Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Clinical Characteristics of Individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Pre-COPD, Smokers with Normal Lung Function in Korea: Updated Analysis of the Korea COPD Subgroup Study Cohort.","authors":"Jong Geol Jang, Youlim Kim, Jung-Kyu Lee, Hye Yun Park, Dong Il Park, Seung Won Ra, Hyun-Kuk Kim, Myung Goo Lee, Yong Bum Park, Kwang Ha Yoo","doi":"10.4046/trd.2025.0040","DOIUrl":"10.4046/trd.2025.0040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous lung disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation and is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Pre-COPD refers to a pre-disease state associated with an increased risk of COPD development. This study aims to evaluate the clinical characteristics of individuals with COPD, pre-COPD, and smokers with normal lung function in South Korea, and to provide an updated analysis of the Korea COPD subgroup study (KOCOSS) cohort data.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed data from 4,502 participants in the KOCOSS database collected between 2012 and 2025, including 4,197 with COPD, 126 with pre-COPD, and 179 smokers with normal lung function. Baseline characteristics were compared across these groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients with COPD were more likely to be male, older, and had a lower body mass index than those with pre-COPD and smokers with normal lung function. Symptom burden, as assessed by the COPD Assessment Test and modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale, was highest in patients with COPD, followed by pre- COPD and smokers with normal lung function. Patients with COPD had the highest overall use of respiratory medications (89.3%), including inhalers and other treatments, followed by pre-COPD individuals (61.5%) and smokers with normal lung function (47.4%). Hypertension was the most common comorbidity across all groups, with no significant differences in the prevalence of comorbidities.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This analysis of the KOCOSS cohort highlights the distinct clinical characteristics of individuals with COPD, pre-COPD, and smokers with normal lung function. Notably, individuals without spirometric COPD still showed substantial symptom burden and inhaler use.</p>","PeriodicalId":23368,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"75-85"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12784127/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145030625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spirometry-Defined Restriction Modifies the Association between Forced Vital Capacity and Bronchiectasis Exacerbation.","authors":"Jang Ho Lee, Hyun Lee, Seonok Kim, Bumhee Yang, Hayoung Choi, Chin Kook Rhee, Yong Bum Park, Yeon-Mok Oh, Seung Won Ra","doi":"10.4046/trd.2024.0187","DOIUrl":"10.4046/trd.2024.0187","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Obstructive ventilatory defect (OVD) is the most common ventilatory pattern in bronchiectasis, with low forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), which is a well-known risk factor for acute exacerbation (AE). However, the impact of spirometry- defined restrictive components (restrictive ventilatory defects [RVD] or mixed ventilatory defects [MVD]) on AE remains unreported. This study evaluated the association between spirometry-defined restrictive components and AE risk in patients with bronchiectasis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective cohort study, patients from 51 referral hospitals in the Republic of Korea were classified into the normal (FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) ≥ lower limit of normal [LLN] and FVC≥LLN, n=62), OVD (FEV1/FVC&lt;LLN and FVC≥LLN, n=59), RVD (FEV1/FVC≥LLN and FVC&lt;LLN, n=148), and MVD (FEV1/FVC&lt;LLN and FVC&lt;LLN, n=223) groups. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of AE associated with ventilatory defects were compared using the normal group as a reference group.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The MVD group had the highest annual severe AE IRR (3.557; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.918 to 17.851), followed by the RVD (2.678; 95% CI, 0.704 to 13.422) and OVD groups (1.926; 95% CI, 0.379 to 11.430) (p for trend=0.051) compared to the normal group. Lower FVC and FEV₁ were significantly associated with increased risk of any AE and severe AE in the RVD and MVD groups. The spirometry-defined restrictive component significantly affected the relationships of any AE and severe AE with FVC (p for interaction &lt;0.05), not with FEV1.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The presence of a spirometry-defined restrictive component was associated with higher annual rates for any AE and severe AE, which modified the FVC, not FEV1, effect on the risk for such events.</p>","PeriodicalId":23368,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"102-113"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12784128/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145460037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protocol of a Nationwide Observational Cohort Study for Long-Term Impacts on Lung Health and Life after Tuberculosis in Korea (LIFE-TB).","authors":"Chiwook Chung, Jinsoo Min, Doosoo Jeon, Yong-Soo Kwon, Jeongha Mok, Hyung Woo Kim, Youngmok Park, Young Ae Kang","doi":"10.4046/trd.2025.0109","DOIUrl":"10.4046/trd.2025.0109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Growing concern has emerged regarding the disease burden and longterm outcomes associated with post-tuberculosis lung disease (PTLD). This study is designed to assess the long-term effects of tuberculosis (TB) on lung health and quality of life, aiming to fill the critical evidence gap in PTLD research.