Vaccine最新文献

{"title":"13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-induced B cells produce serotype 6B but not serotype 3 capsule-specific IgG antibodies in young Malawian adults","authors":"G. Tembo ,&nbsp;D. Hoving ,&nbsp;A.C. de Kroon ,&nbsp;L. Chimgoneko ,&nbsp;T. Nthandira ,&nbsp;B. Galafa ,&nbsp;F. Thole ,&nbsp;E. Nsomba ,&nbsp;D. Dula ,&nbsp;C. Ngoliwa ,&nbsp;N. Toto ,&nbsp;L. Makhaza ,&nbsp;A. Muyaya ,&nbsp;E. Kudowa ,&nbsp;A.E. Chirwa ,&nbsp;M.Y.R. Henrion ,&nbsp;T. Chikaonda ,&nbsp;B.C. Urban ,&nbsp;D.M. Ferreira ,&nbsp;K.C. Jambo ,&nbsp;S.B. Gordon","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128269","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) introduction has reduced vaccine-type carriage and disease; however pneumococcal carriage persists at high rates particularly in high-transmission settings. Serotype 3 remains a particular problem in Malawi and globally, with high carriage rates, as well as strain resistance to antibiotics and antibody-mediated killing. We studied antibody and B cell responses to PCV13 in 65 healthy Malawian adults (18–40 years) taking part in a randomized controlled trial. Serum, nasal fluid, and PBMC samples were collected before and after vaccination. Anti-capsular IgG for serotypes 3 and 6B were measured by ELISA, and capsule-specific B cells were assessed by spectral flow cytometry. PCV13 increased both serum and mucosal IgG levels, and IgG⁺ B cells in blood for serotype 6B but not serotype 3. The poor immunogenicity of serotype 3 capsular polysaccharide in Malawian young adults highlights the need for alternative vaccines to address persistent serotype 3 carriage and disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128269"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of rabies immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies infiltrated into animal bite wounds after dilution: Real-world evidence from an anti-rabies clinic in India","authors":"D.H. Ashwath Narayana ,&nbsp;M.K. Poornima ,&nbsp;C.M. Chiranthan ,&nbsp;H.S. Ravish ,&nbsp;Reeta S. Mani ,&nbsp;Shrikrishna Isloor ,&nbsp;R. Sharada ,&nbsp;M.K. Sudarshan","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128233","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128233","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>WHO recommends infiltration of category III bite wounds, and category II wounds in immunocompromised individuals, with rabies immunoglobulins (RIG) to neutralize the virus at the site of exposure. Dilution with sterile normal saline is advised to ensure adequate wound infiltration. However, data on the extent of dilution across various RIGs and rabies monoclonal antibodies (RmAbs), and their effectiveness are lacking. This study aimed to generate evidence on dilution practices and outcomes following full-dose infiltration.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To review the dilution ratios of RIGs and RmAbs used for full-dose wound infiltration in routine practice, and assess the clinical outcomes of the exposed individuals.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A desk review was conducted on 223 animal bite cases managed at an Anti-Rabies Clinic, Bengaluru, India from January 2022 to December 2024. All animal bite victims received full-dose RIG or RmAb, diluted with normal saline as required for complete wound infiltration. Survival status was verified through telephonic follow-up.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of the 223 cases, 133 (60%) were males, 210 (94%) cases had dog bites, 71 (31.8%) had bite from suspect rabid animals.Among 210 cases who had dog bites, 65 (31%) were attributed to suspect rabid dogs. Dilution ratios reached up to 1:1 for HRIG, 1:5.4 for ERIG, 1:20.7 for Rabishield, and 1:8.2 for Twinrab. Special groups included one pregnant woman (Twinrab) and one woman on antiretroviral therapy (Rabishield). Survival was 100%, with no rabies cases observed during 6–42 months of follow-up.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Diluted RIGs and RmAbs were found to be effective in preventing rabies when used for adequate infiltration of multiple and severe animal bite wounds, supporting the feasibility and safety of dilution practices in real-world clinical settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128233"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct comparison of three herpes simplex virus-2 vaccine candidates using peripheral or mucosal routes of vaccination","authors":"Kening Wang ,&nbsp;Tristan Jordan ,&nbsp;Lui Suzuki-Williams ,&nbsp;Jing Qin ,&nbsp;David M. Knipe ,&nbsp;Jeffrey I. Cohen","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.128107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.128107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite decades of research, no vaccine has been approved for herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2). While HSV-2 subunit vaccines have been more extensively studied, various HSV-2 mutants have also been tested. We compared three types of HSV-2 mutant viruses (replication-defective, single-cycle replication, and replication-competent) using five routes of vaccination (intramuscular, subcutaneous at two different sites, intrarectal, or intravaginal) for their ability to protect mice from intravaginal challenge with HSV-2. The replication-competent virus vaccine gave the best protection compared to the other vaccines after intravaginal vaccination of mice resulting in complete prevention of disease, and 90 % of the animals had no detectable shedding after challenge despite very low serum neutralizing titers. The replication-competent virus vaccine was also superior to the other vaccines when given