Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports最新文献

{"title":"A longitudinal study on the effects of maternal and offspring seropositivity for Neospora caninum on birth weight, survival, reproductive performance and abortion in the offspring","authors":"Amir Abbas Mohieddini ,&nbsp;Mohammad Mahdi Delavari ,&nbsp;Reza Hemmati Baghbanani ,&nbsp;Vahid Akbarinejad","doi":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Neospora caninum</em> (<em>N. caninum</em>) is known as a source of economic losses due to causing abortion in cows. Additionally, it is well-established that this parasite can be vertically transmitted from the dam to the fetus through placenta. There is, however, little and contradictory information about whether transplacental infection of the offspring during prenatal period could impair its survival and reproductive performance during postnatal period, and the current study was conducted to address this issue. To this end, seropositivity of heifer dams (<em>n</em> = 430) and their offspring were ascertained at the age of 12 and 3 months, respectively. Based on the serologic results, there were four categories of female offspring including: 1) seronegative offspring born to seronegative dams (<em>n</em> = 183), 2) seropositive offspring born to seronegative dams (<em>n</em> = 59), 3) seronegative offspring born to seropositive dams (<em>n</em> = 29), and 4) seropositive offspring born to seropositive dams (<em>n</em> = 30). The birth weight, survival, reproductive performance and abortion of these offspring were studied from birth to culling. Maternal seropositivity was positively associated with offspring seropositivity (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Birth weight did not differ among offspring in various categories (<em>P</em> &gt; 0.05). Seropositive offspring born to seronegative dams and seronegative offspring born to seropositive dams had inferior cumulative reproductive performance over life as compared to seronegative offspring born to seronegative dams (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Seropositive offspring had greater cumulative abortion risk and shorter lifespan than seronegative offspring regardless of their maternal serologic condition (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, the present study showed that maternal seropositivity for <em>N. caninum</em> increased the risk of seropositivity in the offspring, and seropositive offspring had increased abortion risk and decreased longevity. Maternal seropositivity for <em>N. caninum</em> could have developmental effects on cumulative reproductive performance of the offspring that were not vertically infected.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23600,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 101206"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143138917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dairy goats from northern South Africa: A preliminary study","authors":"Whatmore Munetsi Tagwireyi ,&nbsp;Gema Alvarez Garcia ,&nbsp;Darshana Morar-Leather ,&nbsp;Luis Neves ,&nbsp;Peter N. Thompson","doi":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Neospora caninum</em> is an intracellular protozoan parasite with a global distribution, known to cause abortions in livestock. This study aimed to determine <em>N. caninum</em> seroprevalence in dairy goats with a history of reproductive failure in South Africa. Blood samples were collected from 131 dairy goats across five farms in three provinces and tested for <em>N. caninum</em> antibodies using the commercial indirect ELISA (IDvet Screen® <em>Neospora caninum</em>), followed with confirmatory testing with western blot (WB). The ELISA detected antibodies in one goat (1/131) [95 % CI: 0–2.8 %], while no positives were detected by WB. While <em>N. caninum</em> infection and associated abortions do not currently pose a major concern, farmers are encouraged to perform surveillance for potential infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23600,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 101213"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of anti-N. caninum and anti-N. hughesi antibodies in horses and associated risk factors in two selected equine zones of Punjab, Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Talha Talib ,&nbsp;Amar Nasir ,&nbsp;Muhammad Kashif ,&nbsp;Abdur Rahman ,&nbsp;Aziz Ur Rehman ,&nbsp;Haroon Akbar ,&nbsp;Ans Nadeem ,&nbsp;Daniel Keith Howe ,&nbsp;Muhammad Nouman Azam","doi":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anti-<em>Neospora (N.) caninum</em> and anti-<em>N. hughesi</em> antibodies in horses and to appraise the associated risk factors in the two central districts (Jhang and Toba Tek Singh) of Punjab Province, Pakistan. A total of 300 horse sera were analyzed for the presence of antibodies to Neospora spp. using a competitive ELISA. The overall prevalence of antibodies against Neospora species in