Veterinary World最新文献

{"title":"Occurrence of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> in cattle and sheep in Akmola and Kostanay regions of Kazakhstan.","authors":"Kanat Tursunov, Laura Tokhtarova, Zhansaya Adish, Raikhan Mustafina","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2944-2949","DOIUrl":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2944-2949","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong><i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> is an intracellular protozoan and a major foodborne pathogen worldwide. Nearly, all warm-blooded animals are susceptible to toxoplasmosis, with raw and undercooked meat and animal products serving as the primary transmission routes. To date, the distribution of <i>T. gondii</i> among farm animals in Kazakhstan has been inadequately studied. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of antibodies against <i>T. gondii</i> in cattle and sheep in the Akmola and Kostanay regions.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Blood samples were randomly collected from 437 cattle and 397 sheep from two regions of Kazakhstan: Akmola and Kostanay. A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the native protein <i>Toxoplasma</i> surface antigen 1 was used for serological analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The occurrences of <i>T. gondii</i> were 8.0% and 3.8% among cattle and 42.1% and 19.0% among sheep in the Akmola and Kostanay regions, respectively. Antibodies against <i>T. gondii</i> were detected in all study areas. The greatest frequency of seropositive reactions in cattle was observed in the Arshaly region (9.0%), whereas the least frequent was observed in Arkalyk (3.3%). The highest occurrence of seropositive reactions among sheep was found in the Zerenda region (54.5%), whereas the lowest was found in the Auliekol region (15.6%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The obtained results confirmed the circulation of the <i>T. gondii</i> pathogen among cattle and sheep in the investigated regions. These findings provide insight into the current distribution of this zoonotic parasite among farm animals in Kazakhstan.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"17 12","pages":"2944-2949"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11784043/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular detection of <i>Anaplasma platys</i> in Pshdar Kurdish shepherd dogs of Sulaymaniyah Province, Iraq.","authors":"Eman D Arif, Karwan M Hama Khan, Israa H Abd Al-Sada, Yousif M S Al-Barzinji","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2797-2801","DOIUrl":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2797-2801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong><i>Anaplasma platys</i> is a dog pathogen that causes anaplasmosis in various hosts, including humans. It is a rickettsial pathogen that causes cyclic thrombocytopenia in primary canine recipients and is spread by the brown dog tick <i>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</i>. This study aimed to map the genetic sequences of <i>Anaplasma</i> spp. isolates comparable with those of different global locations and determine the infection status of Pshdar Kurdish shepherd dogs from three regions in Sulaymaniyah province who did not exhibit clinical indications for <i>Anaplasma</i>.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 75 dog blood samples were collected from the center of the Sulaymaniyah, Dukan, and Ranya districts in the Sulaymaniyah province and subjected to polymerase chain reaction to determine the 16S ribosomal RNA (<i>16S rRNA</i>) gene of <i>A. platys</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Only two dogs (2.7%) were positive for <i>A. platys</i>. The <i>16S rRNA</i> gene of <i>A. platys</i> was sequenced and registered in the National Center for Biotechnology Information GenBank with accession number OR467538. With four nucleotide changes, the sequence exhibited 99.72% similarity to strains identified as human infections and those found in recognized tick vectors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We conclude that the blood of Pshdar Kurdish shepherd dogs in the Sulaymaniyah region of Iraq contains a small number of <i>A. platys</i>. Moreover, the phylogenetic tree of the isolated species, <i>A. platys</i>, was significantly similar to other strains of <i>A. platys</i> found worldwide. In the Kurdistan region of Iraq, this study represents the first molecular detection of the <i>16S rRNA</i> gene of <i>A. platys</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"17 12","pages":"2797-2801"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11784038/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular characterization of avian pathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> isolates from broiler farms in Northern Palestinian territories.","authors":"Ghaleb Adwan, Sameh Abuseir, Ghadeer Omar, Mahmoud Albzour","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2865-2879","DOIUrl":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2865-2879","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Colibacillosis is caused by avian pathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (APEC), which results in significant losses for the poultry sector. It has zoonotic potential and acts as a source of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes for other <i>E. coli</i>. This study aimed to assess phylogenetic groups, virulence factors, and resistance phenotypes of APEC strains isolated from broiler farms in Northern Palestine.