intrarectally, although less effective than when given intravaginally. In contrast, when given subcutaneously in the scruff of the neck, the replication-defective vaccine was more effective than the replication-competent vaccine and the replication-defective vaccine tended to be more effective than the live vaccine when given intramuscularly. The highest levels of serum neutralizing antibody were observed with the replication-defective and single-cycle replication vaccines given intramuscularly. Thus, excellent protection from genital herpes was obtained after intravaginal vaccination with the replication-competent vaccine providing evidence that a replication-competent vaccine given by the natural route of HSV-2 infection is superior to replication-defective or single-cycle replication vaccines to reduce virus infection and spread in the genital mucosa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128107"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146109576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-emerging primary trial results from the Bandim health project","authors":"Henrik Støvring ,&nbsp;Claus Thorn Ekstrøm ,&nbsp;Jesper Wiborg Schneider ,&nbsp;Charlotte Strøm","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128302","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128302"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146128164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Febrile seizure risk following monovalent COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in US children aged 2–5 years","authors":"Steven A. Anderson ,&nbsp;Elizabeth R. Smith ,&nbsp;Zhiruo Wan ,&nbsp;Kandace L. Amend ,&nbsp;Alex Secora ,&nbsp;Djeneba Audrey Djibo ,&nbsp;Kamran Kazemi ,&nbsp;Jennifer Song ,&nbsp;Lauren E. Parlett ,&nbsp;John D. Seeger ,&nbsp;Nandini Selvam ,&nbsp;Cheryl N. McMahill-Walraven ,&nbsp;Mao Hu ,&nbsp;Yoganand Chillarige ,&nbsp;Richard A. Forshee","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128225","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128225","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate febrile seizure risk following monovalent COVID-19 mRNA vaccination among children aged 2–5 years.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The primary analysis evaluated children who had a febrile seizure outcome in the 0–1 days following COVID-19 vaccination. A self-controlled case series analysis was performed in three commercial insurance databases to compare the risk of seizure in the risk interval (0–1 days) to a control interval (8–63 days).</div><div>The exposure of interest was receipt of dose 1 and/or dose 2 of monovalent COVID-19 mRNA vaccinations.</div><div>The primary outcome was febrile seizure (0–1 day risk interval).</div><div>A conditional Poisson regression model was used to compare outcome rates in risk and control intervals and estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Meta-analyses were used to pool results across databases.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The primary meta-analysis found a statistically significant increased incidence of febrile seizure, in the 0–1 days following mRNA-1273 vaccination compared to the control interval (IRR: 2.52, 95% CI: 1.35 to 4.69, risk difference (RD)/100,000 doses = 3.22 (95% CI −0.31 to 6.75)). For the BNT162b2 vaccination, the IRR was elevated but not statistically significant (IRR: 1.41, 95% CI: 0.48 to 4.11, RD/100,000 doses = −0.25 (95% CI −2.75 to 2.24).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Among children aged 2–5 years, the analysis showed a small elevated incidence rate ratio of febrile seizures in the 0–1 days following the mRNA-1273 vaccination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128225"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146128126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunological responses to tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (Tdap) vaccine in Brazilian hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients","authors":"Rolando Paternina-De La Ossa,&nbsp;Maria Carolina Oliveira,&nbsp;Jorge Alberto Achcar,&nbsp;Djúlio César Zanin- Silva,&nbsp;Thalita Cristina Mello Costa,&nbsp;Luiz Guilherme Darrigo-Junior,&nbsp;Fernando Bellissimo-Rodrigues","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Among hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients, morbidity and mortality are largely related to infectious diseases, many of which are vaccine-preventable. The present study aimed to assess the immune response of HSCT patients to the tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis inactivated vaccine (Tdap).</div></div><div><h3>Patients and methods</h3><div>This quasi-experimental study, with individually matched data collection in HSCT patients from January 2018 to December 2020, evaluated sixteen patients for their immune response to each of the Tdap components. The immunization schedule included three doses of Tdap, with a minimum interval of 30 days between each dose, starting at 6 months post-transplantation. Immune competence was measured before vaccination by quantifying CD4+, CD8+, and CD19+ frequencies, as well as serum immunoglobulin levels.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>After the complete immunization schedule, for diphtheria, we observed a Geometric Mean Concentration (GMC) rise from 0.2509 IU/mL at baseline to 0.7544 IU/mL post-vaccination, <em>p</em> = 0.001. For tetanus, GMC increased from 0.353 to 1.153 IU/mL, p = 0.001. For pertussis, GMC was 31.9 IU/mL before and 99.3 IU/mL after vaccination. Due to the non-normal distribution of pertussis data and a marginal frequentist result (<em>p</em> = 0.077), we used Bayesian analysis assuming an exponential distribution. This model identified a significant increase in antibody levels, with a posterior mean difference (θ) of 58.55 IU/mL and a 95% Credibility Interval (23.9–109.0) that excluded zero, confirming an adequate vaccine response.