horses was 25 % (75/300; 95 % CI 20.1–29.9). The prevalence of antibodies to <em>N. caninum</em> and <em>N. hughesi</em> species was 12.3 % (37/300; 95 % CI 8.6–16) and 19.3 % (58/300; 95 % CI 14.8–23.8), respectively. Out of 300 sera samples, 6.7 % (20/300; 95 % CI 3.9–9.5) were screened positive for both Neospora spp. The statistical analysis showed that age, reproductive complications history of mares, the presence of dogs on the farm, and regular deworming practices were the key contributing factors towards Neospora seropositivity in horses. The pregnancy status of the mares was also identified to be a significant risk factor particularly for <em>N. caninum</em> seropositivity, as indicated by odds ratio. The gender of the animals was not observed as a potential risk variable for Neospora antibodies in horses. This study suggests that horses in Pakistan are vulnerable to infection by this protozoan parasite which possesses potential to negatively impact the reproductive performance, requiring pragmatic diagnostic and control measures to prevent its spread on horse farms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23600,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 101211"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143271905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fatal toxoplasmosis in a wild snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) and eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) from the eastern United States","authors":"Travis E. Stoakley ,&nbsp;Nicole M. Nemeth ,&nbsp;Alisia A.W. Weyna ,&nbsp;Ethan Barton ,&nbsp;Aidan O'Reilly ,&nbsp;Kayla B. Garrett ,&nbsp;Victoria A. Andreasen ,&nbsp;Will Carlisle ,&nbsp;Michael J. Yabsley","doi":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101214","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101214","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease that exemplifies the One Health interface due to its global distribution and diversity of hosts in which it can infect and potentially cause disease. While <em>T. gondii</em>, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, has been well-described in many wildlife taxa, including wild and domestic birds and mammals, there is limited published research on clinical disease in wild lagomorphs and rodents. Furthermore, despite detection in wild lagomorphs in Europe and Australia, <em>T. gondii</em> as a cause of clinical disease has yet to be described in wild lagomorphs in the USA. Here, we describe acute toxoplasmosis as the cause of mortality in a snowshoe hare in West Virginia, USA and an eastern gray squirrel (<em>Sciurus carolinensis</em>) in South Carolina, USA. These infections manifested as severe, acute, multi-organ necrosis (liver, spleen, and lungs) with high numbers of widespread protozoal zoites within affected areas. The mode of <em>T. gondii</em> transmission to the hare and squirrel is unknown but likely was via ingestion of infective oocysts from the environment when foraging or grooming. The potential of wild lagomorph and squirrel populations in the USA to serve as a reservoir for <em>T. gondii</em> has implications for spillover to (1) humans via handling or consuming undercooked meat, and (2) other wildlife such as wild felids that could predate infected lagomorphs and squirrels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23600,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 101214"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143378671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High prevalence of Sarcocystis and Trichinella infections in skeletal muscles of gray wolves (Canis lupus arctos) from Alaska, USA","authors":"Jitender P. Dubey ,&nbsp;Aditya Gupta ,&nbsp;Benjamin Rosenthal ,&nbsp;Kimberlee Beckmen","doi":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although cysts of <em>Sarcocystis</em> spp. (sarcocysts) are considered uncommon in muscles of canids, we identified mature sarcocysts in tongues of 20 (40.8 %) of 49 gray wolves (<em>Canis lupus arctos</em>) from Alaska, USA. Two kinds of sarcocysts (thin-walled and thick-walled) were detected; based on the appearance of the sarcocyst wall, they resembled <em>Sarcocystis caninum</em> and <em>Sarcocystis svanai</em> of the domestic dog (<em>Canis familiaris</em>). Thick-walled cysts were identified in 18 of 49 wolves and thin-walled were seen in three of 49 wolves. Molecularly, <em>Sarcocystis</em> species were characterized using <em>18S</em> rRNA, <em>28S</em> rRNA, <em>cox1</em> and <em>rpoB</em> genetic markers. All these markers showed &gt;99 % identity to either of <em>S. caninum</em> or <em>S. svanai</em> described previously from the domestic dog. <em>Trichinella</em> spp. larvae were found in histological sections of tongues of 7 (14.2 %) of 49 gray wolves.