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 65 APEC isolates were recovered from diseased chickens with typical colibacillosis symptoms from broiler farms located in the northern region of Palestine from May to July 2024. Strains were identified using classical and molecular techniques. Antibiotic resistance was detected using the disk diffusion method. Phylotyping and virulence genotyping of the APEC isolates were performed using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study showed a high detection rate of APEC strains (100%) in chickens. The most APEC strains, 56/65 (86.2%), belonged to group D. Other strains were assigned to groups B2 (5/65, 7.7%), B1 (3/65, 4.6%), and A (1/65, 1.5%). Antibiotic resistance ranged from 27.7% for Polymyxin E (colistin) to 100% for Amoxicillin. Polymyxin E (colistin) and fosfomycin are the most effective drugs. The most common virulence gene was <i>iroN</i>, which was detected in 61 isolates (93.8%). The APEC strains in Palestine exhibit a wide variety of resistance patterns and genetic variations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Controlling APEC infections is essential for public health, especially when APEC isolates can pass on resistance and virulence genes to dangerous bacteria such as <i>E. coli</i> that are particular to humans. It is essential to understand APEC pathogenesis, antimicrobial therapy, and the development of measures to control colibacillosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"17 12","pages":"2865-2879"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11784054/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence and molecular phylogeny of <i>Fasciola</i> species in camels of southwestern Iraq.","authors":"Isra'a M Essa, Ghazi Y Azzal","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2957-2966","DOIUrl":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2957-2966","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong><i>Fasciola</i> spp. are important trematodes of public health concern in various animals, including camels. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of liver flukes in camels, to determine the molecular confirmation of <i>Fasciola</i>, and to perform phylogenetic analysis of study isolates to identify the species of <i>Fasciola</i>.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In total, 107 slaughtered camels were inspected to collect liver flukes that were examined molecularly using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm <i>Fasciola</i> species. Then, the study isolates were sequenced, submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database, and analyzed phylogenetically to identify the species of each study isolate.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Liver flukes were detected in 17.67% of the camels. Regarding the migratory stages of the collected worms, juvenile worms (73.91%) were significantly more prevalent than adult worms (26.09%). Regarding the risk factors, a significantly greater occurrence rate and risk of infection was detected in Al-Najaf compared with Al-Muthanna, as well as in younger camels (1-4 years) compared with older camels. Although the occurrence rate of liver flukes was insignificantly different between females (9.38%) and males (6.98%), females appeared to be at a significantly higher risk of infection than males. Molecularly, 33.33% of the worm samples were positive for species in the <i>Fasciola</i> genus. Phylogenetic analysis of all positive PCR products (total no = 19) confirmed that 63.16% of the local <i>Fasciola</i> spp. isolates were related to the NCBI-Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (NCBI-BLAST) Saudi Arabian <i>Fasciola hepatica</i> isolate at an identity range of 95.94%-99%; while 36.84% of the local <i>Fasciola</i> spp. isolates were related to the NCBI-BLAST Iranian <i>F. gigantica</i> isolate at an identity range of 97.73%-99%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study found a 17.67% occurrence of <i>Fasciola</i> spp. in camels, with juvenile worms being more common than adult worms. Molecular analysis revealed that 63.16% of the isolates were related to <i>F. hepatica</i> from Saudi Arabia, while 36.84% matched <i>F. gigantica</i> from Iran. Younger camels and those from Al-Najaf were at higher risk, highlighting the need for targeted control measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"17 12","pages":"2957-2966"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11784040/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical composition and antimicrobial potential of <i>Stevia rebaudiana</i> Bertoni extract and its topical spray formulation against animal skin pathogens.","authors":"Ranee Singh, Glenn Neville Borlace, Patchanee Sringam, Eakachai Thongkham, Jareerat Aiemsaard","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2975-2984","DOIUrl":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2975-2984","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background and aim: &lt;/strong&gt;The rise of antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine is a significant concern, particularly for pathogens responsible for skin infections. Although &lt;i&gt;Stevia rebaudiana&lt;/i&gt; Bertoni (stevia) has demonstrated effective antimicrobial properties, there is limited research on its efficacy against animal skin pathogens. This study aimed to identify natural compounds in stevia extract, develop a topical spray formulation, and assess its effectiveness against six common bacterial and fungal pathogens associated with animal skin infections.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Materials and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The aerial parts of stevia plants were extracted using hexane in a Soxhlet apparatus. