Tropical Medicine and Health最新文献

{"title":"Impact of targeted drug administration and intermittent preventive treatment for forest goers using artesunate-pyronaridine to control malaria outbreaks in Cambodia.","authors":"Dysoley Lek, Nguon Sokomar, Top Samphornarann, Jeanne Rideout, Saad El-Din Hassan, Tol Bunkea, Saing Sam Ath, Rothpisey Seng, John Hustedt, Thomas J Peto, Jayme Hughes, Ke Kimmen, Khoy Dy, Bipin Adhikari","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00607-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41182-024-00607-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The national malaria programme of Cambodia targets the rapid elimination of all human malaria by 2025. As clinical cases decline to near-elimination levels, a key strategy is the rapid identification of malaria outbreaks triggering effective action to interrupt local transmission. We report a comprehensive, multipronged management approach in response to a  2022 Plasmodium falciparum outbreak in Kravanh district, western Cambodia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The provincial health department of Pursat in conjunction with the Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control (CNM) identified villages where transmission was occurring using clinical records, and initiated various interventions, including the distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets, running awareness campaigns, and implementing fever screening with targeted drug administration. Health stations were set up at forest entry points, and later, targeted drug administrations with artesunate-pyronaridine (Pyramax) and intermittent preventive treatment for forest goers (IPTf) were implemented in specific village foci. Data related to adherence and adverse events from IPTf and TDA were collected. The coverage rates of interventions were calculated, and local malaria infections were monitored.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 942 individuals were screened through active fever surveillance in villages where IPTf and TDA were conducted. The study demonstrated high coverage and adherence rates in the targeted villages, with 92% (553/600) coverage in round one and 65% (387/600) in round two. Adherence rate was 99% (551/553) in round one and 98% (377/387) in round two. The study found that forest goers preferred taking Pyramax over repeated testing consistent with the coverage rates: 92% in round one compared to 65% in round two. All individuals reachable through health stations or mobile teams reported complete IPTf uptake. No severe adverse events were reported. Only six individuals reported mild adverse events, such as loss of energy, fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and muscle aches. Two individuals attributed their symptoms to heavy alcohol intake following prophylaxis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The targeted malaria outbreak response demonstrated high acceptability, safety, and feasibility of the selected interventions. Malaria transmission was rapidly controlled using the available community resources. This experience suggests the effectiveness of the programmatic response for future outbreaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":"52 1","pages":"42"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11165738/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141306915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of two multiplex PCR assays for rapid detection of eleven Gram-negative bacteria in children with septicemia.","authors":"Gabriel Miringu, Abednego Musyoki, Betty Muriithi, Ernest Wandera, Dan Waithiru, Erick Odoyo, Hisashi Shoji, Nelson Menza, Yoshio Ichinose","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00606-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41182-024-00606-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to develop a multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of major Gram-negative etiologies of septicemia and evaluate its performance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Multiplex PCR (mPCR) assays were developed targeting 11 bacterial strains. Species-specific primers were confirmed using known clinical isolates and standard strains. Gradient PCR was performed on each primer against its target bacterial gene to determine its optimal amplification condition. The minimum detectable DNA concentration of the two assays was evaluated by adjusting bacterial DNA concentration to 100 ng/μL and, tenfold serially diluting it up to 10 pg/μL with DNAse-free water. The diagnostic accuracy of mPCR assays was established by subjecting the assays to 60 clinical blood samples.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two mPCR assays were developed. Optimal primer annealing temperature of 55 °C was established and utilized in the final amplification conditions. The assays detected all targeted bacteria, with a 100 pg minimum detectable DNA concentration. Pathogens were not detected directly from whole blood, but after 4 h and 8 h of incubation, 41% (5/12) and 100% (12/12) of the bacteria were detected in culture fluids, respectively. The assays also identified Salmonella spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae co-infections and extra pathogens (1 E. coli and 2 K. pneumoniae) compared with culture. The sensitivity and specificity of the mPCR were 100.0% (71.7-100.0) and 98.0% (90.7-99.0), respectively. The area under the ROC curve was 1.00 (1.00-1.00).