Tropical Medicine and Health最新文献

{"title":"Knowledge, attitude and practice towards intestinal schistosomiasis among school-aged children and adults in Amhara Regional State, northwest Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study.","authors":"Getaneh Alemu, Endalkachew Nibret, Arancha Amor, Abaineh Munshea, Melaku Anegagrie","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00584-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41182-024-00584-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Schistosoma mansoni causes intestinal schistosomiasis (SCH) in all regions of Ethiopia. Despite many years of mass treatment, the prevalence has not dropped significantly. The reduction of SCH transmission demands the integration of deworming with safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) activities. Adequate knowledge and a positive attitude towards SCH are critical to practicing those interventions. However, data on the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) level in school and community settings is limited in Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>School and community-based cross-sectional studies were conducted from February to June 2023 among 634 school-aged children (SAC) and 558 adults. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and KAP data. Records were entered and analyzed using SPSS software version 21. Correct responses for each of the KAP questions were scored as one, while incorrect or 'I don't know' responses were scored as zero. Good knowledge, a positive attitude and good practice were declared if percentage scores were ≥ 80%, ≥ 90% and ≥ 75%, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Only 229 (19.2%) respondents, comprising 91 (14.4%) SAC and 138 (24.7%) adults, had ever heard of SCH. Adults, males, and urban residents had higher awareness level compared to their respective counterparts (p < 0.05). Only 28.4% of aware respondents knew that swimming or bathing in freshwater is a risk factor for schistosoma infection; 10.9% knew the etiologic agent; and 14.4% mentioned at least one sign and symptom associated with SCH. The majority (97.8%) of the respondents were willing to take therapeutic drugs, but only 37.6% believed that SCH is a serious disease. Regarding risky practices, 89.5% practiced swimming or bathing in freshwater, and 25.3% had no access to piped water. Among the aware respondents, only 18 (7.9%) had good knowledge, while 30 (13.1%) had a positive attitude towards SCH. Ninety-nine (43.2%) respondents had good Schistosoma infection prevention practices.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The knowledge, attitude, and preventive practice level towards schistosomiasis are low in the study area. Therefore, strengthening school and community-based health education, along with mass drug administration (MDA), WASH, and a vector control program, is recommended for preventing SCH.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":"52 1","pages":"23"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10926617/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140094653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterogeneity in the prevalence of subclinical malaria, other co-infections and anemia among pregnant women in rural areas of Myanmar: a community-based longitudinal study.","authors":"Poe Poe Aung, Kay Thwe Han, Wim Groot, Regien Biesma, Zaw Win Thein, Thura Htay, Zaw Lin, Kyin Hla Aye, Matthew Adams, Milena Pavlova","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00577-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41182-024-00577-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Due to the low prevalence of clinically suspected malaria among pregnant women in Myanmar, little is known about its impact on mothers and newborns. Helminth and Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV) co-infections cause anemia in pregnant women. This study assessed the prevalence of subclinical malaria and co-infections among pregnant women, and its association with adverse outcomes of pregnancy in the presence of infection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective longitudinal study was conducted in 12 villages in two townships in Myanmar between 2013 to 2015. A total of 752 pregnant women, with a mean age of 27 years, were enrolled and followed up once a month until six weeks after childbirth. Prevalence ratio was calculated in the multivariable analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of subclinical malaria as measured by nested PCR was 5.7% for either P. falciparum or P. vivax, 2.7% prevalence of P. falciparum and 2.8% prevalence of P. vivax. Helminth infections were prevalent in 17% of women, and one woman with an HIV infection was found in our study. The burden of anemia was high, with an overall prevalence of 37% with or without helminth infection, 42% of the women were malaria positive and 43% had dual infections (both malaria and helminth). Only 11 abnormal pregnancy outcomes (7 stillbirths, 2 premature, 2 twins) were identified. Poisson regression showed that women in their first trimester had a 2.9 times higher rate of subclinical malaria compared to women in the third trimester (PR:2.9, 95%CI 1.19, 7.31, p = 0.019), women who were enrolled during the wet season were 2.5 times more likely to be malaria positive than the women enrolled in the dry season (PR: 2.5, 95%CI 1.27, 4.88, p = 0.008), and the malaria positivity rate decreased by 5% when increased in one year of woman's age (PR:0.95, 95%CI 0.91, 0.99, p = 0.02). In the multivariable regression, the age of respondents was the only significant factor associated with subclinical malaria in pregnancy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A comprehensive approach of integrating interventions for malaria, anemia, and helminths should be delivered during antenatal care services for pregnant women in rural areas of Myanmar.