Vaccine最新文献

{"title":"Evaluating cost-effectiveness of RSV vaccination strategies for older adults in the Netherlands","authors":"Florian Zeevat ,&nbsp;Jos Luttjeboer ,&nbsp;Koos Korsten ,&nbsp;Michiel van Boven ,&nbsp;Maarten J. Postma ,&nbsp;Simon van der Pol ,&nbsp;Cornelis Boersma","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127735","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127735","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study evaluates the cost-effectiveness of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccination for older adults in the Netherlands, aiming to identify the most effective vaccination strategy.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A static decision tree cost-effectiveness model was developed to compare no vaccination with various RSV vaccination strategies for Dutch adults over six RSV seasons. Strategies included vaccinating adults aged ≥60, ≥75, and ≥75 combined with high-risk individuals aged 60–74. Each was assessed with two- and three-year intervals. The model incorporated health outcomes and costs associated with RSV disease and vaccination from a societal perspective, with a lifetime horizon. Recent incidence data were used, and vaccine effectiveness was based on efficacy from a meta-analysis for outpatient settings and real-world effectiveness data for inpatient settings. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis was conducted, using a €50,000 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) willingness-to-pay threshold.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Vaccinating individuals aged ≥75 years and high-risk groups every three years could prevent approximately 19,000 general practitioner visits, 3300 hospitalizations (including 245 intensive care admissions), and 870 deaths in the first year. This strategy would avoid €29.5 million in healthcare costs and €6.3 million in productivity losses, gaining 2900 QALYs. It was cost-effective, with an average cost-effectiveness ratio (ACER) of €30,804/QALY. The most cost-effective strategy was vaccinating ≥75 year-olds every three years, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of 23,080/QALY compared to no vaccination. Vaccinating all ≥60-year-olds every three years resulted in the highest QALY gain, with an ACER of €39,918/QALY. Compared to the ≥75 and high-risk strategy, this approach had an ICER of €107,623/QALY, whereas the 75+ and high-risk strategy had an ICER of €61,987/QALY compared to the ≥75 strategy alone. Biennial strategies were associated with higher ACERs and were dominated in incremental comparisons.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>RSV vaccination for older adults in the Netherlands can be cost-effective, particularly when vaccinating every three years.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 127735"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rationalizing recommendations for influenza and COVID-19 vaccines","authors":"Jessica A. Breznik ,&nbsp;Matthew S. Miller ,&nbsp;Dawn M.E. Bowdish","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127775","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127775","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Influenza vaccination saves lives, reduces short-term and long-term health consequences, decreases healthcare utilization, and improves pregnancy outcomes and infant health. Consequently, many, although not all, high-income countries have influenza vaccination policies that recognize both the direct (prevention of infection) and indirect (e.g., reduction in transmission and absenteeism, exacerbations of other health conditions) benefits of vaccination. Vaccination policies for COVID-19 are less consistent, even though COVID-19 continues to cause more infections than influenza. Indeed, some countries recommend COVID-19 vaccination only for older adults and individuals who are severely immunocompromised. Herein we compare influenza and COVID-19 vaccination effectiveness against both acute infection and indirect effects of infection. We find that COVID-19 vaccines are equivalent to, or outperform, influenza vaccines when comparing protection from symptomatic infection, reduction in severe disease, safety profiles, and real-world effectiveness. We propose that expansion of COVID-19 vaccination policies would reduce disruptions to school, work, and healthcare systems, in addition to preventing hospitalizations and severe disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 127775"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145128265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health economics and vaccine financing in the eastern Mediterranean region: A needs assessment","authors":"Palwasha Anwari ,&nbsp;Gerald Sume ,&nbsp;Wedyan Meshreky ,&nbsp;Nathalie Vande Maele ,&nbsp;So Yoon Sim ,&nbsp;Karene Hoi Ting Yeung ,&nbsp;Diana Kizza ,&nbsp;Philipp Lambach ,&nbsp;Maarten Paul Maria Jansen ,&nbsp;Raymond Hutubessy ,&nbsp;Quamrul Hasan","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) faces a high burden of vaccine-preventable diseases requiring efficient use of limited resources. A regional needs assessment was conducted to evaluate the current application of health economics and vaccine financing in national immunization programmes and policy formulation, identify capacity gaps, and inform tailored technical support.