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The mPCR assays demonstrated substantial potential as a rapid tool for septicemia diagnosis alongside the traditional blood culture method. Notably, it was able to identify additional isolates, detect co-infections, and efficiently detect low bacterial DNA loads with high sensitivity, implying its value in enhancing efficiency of diagnosis of septicemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":"52 1","pages":"40"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11151619/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141262883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can women empowerment boost dietary diversity among children aged 6-23 months in sub-Saharan Africa?","authors":"Richard Gyan Aboagye, Irene Esi Donkoh, Joshua Okyere, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sanni Yaya","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00579-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41182-024-00579-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The empowerment of women has implications on the health and dietary needs of children. Using the survey-based women's empowerment index (SWPER), we examined the association between women's empowerment and dietary diversity among children aged 6-23 months in sub-Saharan Africa.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from the Demographic and Health Surveys of 21 countries were utilized. Descriptive spatial map was used to present the proportions of dietary diversity among the children. Multilevel binary logistic regression was used to examine the association between SWPER and dietary diversity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 22.35% of children aged 6-23 months had adequate minimum dietary diversity (MDD) in sub-Saharan Africa. The countries with the highest proportions of adequate MDD were Angola, Benin, Madagascar, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and South Africa. South Africa had the highest proportion of MDD (61.00%), while Liberia reported the least (9.12%). Children born to mothers who had high social independence were more likely to have adequate MDD compared to those with low social independence [aOR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.21, 1.41]. In addition, children born to women with medium [aOR = 1.12; 95% CI 1.03, 1.21] and high decision-making [aOR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.14, 1.37] were more likely to receive MDD than those with low decision-making.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Insufficient dietary diversity is evident among children aged 6-23 months in sub-Saharan Africa. MDD in children is influenced by women's empowerment. Policies and interventions promoting women's empowerment can enhance MDD, especially for vulnerable groups in rural and poorer households. It is crucial to leverage media and poverty reduction strategies to improve MDD among children in sub-Saharan African countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":"52 1","pages":"39"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11149264/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141248613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Barriers and misconceptions hindering reduction of intestinal schistosomiasis in Mbita Sub-County, Western Kenya.","authors":"Ngetich B Cheruiyot, Sachiyo Nagi, Asena E Chadeka, Rie Takeuchi, Miho Sassa, Bahati Felix, Noriko Kobayashi, Taeko Moriyasu, Janet Masaku, Gordon Okomo, Collins Ouma, Doris Njomo, Sammy M Njenga, Shinjiro Hamano","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00602-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41182-024-00602-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Community and individual participation are crucial for the success of schistosomiasis control. The World Health Organization (WHO) has highlighted the importance of enhanced sanitation, health education, and Mass Drug Administration (MDA) in the fight against schistosomiasis. These approaches rely on the knowledge and practices of the community to be successful; however, where the community knowledge is low and inappropriate, it hinders intervention efforts. Hence, it is essential to identify barriers and misconceptions related to awareness of schistosomiasis, sources of infection, mode of transmission, symptoms, and control measures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a mixed-method cross-sectional study involving 1200 pre-school children randomly selected and examined for Schistosoma mansoni infection using the Kato-Katz technique. All parents/guardians of selected children were enrolled for a pre-tested questionnaire survey, while 42 were engaged in focus group discussions (FGDs). The level of knowledge and awareness among parents/guardians about schistosomiasis was evaluated in relation to the infection status of their pre-school children.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among pre-school children, the prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis was 45.1% (95% CI 41.7-48.5). A majority of parents/guardians (85.5%) had heard about schistosomiasis, and this awareness was associated with the participant's level of education (OR = 0.16, 95% CI 0.08, 0.34). In addition, a positive association was observed between higher educational attainment and knowledge of the causative agent (OR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.49, 0.96). Low education level was significantly associated with limited knowledge of transmission through lake water contact (OR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.52, 0.97) and infection from the lake (OR = 0.33, 95% CI 0.19, 0.57). Notably, parents/guardians who have heard of schistosomiasis could not recognize symptoms of S. mansoni infection, such as abdominal pain (91.8%, 815/888) and blood in the stool (85.1%, 756/888). Surprisingly, 49.8% (442/888) incorrectly identified hematuria (blood in urine), a key sign of S. haematobium, but not S. mansoni, in an endemic area for S. mansoni infection. The majority (82.6%, 734/888) of parents/guardians were unaware that dams are potential infection sites, despite 53.9% (479/888) of their pre-school-aged children testing positive for schistosome infection.