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":"52 1","pages":"22"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10921590/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140065967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why avoid naming diseases after animals? The case of \"Molluscum contagiosum\".","authors":"Fabrizio M Machado, Rodrigo B Salvador","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00586-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41182-024-00586-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For over 200 years, the name molluscum contagiosum-a dermatological disease-has unfairly associated molluscs (the second largest group of animals on the planet) with this highly contagious infectious disease. Herein, arguments are presented demonstrating the serious problem of continuing to use this name, including animal welfare concerns. Thus, to minimize any unnecessary impacts on the biodiversity and conservation of molluscs, we follow WHO best practices in naming diseases to suggest the use of the new term 'wpox' or 'water warts' as a synonym for molluscum contagiosum.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":"52 1","pages":"21"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10916272/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140050389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenotypic characterization of ESBL-producing urinary isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. in a tertiary care children's hospital in Nepal.","authors":"Santosh Pantha, Hiramani Parajuli, Charu Arjyal, Shovana Thapa Karki, Dhiraj Shrestha","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00587-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41182-024-00587-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) among uropathogens, particularly E. coli and Klebsiella spp., poses a severe public health concern. This study explored the epidemiology of ESBL-producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolated from urine samples obtained at a tertiary care children's hospital in Nepal.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2016 to February 2017. A total of 745 clean catch urine samples were obtained from pediatric patients under the age of 13 and subjected to semiquantitative culture. E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were identified using standard laboratory protocols. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, and ESBL producers were phenotypically identified using the combined disk method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the bacterial isolates, E. coli predominated, accounting for 139 (81.8%) positive cases. Notably, E. coli showed high susceptibility to nitrofurantoin, with 117 (84.2%) isolates being susceptible. Meanwhile, K. pneumoniae showed high susceptibility to gentamicin, with 21 (91.3%) isolates being susceptible. Of the 163 isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella spp., 62 (38.0%) were identified as multidrug-resistant (MDR), with 42 (25.8%) confirmed as phenotypic ESBL producers. Remarkably, all 41 (100%) ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were susceptible to imipenem.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The prevalence of ESBL producers among E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from pediatric patients underscores the importance of antimicrobial stewardship. Nitrofurantoin and gentamicin emerge as effective empirical treatment choices against these pathogens in children. However, the high rates of multidrug resistance and ESBL production highlight the necessity for routine surveillance, and early detection strategies to manage such infections effectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":"52 1","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10905773/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139997540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxoplasma gondii molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis in hemodialysis patients from Khuzestan, Southwest Iran.","authors":"Saba Yarahmadi, Jasem Saki, Reza Arjmand, Heshmatolah Shahbazian","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00585-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41182-024-00585-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The diagnosis and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection can make a significant influence to the prevention of the dangerous consequences of toxoplasmosis, particularly in immunocompromised people.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this investigation was to assess the frequency and genotyping of T. gondii in blood samples of patients with hemodialysis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In the current investigation, a total of 379 blood samples were taken from subjects with hemodialysis who were referred to teaching hospital of Ahvaz in the southwest of Iran. The samples were evaluated using the Nested PCR by targeting the B1 gene, and then, sequencing and phylogenetic tree were constructed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>T. gondii DNA was found in 112 (29.55%) of the blood samples by Nested PCR. Amplicons from T. gondii revealed high identity with GenBank sequences. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that all sequences were closely related to Type I of T. gondii.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Because of the high incidence of toxoplasmosis with type I prevalent in hemodialysis patients, we recommend a systematic screening for toxoplasmosis to carry out for monitoring the possible dissemination of toxoplasmosis during hemodialysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":"52 1","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10863173/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139730608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Malaria transmission potential of Anopheles gambiae s.l. in indoor residual spraying areas with clothianidin 50 WG in northern Benin.","authors":"Esdras Mahoutin Odjo, Mathilde Tognidro, Renaud Govoetchan, Antoine Abel Missihoun, Gil Germain Padonou, Juvenal Minassou Ahouandjinou, Bruno Akinro, Zinsou Come Koukpo, Filémon T Tokponnon, Armel Djenontin, Clement Agbangla, Martin C Akogbeto","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00582-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41182-024-00582-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study objective was to assess the frequency of the kdr-L995F and ace-1 G280S genetic mutations in Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes and examine their ability to transmit Plasmodium falciparum in areas where indoor residual spraying (IRS) was implemented with Clothianidin 50 WG. The study was conducted in six communes in the Alibori and Donga departments of which four were IRS-treated and two were untreated and served as control. Post-IRS monthly samples of adult mosquitoes were collected in study communes using