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A structured online survey was administered between January 28 and February 18, 2025. It targeted expended programme on immunization (EPI) managers and National Immunization Technical Advisory Group (NITAG) chairs across all 22 EMR countries. The questionnaire explored five thematic areas: current capacity in health economics and vaccine financing, training and capacity-building needs, demand for technical support, data availability and use in decision-making, and strategic planning for vaccine financing among immunization stakeholders at Ministry of Health and in NITAGs. The survey used multiple-choice, Likert-scale, and open-ended questions. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and disaggregated by income level.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The response rate was 73 % (16/22 countries). Only three countries (19 %) reported full integration of health economics within their immunization programmes, while 56 % (<em>n</em> = 9) reported minimal or no integration. Three countries had a dedicated health economics focal person for immunization. In two high-income countries immunization programmes demonstrated stronger capacity in health economics, whereas the rest of countries demonstrated low to moderate levels. Ten countries (63 %) rated their capacity in financial forecasting and planning for immunization as moderate or high, but eleven (69 %) rated their capacity in cost-effectiveness analysis and vaccine financial sustainability as low to none. Access to data varied, with 25 % of countries finding it easily accessible.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings highlight the need to strengthen the integration of health economics and vaccine financing into immunization programmes and policy decision-making across the EMR, irrespective of income level. Tailored capacity-building, technical support, and cross-sectoral collaboration, particularly with academia, are essential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 127780"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A mosaic H3 subtype live attenuated influenza vaccine elicits broad immune responses to influenza a viruses","authors":"Zhuolin Yang ,&nbsp;Shumiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yifan Zhao ,&nbsp;Ximeng Ma ,&nbsp;Xue Han ,&nbsp;Yuxuan Lei ,&nbsp;Huanle Luo ,&nbsp;Qian Xie ,&nbsp;Xuejie Liu ,&nbsp;Yuelong Shu","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127776","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127776","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Influenza A(H3N2) viruses are typically associated with reduced vaccine effectiveness (VE), especially in the elderly. To address this challenge, we developed a novel live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) expressing a mosaic H3 hemagglutinin designed to maximize potential cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope coverage, using the A/Leningrad/134/17/57 (H2N2) backbone. The resulting mosaic reassortant virus exhibited temperature-sensitive and cold-adapted phenotypes and caused no significant weight loss or clinical signs in mice. Following prime-boost intranasal immunization in BALB/c mice, robust cellular immune responses were observed, with increased frequencies of splenic and pulmonary IFN-γ⁺ and IL-4⁺ T cells after restimulation, as well as elevated levels of pulmonary tissue-resident memory T cells. High levels of cross-reactive IgA were also detected in nasal and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, covering multiple influenza virus strains. Additionally, broad serum antibody responses were induced, with HI and MN antibodies targeting 8 and 7 of 9 H3N2 vaccine strains. Virus challenge results showed that the mosaic reassortant virus conferred complete protection against the homologous-subtype strain A/Aichi/2/1968 (H3N2) and partial protection against the heterosubtypic strains A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) and A/Hunan/42443/2015 (H1N1), with survival rates of 20 % and 40 %, respectively. In contrast, all mice vaccinated with traditional monovalent LAIV or inactivated influenza vaccine showed 0 % survival. Moreover, lung viral loads showed a decreasing trend after infection, and pathological damage in the lungs was markedly alleviated compared to other groups. These findings suggest that combining the mosaic antigen with LAIV induces multi-layered immune responses and provides a rational vaccine design strategy for addressing the rapid antigenic evolution of H3N2 viruses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 127776"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145128298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of 10-year measles, mumps and rubella booster vaccination program among healthcare personnel: a cross-sectional study","authors":"Liang-En Hwang ,&nbsp;Kuan-Yin Lin ,&nbsp;Ping-Huei Tseng ,&nbsp;Shu-Yuan Ho ,&nbsp;Chun-Yi Lu ,&nbsp;Shao-Yi Cheng ,&nbsp;Ming-Ju Hsieh ,&nbsp;Yu-Tsung Huang ,&nbsp;Shu-Fen Chien ,&nbsp;Chi-Hsuan Su ,&nbsp;Sung-Ching Pan ,&nbsp;Han-Mo Chiu ,&nbsp;Yee-Chun Chen ,&nbsp;Shan-Chwen Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127758","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127758","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The study aimed to assess the effects of a single-dose measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) booster vaccination, without prior testing, on MMR immunity and infection among vulnerable healthcare personnel (HCP) 10 years after implementation in a highly vaccinated population.