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite the high level of awareness of intestinal schistosomiasis in the study area, we identified a low level of knowledge regarding its causes, modes of transmission, signs and symptoms and potential sites of transmission within the community. This study emphasizes the need for targeted educational interventions to address the misconceptions and knowledge gaps surrounding intestinal schistosomiasis through tailored community-based programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":"52 1","pages":"38"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11092127/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140920903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ghana's path towards eliminating lymphatic filariasis.","authors":"Munawar Harun Koray","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00596-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41182-024-00596-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lymphatic filariasis, also known as elephantiasis, is a debilitating parasitic disease that has been prevalent in various parts of the world, including China and Ghana. This paper explores the historical context of lymphatic filariasis in Ghana and China, as well as the fights towards eliminating the disease in both countries. The review also covered the strategies employed by the Chinese government to eliminate lymphatic filariasis and the key lessons that Ghana can learn from China's success. The discussion highlights the importance of political commitment, multisectoral collaboration, tailoring control strategies to local contexts, adopting a comprehensive approach, and emphasising health education and community mobilisation. By adopting these lessons and fostering a robust national strategy, engaging diverse stakeholders, and ensuring active community involvement, Ghana can work towards achieving lymphatic filariasis elimination, improving public health, and fostering sustainable development.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":"52 1","pages":"37"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11088759/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140909204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures among residents in selected townships, Yangon Region, Myanmar: a community-based cross-sectional study.","authors":"Ye Minn Htun, Nyan Lin Maung, Dwe Kyaw Ko, Han Myo Htut, Min Khant Phyo, Wai Lynn Aung, Hein Khant Zaw, Aung Kyaw Min, Aung Phyo Kyaw, Thet Swe, Kaung Khant Zaw, Kyaw Swar Naing Win, Khant Ko Ko, Khant Min Thaw, Saw Pyae Aung, Saw Yan Aung, Soe San Htun, Soe Htet Paing, Soe Lin Htun, Zaw Myo Naing, Zin Ko Htun, Htoo Naung, Htun Htun Oo, Naing Ye Hla, Aung Kyaw San, Hpone Myint Myat, Phone Shan Htet, Min Khant Mon, Ye Myat Paing, Wai Lin Phyo, Win Khant Paing, Thu Rein, Thit Lwin Oo, Thet Paing Zaw, Thet Lynn Oo, Thint Myat Thu, Than Toe Aung, Hein Htet Soe, Aung Kyaw Soe, Aung Myint Oo, Aung Aung, Pyae Phyo Aung, Htun Aung Kyaw, Hpone Pji Kyaw, Yan Naing Myint Soe, Myint Myat Ko, Zin Ko Aung, Kyaw Thiha Aung, Yan Paing Chit Lwin, Wai Yan, Phyo Tayza Soe, Zin Linn Htet, Nay Hein Sint, Zayar Aung, Zin Thu Winn, Kaung Si Thu, Nyan Htet Shan, Nyan Sint Htun, Tun Tun Win, Kyaw Myo Tun","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00603-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41182-024-00603-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To fight the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, many countries have implemented various mitigation measures to contain the spread of the disease. By engaging with health service providers, the community's participation in adherence to preventive measures is certainly required in the implementation of COVID-19 mitigation strategies. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the level of adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures and its associated factors among the residents, Yangon Region, Myanmar.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 636 residents in Yangon Region, Myanmar, from October to December 2021. A multistage non-probability sampling method, purposively selected for three townships in Yangon Region and convenience sampling for 212 participants from each township, was applied and the data were collected by face-to-face interviews using structured and pretested questionnaires. Data were entered, coded, and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25.0. Simple and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed to identify the significant variables of adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>As a level of adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures, the proportion of residents who had good adherence was 39.3% (95% CI 35.5-43.2%), moderate adherence was 37.6% (95% CI 33.8-41.5%), and poor adherence was 23.1% (95% CI 19.9-26.6%). The age group of 31-40 years (AOR: 3.13, 95% CI 1.62-6.05), 30 years and younger (AOR: 3.22, 95% CI 1.75-5.92), Burmese ethnicity (AOR: 2.52, 95% CI 1.44-4.39), own business (AOR: 3.19, 95% CI 1.15-8.87), high school education level and below (AOR: 1.64, 95% CI 1.02-2.69), less than 280.90 USD of monthly family income (AOR: 1.51, 95% CI 1.01-2.29), low knowledge about COVID-19 (AOR: 1.90, 95% CI 1.26-2.88) were significantly associated with poor adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this study, nearly one-fourth of the residents were experiencing poor adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures. Therefore, building up the risk communication through the community using widely used mainstream media, the continuation of disease surveillance and announcement of updated information or advice for the public to increase awareness towards COVID-19, and enforcement to follow the recommended directions and regulations of health institutions are vital to consider for improving the adherence to preventive measures against COVID-19 among the residents.