human landing catches (HLC). An. gambiae s.l. specimens were processed to detect kdr-L995F and ace-1 G280S mutations via PCR as well as Plasmodium falciparum infectivity through CSP ELISA. Our data revealed a high and similar allelic frequency for the kdr-L995F mutation in both treated and control communes (79% vs. 77%, p = 0.14) whilst allelic frequency of the ace-1 G280S mutation was lower across the study area (2-3%, p = 0.58). The sporozoite rate was 2.6% and 2.4% respectively in treated and untreated communes (p = 0.751). No association was found between Plasmodium falciparum infection in Anopheles gambiae s.l. vectors and carriage of kdr-L995F and ace-1 G280S mutations regardless of genotypes. The study findings underline the need for an integrated approach to malaria control, combining different control methods to effectively target transmission. Regular monitoring of insecticide resistance and genetic mutations is essential to guide control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":"52 1","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10854093/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139713157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First malaria in pregnancy followed in Philippine real-world setting: proof-of-concept of probabilistic record linkage between disease surveillance and hospital administrative data.","authors":"Takuya Kinoshita, Fe Espino, Raymart Bunagan, Dodge Lim, Chona Daga, Sabrina Parungao, Aileen Balderian, Katherine Micu, Rutchel Laborera, Ramon Basilio, Marianette Inobaya, Mario Baquilod, Melecio Dy, Hitoshi Chiba, Takehiro Matsumoto, Takeo Nakayama, Kiyoshi Kita, Kenji Hirayama","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00583-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41182-024-00583-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although the Philippines targets malaria elimination by 2030, it remains to be a disease that causes considerable morbidity in provinces that report malaria. Pregnant women residing in endemic areas are a vulnerable population, because in addition to the risk of developing severe malaria, their pregnancy is not followed through, and the outcome of their pregnancy is unknown. This study determined the utility of real-world data integrated with disease surveillance data set as real-world evidence of pregnancy and delivery outcomes in areas endemic for malaria in the Philippines.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>For the period of 2015 to 2019, electronic data sets of malaria surveillance data and Ospital ng Palawan hospital admission log of pregnant women residing in the four selected barangays of Rizal, Palawan were merged using probabilistic linkage. The source data for record linkage were first and last names, birth date, and address as the mutual variable. The data used for characteristics of the pregnant women from the hospital data set were admission date, discharge date, admitting and final diagnosis and body weight on admission. From the malaria surveillance data these were date of consultation, and malaria parasite species. The Levenshtein distance formula was used for a fuzzy string-matching algorithm. Chi-square test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the means of the two data sets.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of pregnant women admitted to the tertiary referral hospital, Ospital ng Palawan, was estimated to be 8.34/100 overall, and 11.64/100 from the four study barangays; that of malaria during pregnancy patients was 3.45/100 and 2.64/100, respectively. There was only one true-positive matched case from 238 women from the hospital and 54 women from the surveillance data sets. The overall Levenshstein score was 97.7; for non-matched cases, the mean overall score was 36.6 (35.6-37.7). The matched case was a minor who was hospitalized for severe malaria. The outcome of her pregnancy was detected from neither data set but from village-based records.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This proof-of-concept study demonstrated that probabilistic record linkage could match real-world data in the Philippines with further validation required. The study underscored the need for more integrated and comprehensive database to monitor disease intervention impact on pregnancy and its outcome in the Philippines.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":"52 1","pages":"17"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10851569/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139707983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-Leishmania major activity of Calotropis procera extract by increasing ROS production and upregulating TNF-α, IFN-γ and iNOS mRNA expression under in vitro conditions.","authors":"Shahla Amani, Soheila Alinejad, Negar Asadi, Elham Yousefi, Shahram Khademvatan, Gordon Stanley Howarth","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00578-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41182-024-00578-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Leishmaniasis, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, is a neglected tropical disease with 700,000 to 1,000,000 global new cases annually. Adverse effects associated with expense, long-term treatment and drug resistance have made conventional therapies unfavorable, encouraging the search for alternative drugs based on plant products. In this study, the effect of Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) extract against viability of promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania major was evaluated in vitro.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The extract from the leaves of C. procera seedlings was prepared using a methanol maceration method. The colorimetric cell viability 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to determine the growth-inhibitory effect of the extract on promastigotes. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in promastigote cultures was determined after treatment with the extract using the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) method and compared with untreated cultures (control). After exposure to the extract the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) genes were determined and compared to control in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) infected with L. major.