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This investigation utilizes a nationwide, prospective, multicenter observational cohort design. Seven tertiary healthcare centers in Korea will recruit at least 350 participants in the treatment-phase group (with a minimum of 50 participants per site) between June 2025 and December 2026. Eligible participants are individuals aged ≥19 years who are either in the course of anti-TB treatment (treatment-phase group), or have previously completed treatment for pulmonary TB (post-treatment group). Exclusion criteria are diagnosis limited to extrapulmonary TB, age &lt;19 years, or refusal to provide consent. Data will be gathered at baseline and annually for up to 5 years until December 2031. Baseline assessments will capture demographic characteristics, TB-related clinical history, relevant comorbidities, and medication use. Initial laboratory evaluations will cover blood analysis, urinalysis, and electrocardiographic measurements. Comprehensive clinical evaluations include symptom scoring, spirometry, chest imaging, and administration of quality of life questionnaires. Annual follow-up will involve repeating spirometry, chest imaging, and quality of life assessments. No additional interventions beyond routine clinical care will be mandated by the study protocol. All collected data will be anonymized and managed securely, adhering to both institutional and ethical regulatory standards (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT06946784).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This will be the first nationwide observational cohort investigating PTLD in Korea, delivering key real-world evidence to inform national and international post-TB management policies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23368,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"86-93"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12784122/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145293812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OM-85 and Respiratory Symptoms in Korean Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Multicenter Observational Study.","authors":"Chang-Seok Yoon, Tae-Ok Kim, Hong-Joon Shin, Hak-Ryul Kim, Ki-Eun Hwang, Sung Ho Yoon, Seoung Ju Park, Yong-Soo Kwon","doi":"10.4046/trd.2025.0105","DOIUrl":"10.4046/trd.2025.0105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although OM-85 may lessen respiratory symptoms and reduce acute exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), proof of its overall effectiveness remains incomplete.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective, observational, single-arm study was conducted at four university hospitals in South Korea from June 2022 to December 2023. Adults with spirometry-confirmed COPD who were prescribed OM-85 were enrolled, and followed for 6 months (3-months treatment, 3-months observation). Symptoms and health-related quality of life were assessed using the modified Medical Research Council scale, COPD Assessment Test (CAT), and St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). Acute exacerbations and adverse events were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 323 patients analyzed (mean age 73.3±7.8 years; 83.9% male), 39.0% had baseline CAT ≥10. Patients in this group experienced markedly greater and sustained improvements in both CAT and SGRQ scores compared with those with CAT &lt;10 (p for interaction &lt;0.001 for both), and the magnitude of these changes exceeded the minimal clinically important difference (CAT: -3.21±3.85; SGRQ: -10.42±14.87 at 6 months), indicating clinically meaningful symptom relief. Among these patients, achieving SGRQ responder status at 6 months was negatively associated with an increased frequency of acute exacerbations (odds ratio, 0.246; 95% confidence interval, 0.050 to 1.207; p=0.084), showing a nonsignificant trend. OM-85 was well tolerated, with only mild, reversible drugrelated adverse events.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>OM-85 treatment resulted in meaningful improvements in symptoms and healthrelated quality of life, particularly among patients with more severe baseline symptoms, and was in general well tolerated.</p>","PeriodicalId":23368,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"55-64"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12784129/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144993593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk Factors for Progression to Frequent Exacerbators in Stable Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.","authors":"Sang Hyuk Kim, Hye Yun Park, Hyun Lee, Hyewon Seo, Ji-Hyun Lee, Hyeon-Kyoung Koo, Na Young Kim, Kwang Ha Yoo, Ju Ock Na, Youlim Kim","doi":"10.4046/trd.2025.0058","DOIUrl":"10.4046/trd.2025.0058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Little is known about the transition to frequent exacerbators in stabilized patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study utilized data obtained from the Korean COPD Subgroup Study cohort (KOCOSS), including 511 infrequent exacerbators. The outcome for these groups was progression to frequent exacerbators. