Vaccine最新文献

{"title":"High-resolution antibody dynamics following influenza vaccination reveal predominantly weak responses as well as infrequent but durable immunity across the 2014–2022 seasons","authors":"Aaron Lane ,&nbsp;Huy Q. Quach ,&nbsp;Inna G. Ovsyannikova ,&nbsp;Richard B. Kennedy ,&nbsp;Ted M. Ross ,&nbsp;Tal Einav","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127677","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127677","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most influenza vaccine studies evaluate acute antibody responses 1 month post-vaccination, yet the finer details of immune kinetics remain poorly understood. Here, we conducted two new vaccine studies and analyzed 12 prior vaccine studies to map antibody responses against H3N2 and H1N1 influenza in high resolution from the day of vaccine administration out to 1 year post-vaccination. Antibody kinetics corresponded to three major phenotypes, namely, <em>weak</em> (&lt;4x fold-change at 1 month and 1 year), <em>transient</em> (≥4x at 1 month, &lt;4x at 1 year), or <em>durable</em> (≥4x at 1 month and 1 year). Surprisingly, ≥50 % of vaccine recipients were weak across nearly all seasons, age groups, sexes, pre-vaccination titers, and high or standard vaccine doses examined. Peak fold-change at 1 month post-vaccination was strongly associated with the long-term response, with transient responders often achieving a peak fold-change of 4x and then decaying back to baseline, while durable responders reached ≥16x fold-change and maintained comparable titers out to 1 year. Using the weak, transient, and durable trajectories, a single time point early in the response (days 7–8 or 21) predicted an individual's response out to 1 year post-vaccination. These results highlight the stark heterogeneity that is consistently seen across influenza seasons, where the vaccine elicits little-to-no response in some but strong and long-lasting antibody immunity in others.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 127677"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145058865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccine value profile for schistosomiasis","authors":"Gavin Yamey ,&nbsp;Kaci Kennedy McDade ,&nbsp;Roy M. Anderson ,&nbsp;Sarah M. Bartsch ,&nbsp;Maria Elena Bottazzi ,&nbsp;David Diemert ,&nbsp;Peter J. Hotez ,&nbsp;Bruce Y. Lee ,&nbsp;Donald McManus ,&nbsp;Adebayo J. Molehin ,&nbsp;Meta Roestenberg ,&nbsp;David Rollinson ,&nbsp;Afzal A. Siddiqui ,&nbsp;Miriam Tendler ,&nbsp;Joanne P. Webster ,&nbsp;Hong You ,&nbsp;Raphaël M. Zellweger ,&nbsp;Caroline Marshall","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.05.068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.05.068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Schistosomiasis is caused by parasitic flatworms (<em>Schistosoma</em>). The disease in humans can be caused by seven different species of <em>Schistosoma</em>: <em>S. mansoni</em>, <em>S. japonicum, S. haematobium, S. malayensis, S. mekongi, S. guineensis</em> and <em>S. intercalatum</em>, as well as by hybrids between species, including livestock schistosome species. People are infected when exposed to infested water and the parasite larvae penetrate the skin. Poor and rural communities are typically the most affected, and the general population who lives in affected areas and is exposed to contaminated water is at risk. Areas with poor access to safe water and adequate sanitation are also at heightened risk. About 236.6 million people required treatment for schistosomiasis in 2019—mostly people living in poor, rural communities, especially fishing and agricultural communities.</div><div>This ‘Vaccine Value Profile’ (VVP) for schistosomiasis is intended to provide a high-level, holistic assessment of the information and data that are currently available to inform the potential public health, economic, and societal value of pipeline vaccines and vaccine-like products. This VVP was developed by a working group of subject matter experts from academia, non-profit organizations, public private partnerships, and multi-lateral organizations. All contributors have extensive expertise on various elements of the schistosomiasis VVP and collectively aimed to identify current research and knowledge gaps. The VVP was developed using only existing and publicly available information.