nerve. For LA (<em>n</em> = 10 rats, 10 limbs), a linear transducer was positioned over the triceps region at the proximal third of the <em>brachium</em>, oriented perpendicular to the humerus’s longitudinal axis, with the needle advanced from caudal to cranial. For MA (<em>n</em> = 10 rats, 10 limbs), the transducer was aligned perpendicular to the proximal humeral head, with the needle introduced from caudal to cranial. Anatomical dissections were performed and length of nerve staining was measured. Data were analyzed using paired two-tailed <em>t</em>-tests for parametric data with significance set at <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In both approaches, complete staining of RUM nerves within the neurovascular sheath was achieved. The MA resulted in significantly greater dye spread (10.4 ± 1.0 mm) than the LA (6.7 ± 1.7 mm, 95% confidence interval 2.1–5.3) (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). All musculocutaneous nerves were stained in MA {5.0 mm [interquartile range (IQR): 4.8–6.0 mm]}, while one nerve was unstained in LA [5.5 mm (IQR: 5.0–6.0 mm)], with no observable differences between them.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>The MA achieved greater dye spread length along the RUM nerves and similar spread length of the musculocutaneous nerve compared with the LA. Further studies are necessary to assess the application in live rats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 2","pages":"Article 101172"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145999002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OBITUARY-Attilio Rocchi, DVM, Dip ECVAA (1973–2025)","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101191","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 2","pages":"Article 101191"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"General anaesthesia in non-human great apes: a scoping review","authors":"Matyas Liptovszky ,&nbsp;Marnie L. Brennan ,&nbsp;Kate White","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.08.039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.08.039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To identify anaesthesia-related risk between common domestic species and humans by analysing peer-reviewed and other literature on anaesthesia in great apes in both human care and free-ranging settings and thereby to identify knowledge gaps.</div></div><div><h3>Databases used</h3><div>We conducted literature searches in the CAB Abstracts, MEDLINE and Zoological Record databases, as well as conference proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, the British Veterinary Zoological Society and the European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of the 142 studies reviewed, 51 were conference abstracts and 91 were peer-reviewed journal articles. There was a steady increase in the number of published papers since 1960, surpassing 30 papers per decade since 2000. Case studies and series made up 79% of included studies, and 91–94% for all species except chimpanzees. Although data for chimpanzees appeared extensive, data for bonobos, eastern gorillas, and Sumatran orangutans were notably lacking. Infant great ape anaesthesia and anaesthesia in free-ranging settings were underrepresented in the literature. Over 50 anaesthetic drugs were reported in the literature, with ketamine, tiletamine/zolazepam, midazolam, medetomidine and isoflurane being most frequently reported. There is a notable lack of reporting of anaesthesia-related adverse events (AEs), and many studies failed to report key details, which limits reproducibility. Respiratory and cardiovascular AEs were reported most frequently. The incidence of prolonged recoveries and excitation on recovery was higher than in other domestic species, and there was a notable lack of hypothermia reported as an AEs.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>This is the first evidence synthesis on general anaesthesia in great apes, and findings highlight the need for targeted research on underrepresented species and improved reporting of anaesthesia practices and AEs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 2","pages":"Article 101134"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146137878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrical stimulation after mechanical conditioning in dogs for assessment of conditioned pain modulation","authors":"Stefanie Brause,&nbsp;Vanessa Rupp,&nbsp;Sabine B.R. Kästner,&nbsp;Alexandra F. Schütter","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2026.101189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To assess the ability of a mechanical conditioning stimulus to reliably activate conditioned pain modulation and to establish the duration of possible inhibition of the endogenous pain system in healthy dogs.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Prospective, experimental trial.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A group of 12 adult laboratory Beagles.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Electrical nociceptive thresholds were determined three times before [baseline (BL1–3)] and up to 60 minutes after conditioning. Starting at 0.2 mA, an increasing electrical stimulus (constant current, square-wave pulse, sequence of five 1 ms pulses, delivered at 200 Hz) was applied to the plantar side of one paw. Conditioning was achieved mechanically with a constant force of 22 N for either 1 or 5 minutes at one thoracic limb. Each dog completed four test sessions, with 1 day of recovery within and 14 days between experimental weeks, resulting in 48 measurement sessions in total. For each session, a feasibility score (FS) was assigned (0–5). Data were analysed with two-way <span>anova</span> for repeated measures. Values of <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Data from one dog were excluded. Overall, 44 measurement sessions were analysed. After conditioning, electrical thresholds increased &gt; 10%, &gt; 20% and &gt; 60% in 39/44 (89%), 30/44 (68%) and 15/44 (34%) of measurements, respectively, compared with baseline values. FS values of 0 and 1 were assigned to 96% of measurements.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Conditioned pain modulation can be activated by the chosen conditioning stimulus. However, a clinically meaningful increase in the electrical threshold of &gt; 60% could not reliably be evoked. Individual animals responded very strongly to the conditioning (showing intense behavioural reactions such as vocalisation or appeasement gestures), which may indicate that the individual tolerance limit was exceeded. Therefore, clinical application without further adaptation of the conditioning protocol is currently not recommended.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 2","pages":"Article 101189"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146195586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}