Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Emerging targeted therapies in asthma: from upstream epithelial biology to novel biologic and small-molecule strategies.","authors":"Hyun Woo Lee","doi":"10.4046/trd.2026.0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4046/trd.2026.0033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biologic and targeted small-molecule therapies have transformed the management of severe asthma by enabling mechanism-based targeting of key inflammatory pathways and achieving substantial reductions in exacerbations, improved lung function, and decreased corticosteroid dependence. Despite these advances, a considerable proportion of patients continue to experience breakthrough exacerbations and incomplete disease control, suggesting residual inflammatory mechanisms beyond classical type-2 pathways. Current biologics targeting IgE, interleukin-5, interleukin-4 receptor alpha, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin demonstrate efficacy across biomarker defined populations, but their clinical benefits remain closely linked to baseline type-2 biomarkers and are often limited in patients with non-type-2 or mixed inflammatory phenotypes. Emerging transcriptomic and clinical evidence indicates that epithelial dysfunction, innate immune activation, and tissue repair pathways contribute to persistent disease instability despite targeted cytokine blockade. These findings have stimulated the development of novel therapeutic strategies, including biologics directed against upstream epithelial alarmins such as interleukin-33, oral small-molecule inhibitors such as Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors and lineage-directed eosinophil-suppressing agents, inhaled biologics, and nanobody-based therapies. In addition, long-acting and ultra-long-acting biologics aim to improve treatment durability and adherence, while bispecific antibodies are designed to integrate upstream and downstream inflammatory inhibition within a single molecular construct. These advances reflect a shift toward broader and more sustained pathway modulation. Future progress in asthma treatment will depend on integrating epithelial biology, refining biomarker guided patient selection, and developing multispecific and upstream targeting therapies to address persistent disease heterogeneity and improve long-term clinical outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":23368,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of PROgnostic ModEl for chronic Lung disease (PRO-MEL) and ILD-GAP models in predicting mortality in Singaporean interstitial lung disease patients.","authors":"Gin Tsen Chai, Sheryl Hui-Xian Ng, Zi Yan Chiam, Michelle Li Wei Kam, Andrew Yunkai Li, Valencia Lim, Su Ying Low, Ziqin Ng, Yi Hern Tan, Felicia Su Wei Teo, Allyn Hum","doi":"10.4046/trd.2025.0207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4046/trd.2025.0207","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23368,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147676971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linezolid-Induced Optic Neuritis in Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review of Case Reports, Case Series, and Cohort Studies.","authors":"Sanjay Singhal, Ranganath Ganga, Pulkit Gupta, Aneeket Rastogi, Shilpi Arya, Shikha Agarwal, Shubham Singh, Ravindra Kumar Garg","doi":"10.4046/trd.2025.0214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4046/trd.2025.0214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>With the increasing use of Linezolid for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis, concerns have emerged about serious adverse effects, including optic neuritis.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To systematically review available evidence on the incidence reported in the cohort, onset, linezolid doses and duration, spectrum, management approaches, and outcomes across case report/series studies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines after registration in PROSPERO (CRD420251108339). PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus were searched. Eligible studies included case reports, case series, and cohort studies of patients with tuberculosis who developed optic neuritis while receiving linezolid. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers. Methodological quality was assessed using the Murad et al. tool. Results were synthesized narratively with descriptive statistics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nineteen case reports and case series, 35 cohort studies, and safety data from 5 RCTs were included. Most reported cases originated from India (61.6%), with a mean age of 30.6 ± 13.0 years; 65.4% were male. Linezolid was administered at 600 mg/day in nearly 90% of cases, with a median exposure of 7 months. Visual symptoms were typically painless and bilateral. After discontinuation of linezolid, more than half of patients achieved complete visual recovery, while 34.6% had residual visual impairment. Across cohort studies, the incidence of optic neuritis ranged from 0.47% to 30%, with higher rates observed in smaller studies from a single country and in patients with low body mass index.