</div><div>For the entire Tdap vaccination period, CD4+ cell frequencies remained low, while CD8+, CD19+, and immunoglobulin titers remained within normal range. Immune responses to each of the Tdap vaccine components were not affected (<em>p</em> &gt; 0.05) by any of the clinical, demographic, or immunological variables assessed.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The overall Tdap vaccine post-transplant response was considered adequate for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. These findings highlight the immune response to Tdap in transplanted patients and may inform future vaccination guidelines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128250"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145969316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccination policies, practices, and procedures in level-III neonatal intensive care units across Canada: An environmental scan","authors":"Cassandra Barber ,&nbsp;Mikayla Barber ,&nbsp;Janet S.W. Lee ,&nbsp;Joseph Ting ,&nbsp;Shannon E. MacDonald","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128261","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>Infant prematurity, low birth weight, and critical illness often require neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission. Although beneficial, hospitalization may interrupt the usual processes through which infants receive vaccines in the community. To mitigate potential disruptions to scheduled vaccinations, an infant's NICU stay may be an opportunity for timely vaccine delivery. The frequency and nature of these practices are known to vary across Canada. This study aimed to determine what vaccination policies, practices, and procedures exist in Canadian Level-III NICUs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A pan-Canadian environmental scan was conducted from May to October 2023 to identify vaccine policies, practices, and procedures from Level-III NICUs. Data collection included an internet search and email consultation with NICU professionals (i.e., nurses, physicians, etc.). Information was synthesized to identify the commonalities and differences between vaccination practices across Canada.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Twenty-one (out of 32 contacted) Level-III NICUs responded, with all respondents (21/21) confirming that their NICU provided selected routine vaccinations and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prophylaxis to admitted infants. NICU nurses (21/21) were the main vaccine provider, with hospitals in one province augmenting delivery with public health nurses (3/21). Only 8/21 NICUs reported delivering rotavirus vaccines prior to discharge.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Across Canada, all surveyed Level-III NICUs reported delivering some routine vaccinations, indicating an effort to optimize vaccine uptake during hospitalization. There were variations in the specific vaccines (e.g. rotavirus vaccines) provided. Understanding where and why these variations exist is crucial for informing and enhancing evidence-informed NICU vaccination programs nationwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128261"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146055878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathways to COVID-19 vaccine initiation: The roles of medical mistrust, conspiracy beliefs, hesitancy, and confidence among black young adults","authors":"Ibrahim Yigit ,&nbsp;Marie C.D. Stoner ,&nbsp;Kathryn E. Muessig ,&nbsp;Lisa B. Hightow-Weidman ,&nbsp;Henna Budhwani","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128253","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128253","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Medical mistrust, stemming from historical and contemporary inequalities in healthcare, poses a major barrier to vaccination, particularly among Black communities in the southern U.S. While medical mistrust is known to influence vaccine uptake, the underlying psychological mechanisms, such as conspiracy beliefs and attitudinal factors like vaccine hesitancy and confidence, are not well understood. This cross-sectional analysis used baseline data from the Tough Talks-COVID randomized controlled trial (<em>N</em> = 360), conducted among Black young adults (ages 18–29) in Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina between March and June 2023, who had not completed the primary COVID-19 vaccine series at screening. Participants completed validated measures of medical mistrust, vaccine-related conspiracy beliefs, vaccine hesitancy, vaccine confidence, and COVID-19 vaccine initiation (ever receipt of ≥1 dose at baseline). Serial mediation models specifying a theoretically informed ordering (medical mistrust, vaccine-related conspiracy beliefs, vaccine hesitancy or vaccine confidence, and COVID-19 vaccine initiation) were tested adjusting for age, sex, and state. Medical mistrust was significantly associated with lower odds of COVID-19 vaccine initiation (B = -0.63, AOR = 0.53, <em>p</em> &lt; .001). Serial mediation analyses revealed two significant indirect associations: (1) Greater medical mistrust was associated with stronger endorsement of vaccine-related conspiracy beliefs, which were linked to increased vaccine hesitancy, resulting in lower vaccine initiation (B = -0.26, CI[−0.463, −0.127]); and (2) Greater medical mistrust was associated with stronger vaccine-related