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified using colorimetric assays. The volatile oil content was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial activity of stevia extract against &lt;i&gt;Staphylococcus pseudintermedius&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Malassezia pachydermatis&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Microsporum canis&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Microsporum gypseum&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Microsporum gallinae&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;Trichophyton mentagrophytes&lt;/i&gt; was evaluated using broth microdilution and time-kill tests. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (E-SEM) and leakage studies were conducted to assess the extract's impact on microbial morphology and cell membrane integrity. The antimicrobial efficacy and stability of a topical spray formulation containing stevia extract were evaluated using time-kill and freeze-thaw testing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The stevia extract yield was 3.59% of the dry plant weight with 259.96 ± 23.66 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract of total phenolics and 247.41 ± 19.92 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g extract of total flavonoids. GC-MS analysis identified major volatile components, including N-acetyl-14, 15, 16-trinorlabd-8(17)-en-13-amine (37.70% of peak area), phytol (11.02% of peak area), (-)-spathulenol (9.46% of peak area), n-hexadecanoic acid (8.01% of peak area), and (diphenylphosphinoyloxymethyl) dimethylsilane (7.59% of peak area). The minimum inhibitory concentration of the extract against the tested microorganisms ranged from 0.25 to 128.00 mg/mL. Time-kill kinetics exhibited time- and concentration-dependent germicidal effects. E-SEM and cell leakage analyses indicated that stevia extract compromised microbial cell membrane integrity. A spray formulation containing 10% w/w stevia extract displayed excellent eradication efficacy, achieving a 99.9999% reduction of &lt;i&gt;S. pseudintermedius&lt;/i&gt; and a 99.999% reduction of &lt;i&gt;M. pachydermatis&lt;/i&gt; and dermatophytes, with good stability after six freeze-thaw cycles.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Stevia extract is an effective antimicrobial against &lt;i&gt;S. pseudintermedius&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;M. pachydermatis&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Mi. canis&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Mi. gypseum, Mi. gallinae&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;T. mentagrophytes&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;. Future research will investigate the pharmaceutical properties and toxicity profile","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"17 12","pages":"2975-2984"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11784044/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-adherent effects of <i>Rhizophora apiculata</i> bark and leaf extracts and computational prediction of the effects of its compound on β-tubulin interaction in <i>Acanthamoeba triangularis</i> genotype 4.","authors":"Siriphorn Chimplee, Imran Sama-Ae, Suthinee Sangkanu, Watcharapong Mitsuwan, Julalak Chuprom, Rachasak Boonhok, Dhrubo Ahmed Khan, Partha Biswas, Md Nazmul Hasan, Hazel Anne Tabo, Cristina C Salibay, Polrat Wilairatana, Maria L Pereira, Muhammad Nawaz, Ragini Bodade, Shanmuga S Sundar, Alok K Paul, Veeranoot Nissapatorn","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2829-2845","DOIUrl":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2829-2845","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background and aim: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;Acanthamoeba&lt;/i&gt;, an opportunistic protozoan, exists widely in natural sources and can cause infections in humans and animals. The absence of effective monotherapy after the initial infection leads to chronic disease and recurrence. Tubulin protein is a vital target for design-targeted drug discovery. Anti-tubulin drugs are also used to treat &lt;i&gt;Acanthamoeba&lt;/i&gt; infections, although resistance to these drugs has been observed. Therefore, it is necessary to identify a new targeted drug for &lt;i&gt;Acanthamoeba&lt;/i&gt; infections. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; activity of ethanol extracts of &lt;i&gt;Rhizophora apiculata&lt;/i&gt; extracts (RAE) against &lt;i&gt;Acanthamoeba&lt;/i&gt; spp. and to predict its chemical compound on β-tubulin interaction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Materials and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;In this study, anti-&lt;i&gt;Acanthamoeba&lt;/i&gt; activity with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal parasiticidal concentration (MPC) determination of ethanolic RAE from leaves, blossoms, buds, branches, and barks was tested on four &lt;i&gt;Acanthamoeba&lt;/i&gt; trophozoites and cysts: &lt;i&gt;Acanthamoeba triangularis&lt;/i&gt; WU 19001, &lt;i&gt;Acanthamoeba polyphaga&lt;/i&gt; American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 30461, &lt;i&gt;Acanthamoeba castellanii&lt;/i&gt; ATCC 50739, and &lt;i&gt;A. castellanii&lt;/i&gt; ATCC 30010. The inhibitory effect on adherence was determined by the ability of &lt;i&gt;Acanthamoeba&lt;/i&gt; adherence on 96-well plates, and its adhesive acanthopodia structure was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy analysis. In addition, the minimum cytotoxic concentrations (MCC) of &lt;i&gt;R. apiculata&lt;/i&gt; leaf extract (RALE) and bark extract (RABE) were evaluated on Vero and HaCaT cell lines using the MTT assay. Phytochemical compounds from RALE and RABE were also analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Molecular docking and molecular dynamic analysis predicted the binding sites of chemicals in extracts and β-tubulin protein.