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This is an infrequent but clinically significant complication that requires early recognition, prompt drug withdrawal, and routine ophthalmological monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":23368,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147646460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Outcome Prediction by High-Resolution Computed Tomography and Echocardiography Assessment of Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients with Bronchiectasis.","authors":"Inhan Lee, Joon-Sung Joh, Ji Yeon Lee, Joohae Kim, Sooim Sin, Hyeon-Kyoung Koo, Ina Jeong","doi":"10.4046/trd.2025.0067","DOIUrl":"10.4046/trd.2025.0067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To evaluate the association between pulmonary hypertension and hospital admission rates in patients with bronchiectasis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively analyzed data from 130 bronchiectasis patients at the National Medical Center, Korea (November 2012 to October 2022). Pulmonary hypertension was evaluated using high-resolution computed tomography (CT) and echocardiography. Patients were categorized into two groups based on the diameter of the main pulmonary artery (mPA). Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with hospitalization.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty patients had suspected pulmonary hypertension on echocardiography. A higher percentage of patients with mPA diameter &gt;29 mm (n=61) had a history of previous exacerbations, elevated echocardiographic parameters related to pulmonary hypertension, and reduced lung function, compared to those with mPA diameter ≤29 mm (n=69). In univariate analysis, the hospitalization group showed increased mPA diameter; pulmonary artery to aorta ratio; involvement of lung lobes, cavities, and nodules; and increased systolic pulmonary artery pressure and peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity. In multivariate analysis, mPA diameter &gt;29 mm (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14 to 5.32) and the involvement of more than two lobes (adjusted OR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.14 to 5.77) were significant risk factors for hospitalization.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The CT parameters demonstrated comparable accuracy to models that incorporated echocardiographic data to predict hospitalization in bronchiectasis patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":23368,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"297-305"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13065393/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145709626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biologics in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Current Status and Future Prospects.","authors":"Joon Young Choi","doi":"10.4046/trd.2025.0180","DOIUrl":"10.4046/trd.2025.0180","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Significant progress has been made in managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), yet substantial unmet needs persist due to the disease&apos;s heterogeneity and the diverse underlying inflammatory mechanisms. Recent advances have broadened our understanding of COPD beyond a single pathophysiologic model, leading to the development of biologic therapies that target specific immune pathways. This review summarizes current evidence from clinical trials involving biologics in COPD. Early efforts to inhibit non-type 2 inflammation yielded limited results, highlighting the necessity for more refined, endotype-based approaches. Subsequent phase 3 trials have shown considerable clinical benefits in specific patient subsets: dupilumab, which blocks interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 signaling, and mepolizumab, which targets IL-5, consistently reduced exacerbation frequency among patients with high blood eosinophil counts (≥300 cells/μL). In contrast, other biologics-such as benralizumab, tezepelumab, and IL-33/suppression of tumorigenicity 2 pathway inhibitors like itepekimab, tozorakimab, and astegolimab-have demonstrated variable efficacy, often influenced by biomarker profiles and patient characteristics. These findings emphasize the importance of precise patient stratification based on inflammatory endotypes. While biologics mark a significant advancement for select COPD populations, further research is needed to clarify long-term outcomes, refine biomarker thresholds, and broaden treatment options for non-eosinophilic COPD.</p>","PeriodicalId":23368,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"121-132"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13065396/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146143633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dry Medical Thoracoscopy with Artificial Pneumothorax Induction: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Nai-Chien Huan, Larry Ellee Nyanti, Emilia Sheau Yuin Toh, Kong Meng Tung, Fui Bee Woo, Vikneshwara Shanmugam, Sarvin Vignesh, Y C Gary Lee","doi":"10.4046/trd.2025.0149","DOIUrl":"10.4046/trd.2025.0149","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dry medical thoracoscopy (MT) allows access into the pleural cavity in the absence of effusion; but its role, safety, and techniques remain poorly defined. This scoping review summarises current evidence on indications, procedural approaches, diagnostic yield, and safety of dry MT; and highlights gaps to guide future research.