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on the MTT assay, the C. procera extract significantly reduced the proliferation of L. major promastigotes with IC₅₀ values of 377.28 and 222.44 μg/mL for 24 and 72 h, respectively (p < 0.01). After treatment with 222.44 and 377.28 μg/mL of C. procera extract, ROS production in L. major promastigote cultures increased 1.2- to 1.65-fold and 2- to 4-fold compared to the control, respectively (p < 0.05). C. procera extract induced significant increases in gene expression of TNF-α (2.76-14.83 fold), IFN-γ (25.63-threefold) and iNOS (16.32-3.97 fold) in infected PBMCs compared to control (p < 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>On the basis of its anti-leishmanial activity, C. procera can be considered as a promising new plant source for the potential treatment of leishmaniasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":"52 1","pages":"16"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10832188/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139672783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicological analyses of the venoms of Nigerian vipers Echis ocellatus and Bitis arietans.","authors":"Emeka John Dingwoke, Fatima Adis Adamude, Aliyu Salihu, Mujitaba Suleiman Abubakar, Abdullahi Balarabe Sallau","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00581-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41182-024-00581-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Among the medically important snakes in Nigeria, Echis ocellatus and Bitis arietans have the most lethal venom. These venoms were classified according to the presence of snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), snake venom phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂s), and snake venom serine proteases (SVSPs). Toxicological analyzes were performed to understand the significance of different protein families in venoms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Proteins were separated from venom using column chromatography. The skin and footpad of mice were used to determine hemorrhagic and edematogenic activities. Caprine blood plasma was used to test fibrinolytic activity in vitro.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that, compared to the crude venom, the SVMP fraction induced hemorrhagic effects with a diameter of 26.00 ± 1.00 mm in E. ocellatus and 21.33 ± 1.52 mm in B. arietans. Both SVSP and SVMP had anticoagulant effects; however, the SVSP fraction had a stronger effect, with a longer anticoagulation time of 30.00 ± 3.00 min in E. ocellatus and 26.00 ± 2.00 min in B. arietans. These main venom toxins, SVMPs, SVSPs, and PLA₂, were found to have edema-forming effects that were optimal at 2 h after envenomation. PLA₂s had the highest edema-inducing activity, with onset 30 min after envenomation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Given the importance of SVMPs in altering the integrity of the membrane structure and impairing the blood coagulation system, an antivenom that can specifically neutralize its activity could inhibit the hemorrhage effects of the venoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":"52 1","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10823708/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139570116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A description of a pre-emptive typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccination campaign after the 2015 earthquake in Nepal and vaccine effectiveness evaluation.","authors":"Bhim Gopal Dhoubhadel, Ikumi Sawada, Dhruba Shrestha, Yoshifumi Fukuya, Ganendra Bhakta Raya, Eric Ipyn Nébié, Yumiko Hayashi, Rasila Pasakhala, Motoi Suzuki, Konosuke Morimoto, Christopher M Parry, Koya Ariyoshi","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00580-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41182-024-00580-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A 7.8 R scale earthquake hit Nepal in April 2015 and caused about 9000 deaths along with damage to infrastructure, including the water and sewage system. Bhaktapur was one of the highly affected districts. A typhoid vaccination campaign (pre-emptive) was carried out among children who were living in the temporary shelters in this district. The assessment of vaccine effectiveness after a pre-emptive typhoid vaccine campaign following an earthquake has previously not been attempted in Nepal.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the pre-emptive typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccination campaign and an evaluation of the vaccine effectiveness.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a pre-emptive typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccination campaign among children between 2 and 15 years of age dwelling in 23 temporary shelters in Bhaktapur district after the earthquake. Surveillance of clinical typhoid was carried out from 2014 to 2017 in Siddhi Memorial Hospital, the only hospital for children in the district. We calculated vaccine effectiveness using a case-control study design (clinical typhoid as cases and chest x-ray confirmed pneumonia as controls).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three thousand nine hundred sixteen children of age 2-15 years residing in the 23 temporary shelters in Bhaktapur received the typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine between July and December 2015. 2193 children of age 2-15 years were admitted to the hospital during the study period and 260 (11.9%) were diagnosed with clinical typhoid. The numbers of children admitted with clinical typhoid decreased over the study period (105 in 2014 and 47 in 2017; P = 0.001). Overall vaccine effectiveness was calculated at 52% (95% CI -46 to 85%), and it was 87% (95% CI -25 to 99) among children less than 5 years of age.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We successfully conducted a pre-emptive vaccination campaign against typhoid after the 2015 Nepal earthquake. The pre-emptive vaccination campaign appeared to be more effective among children less than 5 years of age. Further studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of pre-emptive use of typhoid vaccines in the emergency situations. We highlight the challenges of calculating vaccine effectiveness of a typhoid vaccine in an emergency setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":"52 1","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10823638/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139570158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}