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 126020"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141845885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding COVID-19 vaccination disparity among Black adults in North America: A two-study motivational approach","authors":"Xiaoyan Fang ,&nbsp;Anne C. Holding ,&nbsp;Élodie C. Audet ,&nbsp;Helen Thai ,&nbsp;Richard Koestner","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127803","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127803","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous research has revealed lower vaccination rates among Black communities relative to other racial-ethnic communities in North America. However, there remains a gap in understanding the motivational barriers contributing to these persistent disparities. Grounded in Self-Determination Theory, the current research aimed to examine the effects of different motivations for vaccine acceptance across population groups (autonomous, controlled, and amotivation). The current investigation involved two survey studies conducted in the United States and Canada during the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Study 1 was cross-sectional and included 623 Americans (60.4 % female). Study 2 was a prospective longitudinal study of 413 Canadians (54 % female; M_age = 47.6, SD = 17.9). In both studies, Black adults reported significantly lower levels of vaccination (M_Black = 1.15 vs. M_Non-Black = 1.48 in Study 1; M_Black = 2.25 vs. M_Non-Black = 2.63 in Study 2), lower autonomous motivation, and higher distrust-based amotivation compared to individuals from other population groups. In the cross-sectional study, autonomous motivation (β = 0.45, <em>p</em> &lt; .001) was positively associated with vaccine uptake while distrust-based amotivation (β = −0.23, <em>p</em> &lt; .001) was negatively associated with vaccine uptake. In the longitudinal study, distrust-based amotivation (β = −0.11, <em>p</em> &lt; .01) was associated with vaccination uptake for all groups, while lower autonomous motivation (<em>b</em> = 0.17, <em>p</em> &lt; .01) and higher controlled motivation (<em>b</em> = −0.14, <em>p</em> &lt; .05) were associated with lower vaccine uptake among Black individuals. These findings suggest that while addressing distrust-based amotivation at the institutional and systemic level to promote utilization of vaccination services is essential across all population groups, tailored public health interventions and policies that foster a sense of autonomy over one's healthcare decisions may play a particularly significant role for Black adults in supporting vaccine acceptance and uptake.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 127803"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145223433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Cross-country analysis on HPV vaccination behaviors among health workers and parents: a qualitative report from seven middle-income countries” [Vaccine: X 27 (2025) 100725]","authors":"Gulaiim Almatkyzy ,&nbsp;Sahil Khan Warsi ,&nbsp;Siff Malue Nielsen ,&nbsp;Brett J. Craig","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127790","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127790","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 127790"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccine acceptance and refusal in Western and Central and Eastern European countries: An analysis based on the European Social Survey data from 23 countries, using a classification and regression tree","authors":"Michał Wróblewski ,&nbsp;Andrzej Meler","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127807","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127807","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to explore the socio-political and demographic determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and refusal across Western and Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. While most existing studies treat vaccine hesitancy as a universal phenomenon, our analysis emphasises the role of national and regional contexts. Using data from the 11th round of the European Social Survey (2023–2024), covering 23 European countries and 39,184 respondents, we applied a Classification and Regression Tree model to identify key predictors of vaccination status.</div><div>The dependent variable was defined as receiving at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine approved by national regulatory authorities. Independent variables included institutional and social trust, political attitudes, voting behaviour, attitudes toward minorities, and socio-demographics. The Classification and Regression Tree model enabled non-parametric analysis of complex and nonlinear relationships and allowed segmentation of respondents based on context-specific predictors.</div><div>Our findings demonstrate significant regional differences. In Western Europe, vaccine acceptance was strongly associated with voting for non-populist parties and with high institutional trust, suggesting that vaccination is perceived as not only a public health measure but also a civic responsibility. In contrast, in CEE countries, vaccine acceptance was primarily shaped by age and education level, with younger and less educated individuals showing greater refusal. Institutional trust remained a key predictor in both regions. The model achieved an overall classification accuracy of 85.3 %.