Vacuum最新文献

{"title":"Enhancing interfacial bonding of graphite film/Cu composites via functional group modification","authors":"Junchen Huang ,&nbsp;Fenfang Lu ,&nbsp;Zijian Zhang ,&nbsp;Qian Liu ,&nbsp;xinbo He ,&nbsp;Xuanhui Qu","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Graphite film/Cu composites were prepared by first applying a functional group layer to the graphite film surface, followed by Cu deposition. By converting mechanical bonding into chemical bonding, functional groups greatly strengthened the interfacial bonding. The interfacial shear strength force of the functionalized composites increased from 69 ± 3 kPa to 94 ± 4 kPa compared with the non-functionalized composites. Moreover, the functionalized composites exhibited remarkable flexibility as a result of the enhanced interfacial bonding. Reinforced interfacial bonding reduced phonon scattering, thereby increasing the thermal conductivity of the functionalized composites from 1023 ± 25 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ to 1093 ± 34 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹. High thermal conductivity, superior mechanical properties, and inherent flexibility make the interface-engineered graphite film/Cu composites highly promising for use in flexible thermal management systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 115069"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective removal of quinoline in wastewater using Gd-TiO2 photocatalyst","authors":"Xiaoying Yu ,&nbsp;Gala Sa ,&nbsp;Aiju Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.115019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.115019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coal chemical industry produces significant wastewater containing refractory organic pollutants, with quinoline being a particularly persistent contaminant in secondary biochemical effluents. To overcome the limitations of standard TiO₂ photocatalysts—specifically, their restricted light absorption range and rapid charge recombination—this work created Gd-doped TiO₂ (Gd-TiO₂) catalysts using a hydrothermal approach. Comprehensive characterization showed that the optimal 1.5 % Gd-TiO₂ presents three primary advantages: (1) a 55 % increase in specific surface area (174 m² g⁻¹), (2) enhanced visible-light absorption through bandgap reduction (3.06 eV), and (3) improved charge separation. These modifications enabled the 1.5 % Gd-TiO₂ catalyst to achieve 84 % quinoline degradation within 3 h (mineralization rate: 53.2 %), maintaining 80.3 % efficiency after four cycles, demonstrating exceptional stability. Mechanistic studies revealed a hydroxyl radical-dominated degradation pathway involving sequential benzene-ring opening and pyridine-ring cleavage. This study presents a high-efficiency photocatalyst for industrial wastewater remediation and provides essential insights into rare-earth-modified TiO₂ systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 115019"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145792012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cluster-formula interpretation of multivalent state formation in TaNbHfZr-Cu and oxide films","authors":"Qiao Jiang ,&nbsp;Yinglin Hu ,&nbsp;Xiao Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaona Li ,&nbsp;Qi Zhu ,&nbsp;Yujing Qin ,&nbsp;Zhumin Li ,&nbsp;Yuehong Zheng ,&nbsp;Renwei Liu ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Cui ,&nbsp;Chuang Dong ,&nbsp;Cuimin Bao ,&nbsp;Peter K. Liaw","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.115049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.115049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The multi-component compositional characteristics of high-entropy systems provide the potential to introduce complex inter-component interactions, which can purposefully alter the local structure and generate diverse valence states, paving the way for promising applications in catalysis, energy storage, and sensors. In this paper, the transition metal (TM) element Cu, known for its strong negative enthalpy of mixing with the basic components, and the non-metal element O, which has a large electronegativity difference, are introduced into the TaNbHfZr films. The effects of mixing enthalpy and electronegativity on the local structure are investigated by comparing the microstructure, surface potential, native oxidation, and hardness of the films. The cluster-formula of TaNbHfZr-Cu-O films is further resolved using the cluster-plus-glue-atom model, revealing the mechanism by which the added elements alter the local structure and induce multivalent states. Moreover, the cause of the hardness change is explained by the results of the local structure change, which increases the credibility of the theory. It has been demonstrated that the introduction of Cu under oxygen-free conditions leads to an increase in high-density “clusters with Cu”, causing localized structural fluctuations at the nanoscale. The addition of O serves to attenuate the effect of Cu, thereby homogenizing the potential distribution. Differences in electronegativity between components lead to inhomogeneous filling of O in cluster vacancies, resulting in TM valence states that can fluctuate between +1 and + 4 or +5. The study not only demonstrates the feasibility of introducing multivalent states in the TaNbHfZr system but also theoretically estimates the fluctuation amplitude of oxygen density in the films at the angstrom level, further correlating the fluctuations in valence with those in O density. This provides a theoretical basis for a deeper understanding of the effect of composition on the local structure of high-entropy alloy films and for the purposeful use of multivalent states to enhance properties of material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 115049"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic polarity switching under DC-biased AC waveforms: Mechanistic insights into hydroxyapatite coating via electrochemical deposition","authors":"Kusuma Putri Suwondo ,&nbsp;Muhammad Kozin ,&nbsp;Rima Angellina ,&nbsp;Yulia Elfena ,&nbsp;Diah Ayu Fitriani ,&nbsp;Agus Nugroho ,&nbsp;Adita Wardani Rahmania ,&nbsp;Erie Martides ,&nbsp;Muhammad Prisla Kamil ,&nbsp;Prabowo Puranto","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings enhance the biological integration and corrosion performance of titanium implants; however, conventional direct-current (DC) electrochemical deposition (ECD) often yields porous, weakly adherent layers. This study introduces a DC-biased alternating current (AC) ECD, by superimposing a 10 V sinusoidal waveform onto DC biases of 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 V, to regulate HA growth on Ti-6Al-4V. Increasing the DC bias shifted the deposition regime, leading to a morphological evolution from short crystallites to elongated, interconnected needle-like networks. X-ray diffraction revealed sharpened HA reflections, indicating enhanced crystallinity, while surface roughness and hydrophilicity also increased. Potentiodynamic polarization demonstrated improved corrosion resistance, with 2.5 V_DC exhibit lowest <em>j</em>_corr of (3.17 ± 0.05) × 10⁻⁸ A cm⁻² and protection efficiencies of (91 ± 4) %. All coatings promoted secondary apatite formation in simulated body fluid. This approach provides a tunable, low-temperature pathway for engineering compact, corrosion-resistant HA layers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 115091"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of an innovative rejuvenation heat treatment on the microstructure and creep performance of DS-GTD 111 superalloy","authors":"Lijie Qiao ,&nbsp;Yunpeng Fan ,&nbsp;Xinbao Zhao ,&nbsp;Mingyang Yu ,&nbsp;Yu Zhou ,&nbsp;Yuan Cheng ,&nbsp;Quanzhao Yue ,&nbsp;Wanshun Xia ,&nbsp;Yuefeng Gu ,&nbsp;Ze Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.115056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.115056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a novel rejuvenation heat treatment (RHT) strategy designed to preserve grain-boundary M₂₃C₆ carbides, aiming to regenerate the creep performance of long-term serviced directionally solidified turbine blades. Microstructural characterization reveals section-dependent degradation mechanisms: while the root section mainly exhibits dislocation networks, the airfoil suffers from severe secondary γ′ coarsening, stacking fault shearing, and MC carbide decomposition into brittle η phase. The applied RHT successfully eliminates the deleterious η phase, dissolves coarsened γ′, and refines the strengthening precipitates from 1 μm to 0.35 μm, thereby restoring the alloy's ability to form regular interfacial rafts under stress. Consequently, post-recovery heat treatment yields about 100 % increase in creep life at both blade airfoil and root sections. However, it is found that irreversible Cr-enrichment at airfoil grain boundaries induces spheroidal M₂₃C₆ carbides, which accelerates failure. These findings elucidate the microstructural limits of rejuvenation and offer a pathway for optimizing life-extension strategies for critical turbine components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 115056"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thickness and stoichiometry dependence of the electronic structure of NiO/Ag(001) ultrathin films","authors":"Jayanta Das","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2026.115078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Epitaxial NiO films of varying thickness were grown on Ag(001) substrate by molecular beam epitaxy under optimized growth condition and characterized <em>in situ</em> using low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and photoemission spectroscopy. LEED patterns confirm high crystalline order and reveal coexisting (1 × 2) and (2 × 1) antiferromagnetically reconstructed surface domains in ultrathin films. Angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission (ARPES) measurements show weakly dispersive Ni <span><math><mrow><mn>3</mn><mi>d</mi></mrow></math></span>-O <span><math><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>p</mi></mrow></math></span> hybridized bands along <span><math><mover><mrow><mi>Γ</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></math></span>-<span><math><mover><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></math></span> and <span><math><mover><mrow><mi>Γ</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></math></span>-<span><math><mover><mrow><mi>M</mi></mrow><mo>¯</mo></mover></math></span> directions. Core-level characteristic Ni 2p multiplet features, whose intensity and satellite structure evolve with film thickness and oxygen stoichiometry, were probed by x-ray photoemission. Enhanced nonlocal screening is evident in the ultrathin limit. Comparison of ARPES data with reported theoretical calculations and experimental results facilitates a deeper interpretation of the observed features and validate the reliability and consistency of current findings. Annealing in ultrahigh vacuum creates oxygen vacancies that introduce a non-dispersive defect state near 0.7 eV binding energy (BE). The results establish a comprehensive picture of growth, structure, and electronic evolution in NiO/Ag(001) ultrathin films.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 115078"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of in-situ ZrB2 nanoparticles and La on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Al-5.4Cu-0.7Mg-0.6Ag alloy","authors":"Xiang Li ,&nbsp;Anmin Li ,&nbsp;Shier Wu ,&nbsp;Qingping Sui ,&nbsp;Zhengliang Wang ,&nbsp;Zhuofang Huang ,&nbsp;Shiwei Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114940","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114940","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Through optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and tensile testing, The effects of in-situ ZrB₂ ceramic particles and rare earth La on the microstructures and mechanical properties of Al-5.4Cu-0.7Mg-0.6Ag alloys have been investigated. Additionally, their synergistic strengthening effect was analyzed. The results show that the Al₆Cu₆La phase formed after the addition of rare earth La affects the mechanical properties of the composite. With the introduction of La and ZrB₂ particles, the average grain size decreases to 28.8 μm, and the strength of the composite improves