conspiracy beliefs, which were associated with reduced vaccine confidence; higher vaccine confidence was associated with higher vaccine initiation, yielding an overall negative indirect association (B = −0.35, CI[−0.591, −0.191]). Findings highlight critical psychological mechanisms through which medical mistrust may undermine COVID-19 vaccine initiation in under-vaccinated Black young adults. Addressing mistrust and countering conspiracy beliefs while strengthening vaccine confidence may support vaccine initiation efforts in Black communities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128253"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146000442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimates of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19-associated hospitalisation in paediatric patients in Hong Kong during two successive SARS-CoV-2 epidemic waves dominated by the Omicron variant: A test-negative design study","authors":"George N. Okoli ,&nbsp;Mike Y.W. Kwan ,&nbsp;Eunice L.Y. Chan ,&nbsp;Caitriona Murphy ,&nbsp;Joshua S.C. Wong ,&nbsp;Huiying Chua ,&nbsp;Malik Peiris ,&nbsp;Benjamin J. Cowling ,&nbsp;So-Lun Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>We assessed the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines against COVID-19-associated hospitalisation in paediatric patients in Hong Kong.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a test-negative design study in hospitalised children 1–17 years old admitted with recent-onset (≤5 days) acute respiratory illness in two large public hospitals in Hong Kong during successive SARS-CoV-2 epidemic waves between April 2022 and February 2024 dominated by the Omicron variant. We defined having been vaccinated as receipt of ≥1 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine dose within six months prior to hospitalisation, and for a sensitivity analysis, within twelve months of hospitalisation. Children who had only received one dose of vaccine and had no prior infection were excluded. We estimated VE against laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection separately for 1–4-year-olds and 5–17-year-olds, by conditional logistic regression stratified by calendar time (week) and adjusted for potential confounders.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>There were 6308 patients. The proportion of the vaccinated within six months of hospitalisation differed significantly between cases and controls in all strata of the assessed individual sociodemographic/health-related characteristics in the 5–17-year-olds, and in 1–4-year-olds who had a chronic medical condition. Overall, VE was moderate for 1–4-year-olds [41% (23–56%)] and for 5–17-year-olds [54% (10–66%)]. VE was higher in those who had received a mRNA vaccine: 87% (0–98%) and 82% (59–92%) compared with a lower VE for those who had received an inactivated vaccine: 39% (17–54%) and 30% (−19–58%), respectively for 1–4-year-olds and 5–17-year-olds although with a higher degree of imprecision in the VE for mRNA in 1–4-year-olds. In both age groups, VE was higher for those who had had no previous SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with for those who had had a previous infection.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, particularly mRNA vaccines, provided substantial protection against paediatric COVID-19-associated hospitalisations in Hong Kong during two successive SARS-CoV-2 epidemic waves dominated by the Omicron variant.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128262"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning-driven identification of serotype-independent pneumococcal vaccine candidates using samples from human infection challenge studies","authors":"Katerina S. Cheliotis ,&nbsp;Patricia Gonzalez-Dias ,&nbsp;Esther L. German ,&nbsp;André N.A. Gonçalves ,&nbsp;Elena Mitsi ,&nbsp;Elissavet Nikolaou ,&nbsp;Sherin Pojar ,&nbsp;Eliane N. Miyaji ,&nbsp;Rafaella Tostes ,&nbsp;Jesús Reiné ,&nbsp;Andrea M. Collins ,&nbsp;Helder I. Nakaya ,&nbsp;Stephen B. Gordon ,&nbsp;Ying-Jie Lu ,&nbsp;Shaun H. Pennington ,&nbsp;Andrew J. Pollard ,&nbsp;Richard Malley ,&nbsp;Simon P. Jochems ,&nbsp;Britta Urban ,&nbsp;Carla Solórzano ,&nbsp;Daniela M. Ferreira","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128280","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128280","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Identifying conserved, immunogenic proteins that confer protection against <em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em> (<em>pneumococcus</em>) colonization could enable development of serotype-independent vaccines.</div><div>In our controlled human infection model, no individual IgG or cytokine/chemokine response correlated significantly with protection against colonization with pneumococcus, suggesting that effective immunity reflects a coordinated, multi-antigen response. To capture these complex patterns, we trained independent Random Forest models on humoral and cellular datasets. The humoral model identified IgG responses to PdB, SP1069, and SP0899 as predictive of protection. The cellular model revealed that MCP-1 responses to SP1069 and SP0899, and IL-17A production in response to SP0648-3, were associated with protection. Elevated baseline IFN-γ, RANTES, and anti-protein IgG levels were linked to reduced colonization density.</div><div>We highlight SP1069 and SP0899 as potential serotype-independent vaccine candidates and demonstrate the utility of machine learning to identify immune correlates of protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128280"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146101241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}