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23600,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 101207"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143351635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vertical transmission of Neospora caninum from three generations of naturally infected dairy cattle from Brazil","authors":"Juliana Correa Bernardes ,&nbsp;Rafaela Maria Boson Jukevicz ,&nbsp;Fernando Pietrini Soufen ,&nbsp;Eloiza Teles Caldart ,&nbsp;Thais Agostinho Martins ,&nbsp;Beatriz de Souza Lima Nino ,&nbsp;Fernando de Souza Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Luiz Daniel de Barros ,&nbsp;João Luis Garcia","doi":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Neospora caninum</em> is a major cause of abortion in dairy cattle, and vertical transmission is considered the most relevant route. The present study aimed to evaluate the vertical transmission of <em>N. caninum</em> from three generations of naturally infected dairy cows. The indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for IgG anti-<em>N. caninum</em> was used for the serodiagnosis, considering titles ≥100 as positive for cows and calves. A total of 152 pregnant dams were selected from farms in the State of São Paulo, and 37 (24.3 %), which gave birth to heifers were selected. These animals (first generation, F1) were divided into 18 (48.7 %) seropositive (1G+), and 19 (51.3 %) seronegative (1G-) animals. In the second generation (2G), sixteen calves (89 %) that were born from 1G+ were seropositive; however, no calves (0 %) were born positive from 1G-. The risk for vertical neosporosis transmission was approximately 34.6 times higher in 1G+ than in 1G- (OD = 34.6, IC 2.2–537, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.00001). Finally, only four animals from 2G were followed up, and 3G (third generation) calves were born; three calves were sera positive from three positive cows (3/3, 100 %), and one negative cow did not transmit <em>N. caninum</em> to offspring. Herein, a higher risk of vertical transmission was observed in <em>N. caninum</em> sera-positive than in sera-negative cows.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23600,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 101216"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143378670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The seroprevalence and spatial distribution of liver fluke infection in a sample of West Coast and Canterbury dairy herds","authors":"A. Dowling ,&nbsp;K.E. Lawrence ,&nbsp;L. Howe ,&nbsp;I. Scott ,&nbsp;W. Pomroy","doi":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The West Coast region of the South Island of New Zealand is recognised as having a high prevalence of liver fluke infection, however, few studies have tested this assumption. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence and spatial distribution of liver fluke infection in most West Coast and some Canterbury dairy herds using bulk milk ELISA. Herds were bulk milk sampled on three occasions, twice, a week apart in March 2017 (<em>n</em> = 430 and <em>n</em> = 99) and once in October 2017 (<em>n</em> = 412). The concentration of liver fluke antibodies was estimated using the IDEXX Fasciolosis Verification ELISA (IDEXX Europe BV, Hoofdorp, The Netherlands) on these bulk milk samples. Herds were categorised according to the test instructions, with “medium” (≥20 % cows infected) or “strong” (≥50 % cows infected) results designated as production limiting. All herds were also sent a short questionnaire about awareness of liver fluke and treatment in their herds. The agreement between the IDEXX results for 99 herds sampled twice in March 2017, and between the IDEXX results for March and October for all herds was assessed with a Kappa test. There was a substantial agreement between the two March tests, kappa = 0.7 (95 % CI 0.58–0.82) and moderate agreement between the March and October samples kappa = 0.41 (95 % CI 0.34–0.48). The results of the questionnaire were linked to the IDEXX results, and the distribution of herds categorised by their IDEXX result plotted. At the March and October samplings 0/35 (0 %) and 0/27 (0 %) Canterbury herds, 248/395 (63 %) and 193/385 (50 %) of West Coast herds had a production limiting seroprevalence of liver fluke infection. Mapping showed that West Coast herds with a production limiting infection were clustered in coastal areas, whereas those without, were clustered in inland valleys. The odds of a coastal West Coast dairy herd having a production limiting seroprevalence of liver fluke were 10.7 (95 % CI, 6.6–17.3) times that of an inland herd in March and 8.6 (95 % CI, 5.4–13.8) times in October. There was no effect on IDEXX ELISA SP% (<em>p</em> = 0.92) of herds which were treated for liver fluke at dry off soon after the March test compared to their SP% in the following October test, soon after calving.