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":"52 1","pages":"36"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11088027/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140909240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decentralization and immunization program in a single-party state: the case of the Lao People's Democratic Republic.","authors":"Phonevilay Viphonephom, Sengchanh Kounnavong, Daniel Reinharz","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00601-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41182-024-00601-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), a lower-middle-income country, lags behind other Southeast Asian countries in immunization coverage for children under two years of age. The organization of health services is a key determinant of the functionality of immunization programs. However, this aspect, and in particular its decentralization component of the healthcare system, has never been studied.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A case study in the Lao National Immunization Program was performed using a neo-institutional theory-based conceptual framework, highlighting the structure (rules, laws, resources, etc.) and interpretative schemes (dominant beliefs and ideas) that underlie the state of decentralization of the healthcare system that support the conduct of the immunization program. Twenty-two semi-structured interviews were conducted with representative actors from various government levels, external donors, and civil society, in four provinces. Data were complemented with information retrieved from relevant documents.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Lao healthcare system has a deconcentrated form of decentralization. It has a largely centralized structure, albeit with certain measures promoting the decentralization of its immunization programs. The structure underlying the state of centralization of immunization services provided is coherent with a shared dominant interpretive scheme. However, the rapid economic, technical, and educational changes affecting the country suggest that the coherence between structure and interpretative schemes is bound to change.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Unprecedented opportunities to access quality higher education and the use of social networks are factors in Lao PDR that could affect the distribution of responsibilities of the different levels of government for public health programs such as the National Immunization Program.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":"52 1","pages":"35"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11075326/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140877380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-efficacy of Olyset^® Plus, PermaNet^® 3.0 and Interceptor^® G2 on pyrethroid-resistant populations of Anopheles gambiae s.l. prior to the June 2023 net distribution campaign in Benin, West Africa.","authors":"David Mahouton Zoungbédji, Germain Gil Padonou, Arthur Sovi, Alphonse Keller Konkon, Albert Sourou Salako, Roseric Azondékon, Aboubakar Sidick, Juvénal Minassou Ahouandjinou, Linda Towakinou, Razaki Ossè, Rock Aïkpon, Cyriaque Affoukou, Lamine Baba-Moussa, Martin Akogbéto","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00599-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-024-00599-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study investigates the effectiveness of new-generation mosquito nets, like Olyset^® Plus and PermaNet^® 3.0, and dual-action nets such as Interceptor^® G2, against pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes following the 2023 mass distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets in Benin.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We tested wild mosquito populations from six communes in Benin against various pyrethroid (permethrin 0.75%, alphacypermethrin 0.05%, and deltamethrin 0.05%) using WHO tube tests. Additionally, we exposed mosquitoes to chlorfenapyr 100 µg/ml using the CDC bottle bioassay method. A subset of mosquitoes underwent biochemical and PCR tests to check the overexpression of metabolic enzymes and the Kdr L1014F mutation. We evaluated the effectiveness of Olyset^® Plus, PermaNet^® 3.0, and Interceptor^® G2 nets using cone and tunnel tests on both laboratory and field populations of An. gambiae.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, the highest mortality rate was 60% with pyrethroid and 98 to100% with chlorfenapyr. In cone tests, all three types of nets induced mortality rates above 80% in the susceptible laboratory strain of An. gambiae. Notably, Olyset^® Plus showed the highest mortality rates for pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes in cone tests, ranging from 81.03% (95% CI: 68.59-90.13) in Djougou to 96.08% (95% CI: 86.54-99.52) in Akpro-Missérété. PermaNet^® 3.0 had variable rates, from 42.5% (95% CI: 27.04-59.11) in Djougou to 58.54% (95% CI: 42.11-73.68) in Porto-Novo. However, revealed good results for Interceptor^® G2, with 94% (95% CI: 87.40-97.77) mortality and 89.09% blood sampling inhibition in local populations of An. gambiae. In comparison, Interceptor^® had lower rates of 17% (95% CI: 10.23-25.82) and 60%, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results suggest that tunnel tests are effective for evaluating dual-active ingredient nets. Additionally, Interceptor^® G2 and PBO nets like Olyset^® Plus could be considered as alternatives against pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":"52 1","pages":"34"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11059851/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140864019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune response to hepatitis B vaccine among children under 5 years in Africa: a meta-analysis.","authors":"Babayemi O Olakunde, Ijeoma M Ifeorah, Daniel A Adeyinka, Olubunmi A Olakunde, Temitayo Ogundipe, John O Olawepo, Echezona E Ezeanolue","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00594-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41182-024-00594-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Africa is mostly acquired before the age of 5 years through vertical or horizontal routes. While all the countries in the World Health Organization African region have introduced HBV vaccination into their national immunization programs, the rate of protective immune response to HBV vaccine among children in Africa has not been systematically synthesized. In this study, we estimated the HBV vaccine seroprotection rate (defined as anti-HBs titer ≥ 10 IU/L) and the associated factors among under-five children who completed a primary series of HBV vaccination in Africa.