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The results revealed that &lt;i&gt;A&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;triangularis&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;A. polyphaga&lt;/i&gt; trophozoites had the highest inhibition at 90% at a MIC of 8 mg/mL after treatment with RALE and RABE, respectively, at 24 h. Those MPC values were exhibited at 16 mg/mL against &lt;i&gt;A&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;triangularis&lt;/i&gt; trophozoites. In addition, both extracts inhibited the adhesive properties of all &lt;i&gt;Acanthamoeba&lt;/i&gt; approximately 80%-90% at 4 mg/mL, as well as adherent structural acanthopodia loss. MCC was 0.25 mg/mL, provided to be harmless to mammalian cells. GC-MS analysis supported that 8 and 11 major phytochemicals were from RABE and RALE, respectively. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics demonstrated that &lt;i&gt;Acanthamoeba&lt;/i&gt;-β-tubulin exhibited potent root-mean-square deviation, root mean square fluctuation, and binding free energy values with clionasterol (from RABE and RALE) and stigmasterol (from RALE). Based on our results, ethanolic RABE and RALE exhibited anti-&lt;i&gt;Acanthamoeba&lt;/i&gt; activity in reduci","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"17 12","pages":"2829-2845"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11784052/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The optimal combination of cooling and equilibration durations, along with the addition of melatonin, gamma-oryzanol, and canthaxanthin, for improving swamp buffalo semen cryopreservation quality.","authors":"Wilasinee Inyawilert, Yu-Jing Liao, Oswald Nfor Ndi, Koranit Pradithera, Atchawut Saengtun, Sureeporn Saengwong, Payungsuk Intawicha, Kunlayaphat Wuthijaree, Vorawatt Hanthongkul, Kaikaew Kamdee, Anurak Khieokhajonkhet, Chalothon Amporn, Attapol Tiantong, Chompunut Lumsangkul","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2950-2956","DOIUrl":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2950-2956","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>The success of semen cryopreservation relies on several aspects, including breed, age, season, collection method, extender composition, cooling rate, equilibration period, freezing rate, and thawing rate. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cooling and equilibration duration, as well as the addition of antioxidants to the semen extender, on the cryopreservation of swamp buffalo semen.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Semen collected from swamp buffalo bulls was subjected to four different conditions: (T1) 2-h cooling and 2-h equilibration, (T2) 1.5-h cooling and 1.5-h equilibration, (T3) 1-h cooling and 1-h equilibration, and (T4) 0.5-h cooling and 0.5-h equilibration. Spermatozoa motility was evaluated using a computer-assisted semen analyzer. Moreover, this study also investigated the effect of antioxidant supplementation during cryopreservation using tris-citrate egg yolk extenders enriched with various antioxidants: Control (Con), 1 mM melatonin (ML), 0.5 mM gamma-oryzanol (GO), 10 μM canthaxanthin (CX), 1 mM melatonin + 0.5 mM gamma-oryzanol (ML + GO), and 1 mM melatonin + 10 μM canthaxanthin (ML + CX).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results showed that the (T1) 2-h cooling and 2-h equilibration and (T2) 1.5-h cooling and 1.5-h equilibration groups achieved higher progressive motility than the (T3) 1-h cooling and 1-h equilibration and (T4) 0.5-h cooling and 0.5-h equilibration groups. The ML-treated group exhibited superior progressive motility and total motility.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The optimal approach for cryopreserving swamp buffalo bull semen involves a 1.5-h cooling period followed by a 1.5-h equilibration period, with the incorporation of ML into the semen extender.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"17 12","pages":"2950-2956"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11784050/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The transmission of bovine leukemia virus to calves occurs mostly through colostrum and milk.","authors":"Daniel Lazzari Quadros, Kalinka Puhl, Vitoria Agnoletto Ribeiro, Rafael Frandoloso, Luiz Carlos Kreutz","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2918-2924","DOIUrl":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2918-2924","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Enzootic bovine leukemia is highly prevalent in most dairy farms, and strategies to reduce both vertical and horizontal transmission are being investigated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the rate of <i>in utero</i> infection, transmission of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) to calves through colostrum and milk, and the effectiveness of colostrum and milk pasteurization in reducing BLV transmission to calves.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study included four groups of calves from seropositive and seronegative cows. Group 1: Calves from BLV-positive cows (n = 11) were fed pasteurized colostrum and milk; Group 2: Calves from BLV-negative cows (n = 9) were fed pasteurized colostrum and milk; Group 3: calves from BLV-positive cows (n = 16) were fed unpasteurized colostrum and milk; and Group 4: calves from BLV-negative cows (n = 9) were fed unpasteurized colostrum and milk. <i>In utero</i> infection was evaluated using blood samples collected from calves before colostrum ingestion (day 0), and BLV transmission through colostrum and/or milk was evaluated by collecting blood samples after colostrum ingestion (days 1, 7, and 30). Samples seropositive on days 0 and/or 30 were also analyzed for the presence of viral DNA by nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All calves born to BLV seronegative cows (Groups 2 and 4) tested negative on days 0 and 30, indicating a lack of virus transmission via tank milk. Among the calves from Group 1, we found one <i>in utero</i> infection, and among the nine calves serologically positive on day 30, we found four positives by nPCR. Within Group 3, we found one <i>in utero</i> infection, and among the 10 calves serologically positive on day 30, we found 7 also positive by nPCR.