</div><div>The results show that liver fluke infection is a potentially serious problem for West Coast dairy herds especially for those on coastal river plains prone to flooding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23600,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 101201"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143138918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First molecular detection of Bartonella spp. in two chewing louse species (Amblycera: Menoponidae and Ischnocera: Philopteridae) parasitizing Calonectris borealis (Cory, 1881) (Procellariiformes: Procellariidae)","authors":"Ricardo Bassini-Silva ,&nbsp;Marcos Rogério André ,&nbsp;Alice Pereira ,&nbsp;Maria Eduarda Moraes das Chagas ,&nbsp;Victor de Souza Mello-Oliveira ,&nbsp;Ana Cláudia Calchi ,&nbsp;Anna Claudia Baumel Mongruel ,&nbsp;Ana Carolina Castro-Santiago ,&nbsp;Dália Monique Ribeiro Machado ,&nbsp;Darci Moraes Barros-Battesti ,&nbsp;Fernando de Castro Jacinavicius","doi":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Procellariidae is the most diverse family of the order Procellariiformes, with 13 genera and about 90 species of seabirds. The genus <em>Calonectris</em> is represented by three species in the Atlantic Ocean. <em>Bartonella</em> spp. is a globally distributed bacterium primarily affecting mammals, with transmission through hematophagous arthropod vectors. Recent studies have found <em>Bartonella</em> in non-mammals like birds and turtles, prompting the present study to explore the potential role of chewing lice in its transmission. Here, we report two different <em>Bartonella</em> genotypes in each lice species identified: one showing genetic relatedness to <em>Bartonella vinsonii berkhoffii</em>, and another one to <em>Bartonella</em> sp. from Neotropical bats. In addition, we report, for the first time, a case of co-infestation of chewing lice of the species <em>Austromenopon echinatum</em> (Piaget) and <em>Halipeurus abnormis</em> Edwards, found the carcass of <em>Calonectris borealis</em> studied. Our findings corroborate recent studies that demonstrated that bartonellae are no longer restricted to mammals and their ectoparasites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23600,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 101210"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143138942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In honor of Prof. Dwight Bowman on his retirement as Editor-in-Chief","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101217","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23600,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 101217"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carcass weight, meat quality and economic impact of liver fluke infection on cattle","authors":"Jacob Priddle ,&nbsp;Kerrie Mengersen ,&nbsp;Darren Swindells ,&nbsp;Timothy Elliott ,&nbsp;Cameron Ralph","doi":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liver fluke infection in cattle is typically sub-clinical, with animals lacking in visible clinical signs. Consequently, farmers are often dubious about investing in control measures as they are often unaware of its deleterious effects on meat quality and weight gain. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of liver fluke infection on carcass weight and meat quality in Australian cattle, and, in turn, to estimate the economic loss to the producer. This study utilised abattoir data obtained from an Australian meat processor. The data encompassed observations of over 4 million cattle processed between 2016 and 2020. Six response variables were considered: the carcass weight, fat depth, AUS-MEAT marbling, muscle area, Meat Standards Australia index and ossification age days. The large volume of data, combined with a high degree of diversity in management practices and animals, meant accurate estimation of the effect of liver fluke infection was challenging. A generalised random forest model was used for heterogeneous causal effect estimation, while adjusting for relevant confounding variables and accounting for complex variable interactions. Substantive differences in the effect of liver fluke infection were found across groups of animals, with hormonal growth promotant free (HGP-free) animals sourced from properties being the most negatively impacted in terms of the carcass weight and meat quality. The expected loss for the producer per animal infected with liver fluke was estimated to be <span><math><mi>A</mi><mtext>$</mtext><mn>35</mn></math></span> (95 % CI 26, 43) for Angus females and <span><math><mi>A</mi><mtext>$</mtext><mn>32</mn></math></span> (95 % CI 24, 41) for Angus males (both HGP-free and sourced from properties). Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that cattle producers operating in high-risk regions carefully consider the relative benefits of liver fluke treatment and control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23600,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 101195"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143138819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}