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a single-center, cross-sectional study to assess the MMR seroprevalence in HCP and health examinees enrolled from December 2021 through April 2023. Since 2013, the hospital has provided a single-dose MMR booster vaccine to HCP working in high-risk units and those born in or after 1981 (≤41 years of age). HCP who met the Taiwan CDC's operational criteria for measles immunity were exempted. MMR-specific IgG antibodies were measured, and detailed vaccination histories were obtained.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 732 participants were enrolled, including 528 HCP and 204 health examinees. The median age was 43 years, and 74.6 % were female. The overall seroprevalence rates of measles, mumps, and rubella were 89.8 %, 91.0 % and 88.0 %, respectively. The measles seroprevalence rate was lowest among participants aged 31–40 years (80.4 % in HCP and 82.4 % in health examinees). In multivariable analysis, age was associated with measles seropositivity (per 1-year increase, aOR, 1.08; 95 % CI 1.04–1.12). Receiving MMR booster vaccination in adulthood was associated with seropositivity for measles (aOR, 2.77; 95 % CI, 1.46–5.24) and mumps (aOR, 2.39; 95 % CI, 1.23–4.65). No cases of measles acquisition or intra-hospital spread were identified among HCP during the past 10 years.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>An MMR booster vaccination program is feasible and effective in maintaining high seropositivity rates for MMR, particularly among HCP at risk of waning immunity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 127758"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of African horse sickness disabled infectious single animal (DISA)-DIVA vaccine platform applied for all nine serotypes","authors":"Piet A. van Rijn ,&nbsp;Ulrich Wernery ,&nbsp;Arno-Jan Feddema ,&nbsp;Mieke A. Maris-Veldhuis ,&nbsp;Sunitha Joseph ,&nbsp;René G.P. van Gennip","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127772","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127772","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>African Horse Sickness (AHS) is a devastating vector-borne viral disease of equids with a mortality up to 95 % in naïve domestic horses. The causative African horse sickness virus (AHSV) is a distinct species of the genus <em>Orbivirus</em> of the family <em>Sedoreoviridae</em>, consisting of nine serotypes showing limited cross protection. AHSV is transmitted by <em>Culicoides</em> biting midges. Outbreaks cause huge economic losses in developing African countries. AHS has become a serious threat for countries outside Africa, since endemic <em>Culicoides</em> species in moderate climates appear competent vectors of the closely related prototype orbivirus, bluetongue virus. In the developed world, AHS outbreaks will result in losses in the equestrian industry and will have an enormous emotional impact on owners of leisure horses. Live-attenuated vaccine viruses (LAVs) are unsafe and differential detection of infected equids in LAV-vaccinated populations is not possible. Reverse genetics has paved the way to develop improved AHS vaccines, particularly with regard to vaccine safety and the DIVA principle (DIVA = Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated). Here, we developed an AHS Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA)-DIVA vaccine platform based on a dispensable deletion in genome segment 10 completely abolishing its virulence. The vaccine platform was applied for all nine AHSV serotypes by exchange of genome segments 2 and 6 encoding serotype specific immunodominant outer shell proteins. These nine promising AHS DISA-DIVA vaccines, named shortly DISA1 to DISA9 after their serotype, were extensively checked by several <em>in vitro</em> methods. The accompanying DIVA PCR-test targeting the deleted region in genome segment 10 was developed and validated. Based on previous research on virulent AHSV, DISA1 to DISA9 are not virulent, are not transmittable by midges, can be distinguished from wildtype AHSV, and are now ready for vaccination-challenge experiments in the equine target host to study efficacy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 127772"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The IFPMA IVS seasonal influenza vaccine dose distribution survey 2022–2023: evidence of the need for committed national investment in and uptake of seasonal influenza vaccination","authors":"Bram Palache ,&nbsp;Hisham Fyyaz ,&nbsp;Diane Thomson ,&nbsp;Beverly Taylor ,&nbsp;Erin Copping ,&nbsp;Paula Barbosa ,&nbsp;on behalf of the IFPMA Influenza Vaccine Supply (IFPMA IVS) task force","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seasonal influenza vaccines have the potential to prevent significant