</div><div>We argue that the difference between Western Europe and CEE is related to different political circumstances during the pandemic. In Western Europe, populist parties critical of restrictions and vaccination programs were often in opposition. In CEE countries, however, populist parties were mostly in power and managed the health crisis (by introducing restrictions and organizing mass vaccination programs).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 127807"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145223409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of obesity on influenza Vaccine immunogenicity: A systematic review","authors":"Michelle Clarke ,&nbsp;Mark McMillan ,&nbsp;Lynne C. Giles ,&nbsp;Kathryn Riley ,&nbsp;Prabha Andraweera ,&nbsp;Peter C. Richmond ,&nbsp;Suja M. Mathew ,&nbsp;Helen S. Marshall","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127794","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127794","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Influenza vaccines are important for reducing the burden of influenza, particularly for populations at risk of more severe infections. Obesity is associated with increased influenza severity and therefore individuals with obesity are often specifically recommended for annual influenza vaccination. Obesity is also associated with an altered inflammatory profile, which may influence vaccine responses. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the evidence for any association between obesity and influenza vaccine immunogenicity.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Studies reporting seroprotection (SP) and/or seroconversion (SC) for obese vs non-obese recipients following licensed influenza vaccination were included. PubMed, Embase and Scopus were searched, with the final search completed on 21 Feb 2025. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO. Study selection, data extraction and critical appraisal were conducted by two reviewers in Covidence. Meta-analysis was performed in S tata 17 using a random-effects model.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 2132 studies imported, 865 studies were screened and 140 underwent full-text review. Eleven studies reported outcomes for seroprotection and/or seroconversion for obese vs non-obese groups at 1-month following monovalent H1N1 (<em>n</em> = 1), trivalent (<em>n</em> = 6) or quadrivalent (<em>n</em> = 4) influenza vaccination. Studies included children (<em>n</em> = 5) and adults (<em>n</em> = 7) including pregnant women (<em>n</em> = 2). Study sample sizes varied from 44 to 1132 participants. Obesity was associated with a marginally higher likelihood of seroconversion or seroprotection for A/H1N1 (RR 1.04, 95 %CI 1.01–1.08; RR 1.08, 95 % CI 1.02–1.14) and marginally higher seroconversion for A/H3N2 strains (RR 1.11, 95 % CI 1.02–1.21). No significant differences were observed for Influenza B/Victoria and B/Yamagata strains.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Obesity does not impair influenza vaccine immunity at one-month post-vaccination, and may enhance antibody responses, potentially due to a proinflammatory immune profile.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 127794"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145208777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethnic inequities in childhood influenza vaccination coverage in England 2013–2021: An observational cohort study","authors":"Claire X. Zhang ,&nbsp;Maria A. Quigley ,&nbsp;Clare Bankhead ,&nbsp;Rachel Varughese ,&nbsp;Nikesh Parekh ,&nbsp;Chun Hei Kwok ,&nbsp;Claire Carson","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127710","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127710","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Children aged 2–3 years have been eligible for the seasonal influenza vaccination in primary care since its introduction into England's routine childhood immunisation schedule in 2013. Persistent ethnic inequities have been found for all other vaccines in the routine childhood immunisation schedule, so inequities in influenza vaccination coverage must also be explored to facilitate the success of the programme.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We linked mother and child primary care records using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum database (CPRD Aurum) and calculated seasonal influenza vaccination coverage in 2–3 year-olds by maternal ethnicity across England and in London between 2013 and 2021. We estimated risk ratios comparing each ethnic group to the <em>White British</em> group using modified Poisson regression.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Influenza vaccination coverage in 2–3 year-olds is low in England (&lt;60 % for the majority of influenza seasons) and even lower in London (&lt;50 %). Ethnic inequities in coverage were persistent between 2013 and 2021. Most ethnic groups had lower coverage than the <em>White British</em> group across all influenza seasons, and children born to mothers of <em>Caribbean</em> ethnicity had the lowest coverage (20–27 % across seasons)<em>.