Prediction of the molecular action of Trypanosoma vivax on bovine reproductive parameters and risk factors associated with trypanosomiasis in northern Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Abstract

Background and aim: Trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma vivax is a significant cause of reproductive inefficiency and economic losses in cattle farming. While its impact on reproduction is known, the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the molecular effects of T. vivax on reproductive parameters in cattle and evaluate epidemiological risk factors associated with trypanosomiasis in beef cattle in northern Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Materials and methods: A dual approach combining in silico bioinformatics and epidemiological analyses was employed. Proteins linked to T. vivax were identified using the UniProt database, and protein interaction networks were constructed using the String V.12 platform. The epidemiological study involved serological diagnosis of trypanosomiasis through indirect immunofluorescence in 383 serum samples collected from 14 herds. Risk factors such as farming system, animal replacement frequency, vector presence, vaccination practices, and reproductive history were assessed through statistical analysis.

Results: Bioinformatics analyses suggested that T. vivax may exert molecular effects on bovine reproduction through the expression of toll-like receptor 2, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and nuclear receptor coactivator 7 proteins. The overall prevalence of T. vivax was 6.79%, with no direct association found between infection and reproductive performance. However, 57.7% of seropositive cattle belonged to farms with lower pregnancy rates, and 96% were from farms reporting abortions in the past 12 months. The semi-intensive/intensive farming system and shared use of syringes and needles during vaccination were identified as significant risk factors for T. vivax infection.

Conclusion: The study provides evidence of T. vivax spread in northern Minas Gerais and highlights the need for improved control strategies, including vector management and proper sanitary practices. Bioinformatic analysis suggests that T. vivax may influence reproductive outcomes through the NF-κB signaling pathway, warranting further experimental validation. Future studies should investigate the molecular mechanisms of T. vivax in high-prevalence herds to refine disease management and mitigation strategies.