significantly. When the introduction of ZrB₂ reaches 3 wt%, the tensile properties are greatly improved at room temperature and 350 °C, and the tensile strength are 446.9 MPa and 176.6 MPa, respectively. However, When the introduction of ZrB₂ exceeds 3 wt%, large particle agglomeration alters the morphology and distribution of excess second phases along the grain boundaries, subsequently affecting the alloy's properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 114940"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular dynamics study of silicon nitride thin film growth on nanoscale structures by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition","authors":"Jie Yu ,&nbsp;Hua Shao ,&nbsp;Junjie Li ,&nbsp;Zemeng Feng ,&nbsp;Longrui Xia ,&nbsp;Rui Ge ,&nbsp;Guobin Bai ,&nbsp;Xiaobin He ,&nbsp;Dianming Sun ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Li ,&nbsp;Rui Chen ,&nbsp;Yayi Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.115030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.115030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As integrated circuit technology node continues to advance, SiN_x film deposition in evolving three-dimensional structures with higher integration density and large aspect ratios faces challenges from conformity and tunable film properties. This paper investigates the impact of incident energy and substrate temperature on the microstructural properties and surface morphology of SiN_x thin film growth by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition process, on nanoscale silicon substrate with different aspect ratios. We conduct both experiments and molecular dynamics simulation to investigate the deposition performance of SiN_x thin films. The results indicate that SiN_x film microstructure will be more disordered as the temperature and energy increase. The density of SiN_x film shows a significant dependence on the substrate temperature, when the temperature increases from 353 K to 673 K, density increases from 2.43 g/cm³ to 2.71 g/cm³. However, the kinetic energy increase does not result in a significant change in film density. We also observe that the substrate temperature exhibits little impact while gas kinetic energy significantly increases the deposition rate. Finally, we characterize the conformity of deposition on nanoscale structures by calculating step coverage. With larger open width, higher temperature and higher gas kinetic energy, the film conformity improves. These results may enable development of efficient manner for process optimization and film property tuning in advanced manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 115030"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145792017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Matte smelting and vacuum volatilization: An integrated approach for efficient antimony-gold separation","authors":"Yue Liang ,&nbsp;Lixin Xia ,&nbsp;Jia Yang ,&nbsp;Yao Wang ,&nbsp;Fei Wang ,&nbsp;Bin Yang ,&nbsp;Baoqiang Xu ,&nbsp;Wenlong Jiang ,&nbsp;Daofei Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.115011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.115011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a novel matte smelting-vacuum volatilization method for the efficient separation of antimony and gold, which utilizes a low-melting-point B₂O₃-Al₂O₃-CaO-SiO₂ slag system for matte smelting, coupled with vacuum volatilization to achieve efficient enrichment and recovery. The process first captures gold via matte smelting, producing a gold-rich antimony matte and slag. This step achieved an antimony recovery rate of 95.48%, with gold being almost entirely enriched in the matte. Subsequently, vacuum volatilization of the gold-containing antimony matte was conducted at 1073 K and 1 Pa, leveraging differences in elemental vapor pressures to achieve a 99.97% separation rate of antimony. The overall direct recovery of antimony reached 97.05%. The gold content in the residual concentrate was enriched from 18 g/t in the raw ore to 174 g/t, representing an 8.7-fold increase. The key innovation of this process is the integration of matte smelting with vacuum volatilization, which facilitates high recovery rates. This approach overcomes the limitations of traditional methods, providing an efficient and environmentally friendly alternative for processing refractory antimony-gold concentrates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 115011"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145792014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First-principles calculations on the electronic structure of Co-doped diamond","authors":"Meng Gao ,&nbsp;Youchen Sun ,&nbsp;Aqing Chen ,&nbsp;Jun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.115031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.115031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Doping behavior of Cobalt (Co) in diamond was investigated by using density functional theory (DFT). Formation energies, work functions, and charge distributions were calculated for Co atoms substituted at different depths in the (111) and (220) planes. The results show that Co incorporation is energetically favorable in the shallow layers of both surfaces, but becomes progressively less stable at greater depths. On both crystal planes, Co doping reduces the work function by approximately 0.25 eV, suggesting enhanced electron emission and higher surface reactivity. Charge density analysis further reveals significant electron transfer between Co and neighboring carbon atoms, forming mixed covalent-ionic bonds and inducing local lattice distortions. These electronic and structural modifications highlight the potential of Co-doped diamond as a tunable material for catalytic and electronic applications. The findings provide theoretical guidance for future experimental studies aimed at exploiting transition-metal doping to tailor diamond's functional properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23559,"journal":{"name":"Vacuum","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 115031"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145792011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}