</em> Other ethnic groups including <em>Any other Black, African or Caribbean background</em> (25–36 %)<em>, Pakistani</em> (26–40 %)<em>, White and Black Caribbean</em> (28–42 %)<em>, Any other White background</em> (30–44 %), <em>Any other ethnic group</em> (31–45 %) and <em>Bangladeshi</em> (31–41 %, except 54 % in 2020–21) also experienced low coverage. Inequities widened over time for various minority ethnic groups, including those already experiencing the lowest coverage.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Place-based and participatory approaches are needed to understand the drivers behind ethnic inequities in childhood influenza vaccination. Top-down and bottom-up action is also urgently needed from policy makers, commissioners, integrated care boards, primary care networks, local public health teams and healthcare staff to redress the inequities identified.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 127710"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145202703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression and characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in Thermothelomyces heterothallica C1","authors":"Yakir Ophir ,&nbsp;Justin H. Wong ,&nbsp;Katherine R. Haddad ,&nbsp;Anne Huuskonen ,&nbsp;Anindya Karmaker ,&nbsp;Varun Gore ,&nbsp;Seongwon Jung ,&nbsp;Armin Oloumi ,&nbsp;Yiyun Liu ,&nbsp;Jingxin Fu ,&nbsp;Libo Zhang ,&nbsp;Peishan Huang ,&nbsp;Shiaki Arnett Minami ,&nbsp;Shruthi Satya Garimella ,&nbsp;Anugraha Thyagatur ,&nbsp;Paulo A. Zaini ,&nbsp;Marika Vitikainen ,&nbsp;Ronen Tchelet ,&nbsp;Noelia Valbuena ,&nbsp;Thomas R. Fuerst ,&nbsp;Somen Nandi","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127784","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127784","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated a pressing need for rapid, adaptive, and scalable manufacturing of vaccines and reagents. With the transition into an endemic disease and rising threats of other emerging pandemics, production of these biologicals requires a stable and sustainable supply chain and accessible distribution methods. In this study, we demonstrate the strength of an engineered filamentous fungal platform, <em>Thermothelomyces heterothallica</em> C1, for high volumetric productivity of the full-length spike glycoprotein. Spike protein produced in this system is highly thermostable and immunization of mice with spike made in C1 or mammalian platforms resulted in a similar humoral response. Additionally, it was shown that the native N-glycan profile can be redecorated with complex sialylated structures, if necessary, resulting in a more human-like glycan profile, without impacting binding characteristics as shown experimentally and in simulations. Through extensive physicochemical analysis, the C1-produced spike performs similarly to spike proteins produced in other commercially available systems. The data presented is evidence that C1 can be a strong platform for production of complex glycosylated recombinant proteins such as subunit antigen vaccines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 127784"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145202737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facilitators to strengthening vaccine uptake post-pandemic amongst underserved populations considering social norms and health beliefs: a global systematic review","authors":"T. Chaudhry ,&nbsp;P. Tum ,&nbsp;F. Morrow ,&nbsp;S. Hargreaves ,&nbsp;K. Kielmann ,&nbsp;H. Kunst ,&nbsp;C. Griffiths ,&nbsp;N.J.C. Campbell ,&nbsp;D. Zenner","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127769","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127769","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reasons for low vaccine uptake include personal, physical, and societal barriers, which are not well understood for specific underserved communities, particularly ethnic minority and migrant groups. We reviewed gaps to understanding low vaccination uptake in underserved populations globally and summarise key determinants associated with vaccination uptake considering social norms and health beliefs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Published literature was searched using PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE; PSYCHINFO and Web of Science from 2020 to 2024 for primary research, with no restrictions on language; to understand uptake of COVID-19 and other vaccinations considering social norms and health beliefs in underserved groups. 55, 925 papers were screened, and 37 studies included from regions including Europe, USA, UK, African, South-Asian, and South-East Asian regions.