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a scoping review in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. PubMed and Google Scholar databases were systematically searched for original studies reporting on dry MT involving pneumothorax induction. Study selection and data extraction followed the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirteen studies involving 357 patients were included. 146 cases (40.9%) were completely 'dry' (complete absence of pleural fluid). Techniques for pneumothorax induction varied, including blunt dissection, Veress needle, Boutin needle, bladeless trocar, Saugman cannula and guidewire-assisted catheter insertion. Procedural success ranged from 80.6% to 100%, though definitions were inconsistently reported. Thoracic ultrasound was frequently used for site selection and needle guidance, but standardised criteria were lacking. Malignancy and chronic pleurisy were common histological findings. Complications occurred in 5.9% of cases, most commonly chest pain. No studies reported long-term follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Dry MT appears technically feasible and generally safe. Heterogeneity in techniques, outcome definitions, and limited follow-up constrain further interpretation. Future studies should aim to standardise procedural definitions, evaluate predictors of success, and compare pneumothorax induction methods. Prospective research with long-term outcomes is needed to definite the role of dry MT more clearly.</p>","PeriodicalId":23368,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"287-296"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13065398/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145709641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consensus of Korean Asthma Study Group on Definition of Clinical Remission in Severe Asthma: A Modified Delphi Study.","authors":"Sun Hye Shin, Joon Young Choi, Junghee Yoon, Youlim Kim, Jong Geol Jang, Ji-Yong Moon, Chin Kook Rhee, Kyung Hoon Min, Yong Il Hwang, Yeon-Mok Oh, Seong Yong Lim","doi":"10.4046/trd.2025.0161","DOIUrl":"10.4046/trd.2025.0161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Asthma remission has recently emerged as an aspirational treatment goal, yet its definition remains inconsistent across studies and expert groups. The absence of a standardized framework hampers its application in clinical practice and research, particularly in Korea where biologics use is rapidly increasing. This study aimed to establish a consensus definition of clinical remission in severe asthma among Korean experts.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A two-round modified Delphi survey, followed by a focused third round, was conducted among 28 board-certified pulmonologists from the Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases (KATRD). The questionnaire consisted of six domains and 27 items. Responses were analyzed using agreement rates, interquartile ranges, and content validity ratios to determine consensus levels.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Consensus was reached on defining clinical remission as a composite of no exacerbations, no systemic corticosteroid use, sustained symptom control (Asthma Control Test ≥20 on at least three occasions over 12 months), and stabilization and optimization of pulmonary function while on maintenance treatment. Experts agreed that pulmonary function should be assessed based on clinical judgment rather than absolute thresholds. Complete remission was additionally defined as fulfilling all clinical remission criteria with normalization of type 2 inflammation (blood eosinophils &lt;300/μL and fractional exhaled nitric oxide &lt;25 ppb).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This Delphi consensus provides a regionally relevant and pragmatic framework for defining remission in severe asthma. These statements may help guide clinical practice, inform guideline development, and support future research on remission as a treatment goal.</p>","PeriodicalId":23368,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"215-225"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13065394/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145709646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends and Sociodemographic Characteristics of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections in South Korea: A Nationwide NHIS-Based Study (2010-2022).","authors":"Jeong Mi Seo, Sungchan Kang, Taeyoon Lim, So-Mi Shin, Jake Whang, Jinsoo Ko, Gyeong In Lee","doi":"10.4046/trd.2025.0127","DOIUrl":"10.4046/trd.2025.0127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In South Korea, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is not a notifiable disease, while the absence of a national surveillance system hampers accurate assessment of its incidence. Therefore, this study utilized National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) claims data to investigate nationwide trends in NTM occurrence over the past decade.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used NHIS claims (2010-2022) to assemble a cohort with International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision A31 (A31.0, A31.1, A31.8, A31.9). For incidence, cases diagnosed in 2010-2011 were excluded. Incidence was estimated under three definitions: ≥2 outpatient visits or ≥1 inpatient admission with A31 during the study period; same as A, but with ≤180 days between visits; meeting B plus ≥1 antibiotic prescription within 180 days (treatment initiation). Age-standardized prevalence and incidence were calculated using the 2010 Korean population.