Vaccine最新文献

{"title":"Cost-effectiveness of bivalent respiratory syncytial virus Prefusion F (RSVpreF) maternal vaccine among infants in the United States","authors":"Ahuva Averin ,&nbsp;Erin Quinn ,&nbsp;Mark Atwood ,&nbsp;Derek Weycker ,&nbsp;Kimberly M. Shea ,&nbsp;Amy W. Law","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127191","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of respiratory tract illness (RTI) among young children. The novel bivalent stabilized prefusion F subunit vaccine (RSVpreF) for pregnant people to protect their infants against RSV lower respiratory tract illness (RSV-LRTI) was recommended by the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for use among pregnant persons between 32 and 36 weeks of gestation in September 2023. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of maternal RSVpreF for prevention of RSV among US infants.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cohort model was employed to depict clinical outcomes and economic costs of RSV from birth to age 1 year and lifetime consequences of premature RSV-related death. Cost-effectiveness of year-round and, alternatively, seasonally administered RSVpreF was evaluated compared to no intervention. Model inputs include RSV disease and case-fatality rates; vaccine effectiveness (derived from trial analyses); and costs of RSVpreF, RSV treatment, and caregiver work loss. Clinical outcomes (projected monthly) included cases of medically attended RSV, RSV-LRTI deaths, and quality-adjusted LYs (QALYs). Economic costs were generated based on vaccines administered as well as cases and corresponding unit costs and were reported in 2023 US$. Costs and benefits were discounted 3 % annually.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Year-round maternal vaccination with RSVpreF resulted in a reduction of 13,349 hospitalizations, 32,414 emergency department encounters, and 96,540 outpatient clinic visits, corresponding with an increase in direct medical costs of $366 million and decrease in indirect (non-medical) costs of $80 million. With 2264 additional QALYs, the cost-effectiveness ratio was $89,733/QALY. Seasonal maternal vaccination prevented 23–39 % fewer cases (care setting dependent), but was cost saving overall, resulting in a dominant cost-effectiveness ratio.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Maternal vaccination with RSVpreF would substantially reduce the clinical and economic burden of RSV in infants, resulting in a cost-effectiveness ratio of $89,733 per QALY if administered year-round or cost savings if administered seasonally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 127191"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antigenic and EM characterization of the Chiron experimental hepatitis C virus vaccine","authors":"Shr-Hau Hung ,&nbsp;Jonathan L. Torres ,&nbsp;Fang Chen ,&nbsp;Erick Giang ,&nbsp;Andrew B. Ward ,&nbsp;Mansun Law","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Chiron experimental HCV vaccine, the only envelope-based HCV vaccine candidate to date, was immunogenic and safe in a phase 1 trial, though its efficacy remains untested. This study examined the antigenic properties of the vaccine antigens by immunoassays and EM, revealing inconsistent presentation of AR1/5 epitopes. The vaccine elicited mainly strain-specific neutralizing antibodies in humans and non-human primates, highlighting the need for rational antigen design to improve vaccine breadth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 127239"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does timing of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine affect weight in children under the age of 5 years? An observational study in Guinea-Bissau","authors":"Emil Buhl ,&nbsp;Julie O. Vedel ,&nbsp;Line M. Nanque ,&nbsp;Claudino Correia ,&nbsp;Andreas M. Jensen ,&nbsp;Ane B. Fisker","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127246","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127246","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The live Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has beneficial non-specific effects (NSEs) affecting susceptibility to other infections than tuberculosis. The non-live Pentavalent vaccine (Penta) may have negative NSEs on overall health, particularly for girls. We tested whether timing of BCG (scheduled at birth) and first Penta (Penta1) vaccination (scheduled from 6 weeks) were associated with weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) in children under 5 years of age.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Bandim Health Project (BHP) monitors vaccination status of children under 5 years through a Health and Demographic Surveillance System in Guinea-Bissau. Between 2016 and 2020, BHP weighed children eligible for enrolment in two large cluster-randomized trials. We classified BCG as timely if given during the neonatal period and Penta1 as timely if given within 2 months of age. Using linear regression models, we quantified the association between WAZ and timing of vaccination, adjusted for background factors associated with vaccination timeliness.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 25,693 children were included in the BCG cohort and 24,400 in the Penta cohort: 46 % had received no neonatal BCG and 54 % no timely Penta1. Children with no neonatal BCG had lower WAZ (adjusted difference − 0.08 (95 % confidence interval (95 %CI) -0.12 to −0.04)). The adjusted difference in WAZ for each week of delay in BCG vaccination was −0.005 (95 %CI -0.007 to −0.003). Associations were similar for boys and girls. Overall estimates for no timely Penta1 were similar (adjusted difference − 0.08 (95 % CI -0.11 to −0.05)) but the difference tended to be larger in males (adjusted difference − 0.10 (95 %CI -0.14 to −0.06)) than in females (adjusted difference − 0.06 (95 %CI -0.11 to −0.02) (<em>p</em> = 0.27 for interaction with sex).