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>A total of 37 studies were included. Four themes pertinent to behavioural outcomes were identified in relation to vaccine uptake across ethnic groups, ethnic minority, and underserved groups, including: Influences of Health Belief Systems, Behaviours and Vaccine Uptake; Role of Social and Cultural norms, and Vaccine Uptake; Provision of Information and Vaccine Uptake; and Trust and Vaccine Uptake. We found vaccine uptake was linked with socio-demographic factors, particularly age, gender and ethnicity. There were similarities between first generation migrants and ethnic minority groups from USA or UK, and those from other regions. Younger, male and individuals from rural regions from their own native countries were also less likely to take up vaccination. Societal influences and norms were found to be significant predictors of vaccine uptake.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>We reviewed, how social norms and health beliefs interplay with vaccine uptake in underserved groups and report facilitators to overcome vaccine hesitancy across these population groups. There is a need to provide adequate, tailored information to combat misinformation, through trusted messengers or gatekeepers to overcome the misconceptions around vaccine, by gaining the trust of underserved groups.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>This review provides an overview of how social norms and health beliefs interplay with vaccine uptake in underserved and ethnic groups. It reports facilitators to overcome the barriers associated with vaccine hesitancy across these population groups. There is a need to provide and spread adequate and tailored information to combat misinformation, through trusted messengers or gatekeepers, which in turn could overcome misconceptions around vaccination, by gaining the trust of underserved groups, through support programmes facilitating vaccine uptake.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 127769"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145188190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time intervals from vaccine administration to reimbursement for an updated Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendation: Evidence from pneumococcal conjugate vaccinations among privately insured adults, 2021–2022","authors":"Hannah G. Rosenblum ,&nbsp;Charles M. Carpenter ,&nbsp;Tina Trosclair ,&nbsp;RajReni Kaul ,&nbsp;Bo-Hyun Cho ,&nbsp;Miwako Kobayashi ,&nbsp;Andrew J. Leidner","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127665","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127665","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Vaccination implementation challenges can lead to lower uptake, reducing health and economic benefits from vaccines. Healthcare provider confidence in receiving timely reimbursement for vaccination is one such potential challenge for newly recommended vaccines. This study investigates the time interval between pneumococcal vaccination and reimbursement.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We used 2021–2022 Merative™ MarketScan® Commercial Database and Medicare Database (MarketScan) data among those aged 19–64 and ≥65 years for two vaccines: the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), recommended in 2012; and the newer 20-valent PCV (PCV20), recommended in 2021. We characterized vaccination claims, patient demographics, and time intervals between vaccination and reimbursement.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>During the study period, MarketScan® contained 24,508 PCV13 and 53,194 PCV20 outpatient vaccination claims for individuals aged 19–64 years and 14,693 PCV13 and 18,277 PCV20 claims for those aged ≥65 years. Among those aged 19–64 years, mean reimbursement interval of outpatient claims was 25.3 (PCV13) and 26.8 (PCV20) days. Among those aged ≥65 years, mean interval was longer, particularly for PCV20, with 31.5 (PCV13) and 41.3 days (PCV20). Outpatient claims reimbursement intervals were longer in non-metropolitan compared to metropolitan areas. Pharmacy claims had shorter intervals than outpatient claims, across both vaccines and age groups. PCV13 intervals were similar throughout the observation period, while PCV20 intervals were longer immediately following the updated ACIP recommendation and declined over time. Approximately 10 % of outpatient claims had intervals greater than 30 days among those aged 19–64 years and greater than 60 days for those aged ≥65 years.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>During the 5 months following the ACIP recommendation, claims for the newer vaccine (PCV20) took longer to reimburse, but the interval stabilized after about 6 months to a length comparable to PCV13. Claims from outpatient settings and non-metropolitan areas took longer to reimburse, with some claims still experiencing longer intervals several months post-recommendation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 127665"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}