morbidity and mortality and the World Health Organization recommends that all countries consider implementing seasonal influenza immunization programmes. These provide invaluable supports to pandemic response, whether through the utilization of influenza epidemiological surveillance systems such as the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) or RespiMart, by imparting countries with ability to scale up vaccination in response to pandemics, and by contributing to the global production capacity for vaccines. During the COVID-19 pandemic, countries with higher influenza vaccination coverage also achieved higher COVID-19 vaccination coverage. But vaccine hesitancy and complacency are preventing optimal benefits from seasonal influenza vaccination. In 2008, the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations' (IFPMA) Influenza Vaccine Supply International Task Force (IVS) developed a survey method to estimate vaccination coverage rates. The present survey, for 2022 and 2023, highlights that the vast improvements in seasonal influenza vaccination coverage rates achieved during 2020 and 2021 are regrettably not being sustained. Twenty-seven fewer countries in 2022 and 29 fewer countries in 2023 distributed any doses of seasonal influenza than in the peak year for number of countries, 2011. In 2023 there were 17 % fewer vaccine doses distributed globally than in the peak year, 2020. Only 33 of 195 countries achieved the hurdle rate in 2023, defined as number of doses distributed to ≥15.9 % of the population. Governments can strengthen performance of their seasonal influenza vaccination programs with a few key actions. Because immunization returns up to 19 times the cost in societal value, it is critical for governments to identify and implement appropriate countermeasures to vaccine hesitancy and complacency including vaccine advocacy, communications, and communication training for Healthcare Workers. Governments' challenge is to sustain resolve beyond the public health emergency of COVID-19.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 127747"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145106323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective mRNA-based therapy using E7 antigen and IL-12 cytokine in head and neck cancer mice models","authors":"Seonghyun Lee ,&nbsp;Jisun Lee ,&nbsp;Yu-Sun Lee ,&nbsp;Sowon Lee ,&nbsp;Subin Yoon ,&nbsp;Gahyun Roh ,&nbsp;Youngran Cho ,&nbsp;Soo-Yeon Lee ,&nbsp;Dahyeon Ha ,&nbsp;Ayoung Oh ,&nbsp;Eun-Jin Choi ,&nbsp;Yeeun Lee ,&nbsp;Seo-Hyeon Bae ,&nbsp;Seongje Cho ,&nbsp;Huijeong Choi ,&nbsp;Sohee Jo ,&nbsp;Jungmin Kim ,&nbsp;Ayeon Kim ,&nbsp;Hyo-Jung Park ,&nbsp;Jae-Hwan Nam","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127766","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127766","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The incidence of head and neck cancer (HNC) caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) has increased over the past several years. The mEER murine model mimicking HNC showed relatively low efficacy following E6 and E7 immunotherapy. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the anti-tumor and anti-metastatic effects of mRNA vaccines encoding HPV 16 E7, Interleukin-12 (IL-12), and Granulocyte-Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in mEER tumor-bearing mice. C57BL/6 mice were injected with cultured mEER cells and immunized with mRNA-LNPs encoding HPV16 E7, GM-CSF, and IL-12. Tumor growth was monitored, and immune responses were analyzed using flow cytometry and Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot assays. When immunized with both <em>E7</em> and IL-12 mRNA, the tumor size dramatically decreased regardless of tumor size, while the expression of MHC1 on tumor cells increased significantly. No tumors developed upon mEER cell re-implantation. Local expression of IL-12 via mRNA delivery revealed no evidence of toxicity or reduced T-cell exhaustion markers. Furthermore, mIL-12 immunization with mE7 induces E7-specific memory T cells in lung tissues, suggesting a defense against potential metastasis and recurrence. Immunization with <em>E7</em> and IL-12 mRNA is a highly effective treatment option for patients with HPV–positive HNC and is potentially applicable to other cancers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 127766"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revealing dynamic transcriptomic and immune cell signatures underlying heterogeneous responses to influenza vaccination","authors":"Shirong Hui ,&nbsp;Ran He ,&nbsp;Haochang Li,&nbsp;Yihao Li,&nbsp;Yuan Lu,&nbsp;Hang Zhou,&nbsp;Rongbin Yu,&nbsp;Peng Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127777","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127777","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Seasonal influenza can cause variable respiratory infections and severe complications, and vaccination remains essential for infection control. Nevertheless, substantial inter-individual variability in vaccine immune responses persists, and the molecular determinants remain poorly defined. This study aimed to elucidate the temporal gene expression patterns and immune cell dynamics associated with vaccine response through longitudinal transcriptomic and immune cell data.