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Receiving no timely BCG or Penta1 (or none at all) was associated with lower WAZ though much of the difference is likely explained by confounding. Timely Penta1 vaccination seemed less beneficial for girls.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 127246"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144068832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Human papillomavirus awareness, vaccination rate, and sociodemographic covariates of vaccination status in a low-income country: A cross-sectional study in the rural Busoga region of Uganda” [Vaccine 53 (2025) 127089]","authors":"Troels Alnor Einarson ,&nbsp;Emmanuel Musana ,&nbsp;Joseph Balonde ,&nbsp;Katinka Bolette Lorentzen ,&nbsp;Rasmus Kallestrup ,&nbsp;Margrethe Juncker ,&nbsp;Joseph Okello Damoi ,&nbsp;Sylvia Nakami ,&nbsp;Per Kallestrup","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127204","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 127204"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144068835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The illness of empress Maria Theresa as a trigger for the adoption of variolation in Austria (1768)","authors":"José Esparza","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127253","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127253","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In 1767, Austrian Empress Maria Theresa contracted smallpox and survived, but the disease had already claimed the lives of several members of her family. These personal losses renewed her interest in preventive measures against smallpox. Although initially skeptical, she authorized her physician, Gerard van Swieten, to explore the emerging practice of variolation. In 1768, Habsburg children were variolated by Jan Ingen-Housz—a landmark event in Austrian public health. To commemorate these events, the empire issued medals that not only celebrate scientific progress but also promote the state's commitment to the well-being of its people.</div><div>Variolation—the deliberate inoculation with smallpox matter to induce immunity—originated in Asia in the 16th century and spread through the Ottoman Empire before reaching Western Europe in 1721. Though often overshadowed in historical accounts by later developments, variolation was a crucial precursor to modern vaccination. In Austria, it paved the way for the first Jennerian vaccination (the inoculation of cowpox), administered in 1799 by Dr. Paskal Joseph Ritter Ferro—less than a year after Edward Jenner's groundbreaking publication in 1798. Smallpox was ultimately declared eradicated in 1980, but this achievement rested on earlier innovations, including variolation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 127253"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143948983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prison Vaccination in a pandemic: Geographic disparities and policy insights","authors":"Alexes Merritt,&nbsp;Shweta Bansal","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127218","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127218","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>During the COVID-19 pandemic, carceral communities suffered disproportionate impacts across multiple health indicators despite numerous protective measures. As the COVID-19 vaccination campaign began in 2021, many states introduced plans and policies, including prioritization, decarceration, and incentivization, that could increase the vaccination coverage of these vulnerable communities and protect them from further spread. Here, we analyze the geographic distribution of COVID-19 vaccination coverage among incarcerated populations and assess the impact of implemented policies on this coverage.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We used jurisdiction-level data collected by the UCLA COVID Behind Bars project to characterize vaccination coverage, initial vaccination rate, and days to saturation of coverages in the incarcerated population by state. We also used a regression model to understand the association between implemented policy (incentivization, prioritization, and decarceration) and incarcerated vaccine coverage.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Our study found significant geographic heterogeneity in incarcerated vaccination coverage, initial vaccination rate, and days to saturation of coverage. Our regression analysis revealed that the timing of vaccine prioritization for incarcerated populations, measured as the duration they were prioritized before vaccines became available to the general public, was significantly associated with higher vaccination rates in these facilities. In contrast, decarceration and incentivization had weaker associations with vaccination coverage among the incarcerated.