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We systematically searched PubMed, Web Science, and Scopus databases from inception to May 2022 for potentially eligible studies. The pooled seroprotection rate was estimated using a random-effects model with Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation and the associated factors were examined using odds ratio estimated by the DerSimonian and Laird method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From the 1063 records identified, 29 studies with a total sample size of 9167 under-five children were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled seroprotection rate was 89.23% (95% CI   85.68-92.33%, I² = 95.96%, p < 0.001). In the subgroup analyses, there was a significant difference in the rate by the assay method, vaccine dose, and vaccine combination. HIV-positive children had lower odds of achieving seroprotection when compared with HIV-negative children (OR = 0.22, 95%CI   0.12-0.40).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The majority of under-five children in Africa achieved seroprotection after completing three or four doses of HBV vaccine. However, the rate was lower among children living with HIV. This calls for interventions to timely identify and address nonresponse to HBV vaccine, particularly among immunosuppressed children.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":"52 1","pages":"28"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10983738/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140336918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-country case study on school health policy and its implementation in relation to COVID-19 control in Micronesia Small Islands Developing States.","authors":"Fumiko Shibuya, Margaret Hattori-Uchima, Paul Dacanay, Florence Peter, Tarmau Terry Ngirmang, Rudelyn Dacanay, Rie Takeuchi, Calvin de Los Reyes, Jun Kobayashi","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00590-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41182-024-00590-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The COVID-19 pandemic caused school closures and rises in mental illness and non-communicable disease among school children worldwide. The Pacific Small Islands Developing States (SIDS) were also affected, but school health activities, which can effectively reduce negative effects of COVID-19, were not widely implemented compared to other Asia-Pacific countries. This study examined current school health implementation and related policies at national, local, and school levels in the Micronesia SIDS according to phases of COVID-19 control.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Multi-country case study targeted the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), and Republic of Palau (ROP). These studies focused on school health implementation periods according to the PPR (Prevention, Preparedness, and Response) concept: Phase #1: prevention/preparedness, #2: early phase response, and #3: chronic phase response/recovery phase. Data were collected through policy document reviews that identified school health policies related to COVID-19 controls in the three phases and key informant interviews (KIIs) with 44 key informants (FSM, n = 14; RMI, n = 18; ROP, n = 12) whose work related to school health. The collected data were analyzed using content analysis methods according to the conceptual framework in this study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study identified three factors of school health implementation related to COVID-19 controls: promotion of decentralized education (FSM), implementation of COVID-19 controls in the school community (RMI), and disaster management for the protection of students including response to infectious disease (ROP). In Phase #1, no country had established a school health policy. In Phase #2, three enablers were identified in FSM and ROP, as reflected in COVID-19 controls by the education and health sectors. In Phase #3, RMI implemented COVID-19 controls in the school community. Documents on youth policy and disaster management in ROP were updated to reflect the chronic phase response and response to future public health crises.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A decentralized education was instrumental in immediately implementing COVID-19 control measures in schools at national and local levels for coordination between education and health sectors. Despite each county's multi-sectoral approach to engage COVID-19 controls in schools, local government organization requires strengthening and implementation of the formulated school health policy. In preparation for the next public health crisis, school health should be promoted that is integrated into both infection control and disaster management.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":"52 1","pages":"27"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10979614/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140327200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}