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors for progression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Within 1 year, 40 patients (7.8%) progressed to frequent exacerbators. Among patients with severe airflow limitation and those who used inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), the incidence of progression was significantly higher. The risk factors for this progression were older age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19 to 3.39 per 10-year increase), decreased percent-predicted post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁ %predicted, aOR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.66 per 10% predicted decrease), increased blood eosinophil count (aOR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.35 per 100 cells/μL increase), and use of ICS-containing inhalers (aOR, 3.30; 95% CI, 1.59 to 6.85). In stratified analysis, decreased percent-predicted post-bronchodilator FEV₁ (aOR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.85 per 10%pred decrease) and ICS-containg inhalers (aOR, 4.01; 95% CI, 1.61 to 9.95) predicted progression among patients with eosinophils &lt;300/μL, while higher eosinophils ≥300/μL showed a nonsignificant trend (aOR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.36; p=0.058).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Among stable COPD patients, older age, decreased lung function, an increased eosinophil count, and use of ICS-containing inhalers were associated with progression to frequent exacerbators.</p>","PeriodicalId":23368,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"65-74"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12784124/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145024253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nationwide Quality Assessment of Lung Cancer Management in Korea: Based on Second-Cycle Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service Evaluation.","authors":"Seunghun Lee, So-Yun Kim, Cheol-Kyu Park, Seong-Hoon Yoon, Chaeuk Chung, Sung Yong Lee","doi":"10.4046/trd.2025.0038","DOIUrl":"10.4046/trd.2025.0038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. To improve lung cancer care quality, the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) in Korea conducted the first phase of second-cycle adequacy assessment, incorporating patient-centered and outcome-based indicators.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study analyzed HIRA claims data from 106 medical institutions treating lung cancer for the period July 2022 to June 2023. The assessment evaluated treatment adequacy based on structural, procedural, and outcome indicators across tertiary care hospitals, general hospitals, and clinics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The second-cycle evaluation adopted a comprehensive framework, incorporating multidisciplinary care and end-of-life management. Among 21,517 cases, 44 tertiary care hospitals managed 75.9%, while 62 general hospitals handled 24.1%. The average adequacy score was 91.09, with 80.7% of institutions rated grade 1. The multidisciplinary consultation rate was 30.8%, exceeding the 12.6% target. Surgery within 30 days of diagnosis was performed in 93.2% of cases, while the overall surgical mortality rate was 1.19%, lower in tertiary care hospitals (1.04%) than in general hospitals (1.88%). The 30 days readmission rate was 2.26%, while 56.8% of patients received hospice counseling.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The second-cycle assessment emphasized patient-centered and outcome-based care, integrating multidisciplinary consultation and hospice indicators. These findings suggest that lung cancer treatment institutions in South Korea maintain high adequacy standards. Continuous improvements will be necessary to exploit medical advances and improve lung cancer management.</p>","PeriodicalId":23368,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"708-717"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12488352/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144369228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disease Activity and Cumulative Damage as Treatment Targets for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.","authors":"Yeon-Mok Oh","doi":"10.4046/trd.2025.0033","DOIUrl":"10.4046/trd.2025.0033","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23368,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"757-759"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12488349/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144498108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive Review of Comorbidities in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Preserved Ratio Impaired Spirometry: Insights from 2024.","authors":"So-Yun Kim, Duk-Ki Kim, Green Hong, Seong-Dae Woo, Da Hyun Kang, Song-I Lee, Chaeuk Chung, Dongil Park","doi":"10.4046/trd.2025.0052","DOIUrl":"10.4046/trd.2025.0052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive respiratory disorder frequently accompanied by multiple comorbidities, which