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our work provides a quantitative analysis of vaccination in confined communities during a public health emergency. We highlight striking geographic disparities in incarcerated vaccination metrics across states, highlighting how decentralized correctional healthcare systems produced uneven protection for this vulnerable population. Our findings also inform optimal allocation of limited resources by demonstrating the effectiveness of early vaccine access policies relative to other policies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 127218"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144068833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-criteria decision making and its application to in silico discovery of vaccine candidates for Toxoplasma gondii","authors":"John T. Ellis ,&nbsp;Paul J. Kennedy","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127242","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127242","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vaccine discovery against eukaryotic parasites is not trivial and few exist. Reverse vaccinology is an <em>in silico</em> vaccine discovery approach, designed to identify vaccine candidates from the thousands of protein sequences encoded by a target genome. Previously, we produced the Vacceed bioinformatics pipeline for identification of parasite membrane and excreted/secreted proteins that were likely be exposed to the hosts immune system. More recently, we improved upon machine learning as the final decision-making process to identify parasite proteins that induce a protective response in an animal model. Subsequently, we combined Vacceed with metrics on B and T cell epitope types to produce a new <em>in silico</em> discovery workflow. In this study we extend this <em>in silico</em> workflow to the developability of proteins as vaccines by the incorporation of metrics on the physicochemical properties of proteins. To demonstrate this process, every <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> protein was ranked in its capacity to provide exposure to the immune system (Vacceed exposure score), presence of epitopes and solubility characteristics by several multicriteria decision making (MCDM) tools (such as TOPSIS, VIKOR and MABAC). A consensus rank was subsequently generated from the results of these tools using a variety of aggregate ranking methods. Levels of uncertainty in the aggregate protein rankings was assessed by conformal interval prediction in association with a machine learning model. Several of the top ranked proteins identified by this approach were novel, uncharacterized membrane transporters or proteins associated with RNA metabolism. In conclusion, MCDM automated the decision making using well known algorithms while conformal prediction intervals varied significantly across the 8000+ proteins of <em>T. gondii</em>. Highly ranked proteins (<em>e.g.</em> the top 100) typically generated low prediction intervals, providing high levels of confidence in their ranks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 127242"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144068834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Childhood vaccine hesitancy: The power of metaphors","authors":"Daniella Campelo Batalha Cox Moore ,&nbsp;Marcio Fernandes Nehab ,&nbsp;Adriana Teixeira Reis ,&nbsp;Maria de Fátima Junqueira-Marinho ,&nbsp;Dimitri Marques Abramov ,&nbsp;Zina Maria Almeida de Azevedo ,&nbsp;Margarida dos Santos Salú ,&nbsp;Zilton Farias Meira de Vasconcelos ,&nbsp;Saint Clair dos Santos Gomes Junior ,&nbsp;Orli Carvalho da Silva Filho ,&nbsp;Karla Gonçalves Camacho","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Health communication is an issue that deserves attention since there is evidence that the words used to describe a health condition can influence vaccine acceptance. This study aims to carry out a qualitative analysis of the metaphors used by Brazilian parents to describe how vaccines work.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data were obtained from a cross-sectional study performed through an online survey from November 17 to December 14, 2021 in Brazil to assess the willingness of adult parents of children and adolescents residing in Brazil during the survey to prevent COVID-19 A set of 4 metaphors of how vaccines work was presented for the participant to choose which one best summarized how vaccines worked (“Vaccines are teachers that teach the body's defense system to fight infections”, “Vaccines are weapons in the war against viruses”, “Vaccines are medicines capable of fighting the virus”, “Vaccines work like vitamins making the defense system stronger”. A qualitative analysis was also performed using the Iramuteq software for the open-ended question that investigated whether there was any phrase that best described how vaccines work. The interpretation and analysis were based on conceptual metaphor theory.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The survey included answers from 15,297 caregivers. Of these, 93.9 % (14,364) chose previously prepared phrases. Around 64,7 % (9902) chose metaphors linked to the instruction scenario, 19.2 % (2941) to the war scenario, 5.2 % (789) to the medication scenario and 4.8 % (732) associated with vitamins. Around 687 respondents wrote options on the form that were analyzed qualitatively with the help of Iramuteq software.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study highlights that metaphors are a powerful instrument for vaccine adherence, but they should be used based on studies that demonstrate those with positive and negative impacts that may vary from one region to another depending on the sociocultural context.