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The transmission of BLV through colostrum is central to the persistence of this virus in dairy cattle. Molecular detection of BLV in seropositive calves during the 1^st month of life, followed by culling, may be a valuable eradication strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"17 12","pages":"2918-2924"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11784063/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined action of two synthetic ultrashort antimicrobial peptides exhibiting synergistic effects against clinically significant resistant bacteria.","authors":"Ali H Salama","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2725-2730","DOIUrl":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2725-2730","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>The emergence and proliferation of multidrug-resistant bacteria pose a global health crisis. This issue arises from the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, coupled with the pharmaceutical industry's limited development of new drugs, which is constrained by financial disincentives and regulatory hurdles. This study aimed to investigate the combined antibacterial efficacy and safety profile of the combined ultrashort antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) WW-185 and WOW against antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The WW-185 and WOW peptides were synthesized through solid-phase methods and purified using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and their purity was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using broth dilution and checkerboard assays to assess both individual and combined effects of the peptides against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (including methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> [MRSA]) and <i>Escherichia coli</i> (including extended-spectrum beta-lactamases [ESBL]-producing strains). The synergy between the peptides was quantified using fractional inhibitory concentration indices. Hemolytic activity was also assessed to determine cytotoxicity toward red blood cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The combination of WW-185 and WOW exerted synergistic effects against both MRSA and ESBL-producing <i>E. coli</i>, with reduced minimal inhibitory concentrations compared with the individual treatments. The peptides exhibited minimal hemolytic activity, indicating low toxicity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The combination of the ultrashort AMPs WW-185 and WOW shows promising synergistic antibacterial effects against resistant bacteria, with potential for further therapeutic development due to their enhanced efficacy and low toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"17 12","pages":"2725-2730"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11784053/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143079931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative survival of five porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strains on six fomites.","authors":"Angie Quinonez-Munoz, Nader M Sobhy, Sagar M Goyal","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2774-2779","DOIUrl":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2774-2779","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Despite the availability of vaccines, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) continues to cause disease outbreaks in pigs worldwide. One of the reasons for this problem is the frequent mutation of the virus, which creates new variants. This study was conducted to determine the survival of five PRRSV strains on four non-porous and two porous fomites at 22-25°C (room temperature).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Five strains of PRRSV (1-7-4, 1-8-4, VR 2332, 1-4-4 MN, and 1-4-4 SD) were used in this study. Circular pieces of aluminum, boot material, polyvinyl chloride, stainless steel, cardboard, and concrete were used as fomites. A small volume of each virus strain was placed on the fomite, followed by incubation at room temperature. The virus surviving at different time points was eluted in an eluent solution. Serial 10-fold dilutions of the eluate were inoculated in MARC-145 cells for virus titration. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used for statistical analysis, and <i>post hoc</i> analysis was used for multiple pairwise comparisons.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three of the five strains were inactivated within 36 h on non-porous fomites; the remaining two survived for 72 h. On porous fomites, all five strains were inactivated within 12 h. MANOVA at p < 0.05 indicated that the inactivation of strains 1-7-4 and 1-4-4 SD was significant compared with the other strains. In addition, the number of virus titers was significantly reduced on stainless steel compared to other fomites.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings illustrate how the interaction between the PRRSV strain and fomite material affect viral stability over time. The results also provide an understanding of fomites' role in PRRSV epidemiology as indirect transmitters of the virus.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"17 12","pages":"2774-2779"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11784046/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143080322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}