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We utilized gene expression, immune cell composition, and immune response data from Immune Signatures Data Resource (IS2). Differential expression and time-series analyses identified key transcriptional features and dynamic patterns linked to vaccine response. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed gene modules associated with vaccine response and elucidating their pathway enrichment characteristics. Finally, the linear mixed-effects model was used to examine the temporal trends of 12 immune cell subsets across response groups, while generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) were employed to assess associations between differential expression genes and immune cell.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Overall analysis revealed the most differential expression genes at day 1 post-vaccination and time-series analysis identified 15 genes with significant dynamic changes. Notably, interferon-stimulated genes <em>GBP1</em> and <em>GBP2</em> exhibited transient upregulation in high responders, showing significant positive correlation with antibody titer increases. WGCNA analysis identified 3 immune response-associated modules that were primarily enriched in immune regulation and cell signaling pathways. Immune cell analysis revealed a distinct biphasic pattern of Naive B cells in the high responders. Furthermore, <em>JAG2</em> was found to be associated with multiple immune cell populations. These findings reveal a complex regulatory network underlying influenza vaccine response.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our study highlights the importance of early gene expression and dynamic immune cell changes following influenza vaccination in shaping the immune response. The identification of transiently regulated genes alongside specific immune cell dynamics suggests they may serve as key determinants of vaccine response.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 127777"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FliC adjuvant augments protective efficacy of recombinant T2544 antigen against Salmonella Typhiand Paratyphi A by increasing serum antibodies, intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A and T cell memory","authors":"Suparna Chakraborty ,&nbsp;Pujarini Dutta ,&nbsp;Ananda Pal ,&nbsp;Swarnali Chakraborty ,&nbsp;Sneha Mitra ,&nbsp;Shin-Ichi Miyoshi ,&nbsp;Santasabuj Das","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127767","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127767","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The need for safe, effective, and affordable vaccines against <em>Salmonella Typhi</em> and Paratyphi A remains urgent, particularly in endemic regions of Asia and Africa. Contrary to earlier beliefs, parenteral vaccines can induce mucosal immunity, especially when combined with mucosal trafficking signals. Recent findings show that systemic delivery of soluble flagellin (FliC) activates CD103⁺ dendritic cells via TLR5, promoting mucosal IgA and regulatory T cell responses. Building on this, we evaluated recombinant FliC (rFliC) from <em>S.</em> T<em>yphimurium</em> as an adjuvant to enhance both systemic and mucosal immunity of rT2544, a subunit vaccine candidate.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Female BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with varying doses of rT2544 and rFliC to identify an optimal formulation. The selected dose (5 μg rT2544 + 2.5 μg rFliC) was tested for humoral and cellular responses, including serum IgG/IgA titers, antibody-secreting cells, cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17), and CTL activity. Protective efficacy was evaluated in an iron-overload mouse model challenged with <em>S.</em> Typhiand <em>S.</em> P<em>aratyphi A</em>, by assessing survival and bacterial loads in the intestine, liver, and spleen.</div></div><div><h3>Result</h3><div>Co-administration of rFliC with rT2544 enhanced systemic IgG and intestinal IgA responses, with increased ASCs and strong bactericidal activity against <em>S.</em> Typhiand <em>S.</em> P<em>aratyphi A</em>. The vaccine induced robust Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines, and improved CTL activity. Immunized mice showed 83 % and 91 % survival against <em>S.</em> Typhiand <em>S.</em> P<em>aratyphi A</em>, respectively, with significantly reduced bacterial loads in the intestine, liver, and spleen. Importantly, subcutaneous rFliC delivery effectively induced intestinal sIgA, eliminating the need for mucosal administration.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Subcutaneous co-administration of rFliC induced strong antigen-specific mucosal sIgA, overcoming limitations of conventional mucosal adjuvants. The rFliC-adjuvanted rT2544 elicited robust humoral, mucosal, and cellular responses, providing significant protection against <em>S.</em> Typhiand <em>S.</em> P<em>aratyphi A</em>. These findings support its potential as a promising injectable subunit vaccine for enteric fever.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 127767"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145106367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}