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 127221"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143948860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the state of vaccine confidence among the general public and parents with children up to 13 years in Flanders (Belgium)","authors":"Jade Pattyn ,&nbsp;Nikita Hanning ,&nbsp;Sara Valckx ,&nbsp;Toni Claessens ,&nbsp;Emilie Karafillakis ,&nbsp;Veerle Jong ,&nbsp;Heidi Theeten ,&nbsp;Greet Hendrickx ,&nbsp;Pierre Van Damme","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>The aim of this study was to explore vaccine confidence, a factor influencing vaccination uptake, in Flanders (Belgium) during November 2023. The study evaluated confidence in vaccines generally and in specific vaccines: MMR, HPV, seasonal influenza, and COVID-19.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This cross-sectional study surveyed 1500 individuals: 1000 from the general population (&gt;18 years) and 500 parents with children (≤13 years). Vaccine confidence was measured using the Vaccine Confidence Index™ (VCI). Weighted analysis and multivariable binary logistic regressions were employed to explore the association between sociodemographic and other potential predictors influencing vaccine confidence.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results showed that 77.9 % (CI 75.0–80.8) of the general population and 81.6 % (CI 76.5–86.6) of parents considered vaccines to be generally safe, while &gt;80 % of both groups saw them as effective and important for children. A total of 56.9 % (CI 53.2–60.6) of the general population and 64.5 % (CI 54.5–74.5) of the parents agreed that vaccines are important, safe, effective, and compatible with their beliefs. Lower VCI scores were observed for COVID-19 (52.1 % (CI 48.2–55.9)) and HPV vaccines (56.2 % (CI 52.2–60.2)) in the general population, and for COVID-19 (50.2 % (CI 39.4–61.0)) and influenza vaccines (61.7 % (CI 51.5–72.0)) among parents. Higher VCI scores were observed in older generations (&gt;45 years) and higher-educated individuals.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Most participants are confident in vaccines. While quantitative monitoring has been conducted across Europe, including in Belgium, this monitoring study focuses on Flanders, providing a valuable baseline for future reference. Longitudinal research, preferably including also qualitative research, is needed to further understand trends and how to build and sustain confidence in Flanders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 127250"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143948858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What is the current evidence base for measles vaccination earlier than 9 months of age?: Report from an informal technical consultation of the World Health Organization","authors":"Anshu Varma ,&nbsp;Shelly Bolotin ,&nbsp;Gaston De Serres ,&nbsp;Arnaud M. Didierlaurent ,&nbsp;Kristen Earle ,&nbsp;Kurt Frey ,&nbsp;Susan Hahné ,&nbsp;Daniel Kapelus ,&nbsp;L. Kendall Krause ,&nbsp;Kevin McCarthy ,&nbsp;William J. Moss ,&nbsp;Walter A. Orenstein ,&nbsp;Rob van Binnendijk ,&nbsp;Dorthe Maria Vittrup ,&nbsp;Merryn Voysey ,&nbsp;Tom Woudenberg ,&nbsp;Naor Bar-Zeev ,&nbsp;Anindya S. Bose ,&nbsp;Joachim Hombach ,&nbsp;Mick N. Mulders ,&nbsp;Natasha S. Crowcroft","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127187","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127187","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Measles is one of the most contagious vaccine preventable diseases, causing severe complications and deaths globally. While vaccination with a measles-containing vaccine (MCV) has prevented millions of measles deaths, recent trends, especially from low- and middle-income countries, are discouraging. Measles cases have increased since 2021 as MCV coverage has decreased; and an estimated 107,500 measles deaths, mostly in children under-five years, occurred in 2023. Thus, a renewed focus on proven and innovative strategies to control measles is needed. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a first MCV dose administered at 9–15 months of age (routine MCV1), however MCV1 below 9 months of age (early MCV1) may increase vaccination coverage because uptake of all vaccines tends to be higher the younger the child, and this might protect vulnerable infants earlier in life. However, due to concerns about possible reduced vaccine performance, early MCV1 is not routinely recommended by WHO. WHO hosted an informal technical consultation on December 6–7, 2023, in Geneva, Switzerland to evaluate recent evidence on early MCV1 and identify evidence gaps for policy making. The recent evidence suggests a robust humoral immune response shortly after early MCV1 at 5–8 months of age. Immune blunting of a routine second MCV dose (e.g., MCV2) after early MCV1 was not demonstrated in the presented data. However, 3–7 years after MCV1, children receiving early MCV1 had lower measles antibodies than children receiving routine MCV1, suggesting faster waning of immunity. The totality of evidence on immune blunting remains inconsistent. Meeting participants thought more data are needed before revisiting WHO's current recommendation for a potential revision. Evidence gaps include: understanding measles disease burden and severity in infants; early MCV1 effectiveness and duration; vaccine-induced cellular immunogenicity; whether measles in infants is acquired from other infants or older children or adults; and blunting of routine MCV2. Addressing evidence gaps through targeted studies and measles outbreak investigations, as well as evaluations of country-level introductions of early MCV1 are warranted. Ensuring high MCV1 and MCV2 coverage remains the priority in measles control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 127187"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143948599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}