can substantially influence prognosis and clinical management. Systemic inflammation and overlapping risk factors play significant roles in the pathogenesis of these comorbidities. Further, Preserved Ratio Impaired Spirometry (PRISm) has emerged as a condition indicating a high risk for COPD progression; nevertheless, the comorbidity burden of PRISm has not been adequately investigated. This review synthesizes major findings from clinically meaningful studies released in 2024, concentrating on cardiovascular diseases (CVD), pulmonary comorbidities, frailty, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) observed in both COPD and PRISm. CVD risk in COPD is modulated by disease phenotype, with severity and frequency of exacerbations being independent predictors of myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism. Bronchiectasis may be present in as many as 69% of COPD patients and is linked to elevated rates of exacerbation and increased mortality. The newly proposed Radiological bronchiectasis, Obstruction, Symptoms, and Exposure (ROSE) criteria deliver an evidence-based approach to patient characterization in those with concurrent bronchiectasis and COPD. This approach has revealed that individuals fulfilling the ROSE criteria are at a higher risk for COPD exacerbations and exacerbation- related hospitalization. Additionally, recent evidence indicates a robust association between severe OSA and PRISm, with a notably higher prevalence in severe OSA cases (12.9%) versus mild/moderate OSA (6.2%). Both PRISm and COPD are associated with an accelerated progression of frailty, underlining the necessity for prompt recognition and multidisciplinary management of comorbidities. The collective evidence underscores the critical value of adopting a multidimensional assessment in COPD and PRISm, utilizing objective diagnostic criteria and the implementation of early therapeutic measures. It is recommended that future research emphasize longitudinal designs and precision-based interventions to optimize health outcomes within these groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":23368,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"622-633"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12488343/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144660390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Importance of Accounting for Confounding Factors when Assessing Cardiovascular Outcomes of COVID-19: A Nationwide Cohort Study.","authors":"Seung-Hun You, Moon Seong Baek, Tae Wan Kim, Gyungah Kim, Sun-Young Jung, Won-Young Kim","doi":"10.4046/trd.2025.0092","DOIUrl":"10.4046/trd.2025.0092","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23368,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"751-753"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12488346/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144529650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between Serum Cadmium Concentration and Lung Function: A Study Using Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data.","authors":"Oh Beom Kwon, Eun Ju Lee, Myoung-Nam Lim, Jeeyoung Kim, Woo Jin Kim","doi":"10.4046/trd.2024.0161","DOIUrl":"10.4046/trd.2024.0161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Occupational and environmental exposures to cadmium affects lung. Cadmium accumulation alters intracellular signaling and impairs innate immunity which leads to chronic inflammation. Various factor such as gender, age, smoking status, and comorbidities are known to be associated with blood cadmium levels. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between lung function and serum cadmium concentration, adjusting for these factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study population included 7,448 adults who are over 40 years old and participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2008 to 2017, excluding 2014-2015, when there were no measured values for heavy metals. To investigate the relationship between blood cadmium concentration and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC), weights were applied to the subjects and adjusted linear regression analysis was performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>According to gender, as the blood cadmium concentration increased FEV1/FVC decreased in male smokers with age, body mass index (BMI), education level, hypertension and diabetes adjusted (estimate, -0.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.02 to 0.003). In female current smoker group, as the blood cadmium concentration increased, FEV1/FVC decreased with age, BMI, education level, hypertension, and diabetes adjusted (estimate, -0.02; 95% CI, -0.04 to -0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Lung function represented by FEV1/FVC decreased as the blood cadmium concentration increased in the male and female smoker group. The relationship between blood cadmium concentration and kidney function remains controversial and requires future studies. As a result, our study provided insight into the effects of cadmium concentration on lung function.</p>","PeriodicalId":23368,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"696-707"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12488350/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144761468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}