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 178,287 newly diagnosed NTM cases were identified from 2012 to 2022 (mean age 51.4 years; 66.8 % female). The age-standardized prevalence increased from 15.5 to 69.8 per 100,000 in 2010 to 2022. Incidence peaked in 2017 (38.9/100,000), then declined to 26.9 in 2022. Age-specific incidence of NTM infection showed distinct sex-related patterns. Among men, incidence was consistently concentrated in older adults, particularly those ≥80 years, throughout 2012-2022. In contrast, women experienced a marked epidemiologic shift beginning in 2017, with incidence in their 20s and 30s surpassing older age groups. Medical Aid beneficiaries consistently showed higher incidence rates. By region, Daejeon and Chungnam showed the greatest increase in incidence rates in 2022, compared to 2012.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>NTM infection is increasing in Korea, with distinct epidemiologic patterns by sex, age, and socioeconomic status. The rising burden, especially among young women and the socioeconomically disadvantaged, warrants targeted public health strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23368,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"306-320"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13065404/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145709870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-pharmacological Management of Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Diseases.","authors":"Punchalee Kaenmuang, Wing-Ho Yip, Rasleen Kahai, Laura Fabbri","doi":"10.4046/trd.2025.0136","DOIUrl":"10.4046/trd.2025.0136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Non-pharmacological interventions are integral to the multidisciplinary management of fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), complementing pharmacological therapies by addressing functional decline, symptom burden, and quality of life. Palliative care is fundamental, offering a structured approach to symptom control-particularly dyspnea- and facilitating advance care planning. Oxygen therapy may provide symptomatic benefit in patients with resting, nocturnal, or exertional hypoxemia, though evidence remains limited and extrapolated mainly from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis cohorts. Pulmonary rehabilitation, encompassing supervised exercise and patient education, has demonstrated short-term improvements in exercise tolerance; however, long-term effects on dyspnea and health-related quality of life are inconsistent. Nutritional status is an emerging area of interest, with data linking low body mass index and unintentional weight loss, underscoring the potential value of dietary assessment and intervention. Psychological support is critical, as ILD patients frequently experience anxiety, depression, and psychological distress. Although peer-led interventions remain under-investigated, they appear to address significant unmet needs in patient education and emotional support. Occupational therapy provides tailored strategies to maintain functional independence and manage fatigue, thereby improving daily living. Immunization against influenza, pneumococcus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus- 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is essential, given the elevated risk of infection-related morbidity and mortality. For selected patients with progressive disease refractory to medical therapy, lung transplantation offers a potential survival advantage, necessitating timely referral and evaluation. Although results are promising, evidence is still limited for some interventions and further research is warranted to establish robust, evidence-based guidelines for non-pharmacological management in fibrosing ILD.</p>","PeriodicalId":23368,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"166-183"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13065407/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145811000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-tuberculosis Health: A Holistic Perspective on Multisystem Sequelae and Long-Term Wellbeing.","authors":"Jinsoo Min, Yoolwon Jeong, Hyung Woo Kim, Hongjo Choi, Hojoon Sohn, Marc Lipman, Ju Sang Kim","doi":"10.4046/trd.2025.0120","DOIUrl":"10.4046/trd.2025.0120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tuberculosis survivors often face long-term physical, psychological, and social challenges that extend beyond microbiological cure. Post-tuberculosis complications include pulmonary damage, cardiovascular and neurological sequelae, as well as significant impacts on overall wellbeing and livelihoods. Despite increasing awareness, most care continues to focus primarily on lung disease, overlooking the multisystem and social needs of survivors. A holistic, people-centered framework that integrates medical, rehabilitative, and community-based strategies is essential for restoring health and facilitating societal participation among tuberculosis survivors.</p>","PeriodicalId":23368,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"202-214"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13065409/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146228709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}