Tree physiology最新文献

{"title":"Sexual dimorphism in poplar plants: Resource trade-offs and sex-specific strategic responses during leaf senescence.","authors":"Fang He, Yuan Zhang, Shuang-Lian Deng, Xing-Yu Liu, Guan-Ru Ren, Xin-Ran Yu, Hao Li, Ting Wang, Yang Xu, Xin-Yue Cui, Tiantian Lin","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpag139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpag139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Leaf senescence is a critical developmental transition that drives nutrient remobilization, profoundly impacting plant fitness and forest productivity. In dioecious plants, divergent reproductive costs drive sex-specific life-history strategies, yet how these fundamental differences are rewired at the senescence level remains largely unknown. Here, integrating physiological, hormonal, metabolomic, and transcriptomic analyses, we reveal a striking sexual dimorphism in the senescence trajectories of the perennial tree Populus deltoides. Males execute a \"fast-recycling\" strategy characterized by accelerated canopy yellowing, massive reactive oxygen species (ROS) bursts, rapid nitrogen export, and synergistic surges in abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA), which collectively support enhanced vegetative growth. In contrast, females adopt a \"maintenance-and-defense\" strategy, retaining higher chlorophyll levels and mitigating oxidative stress through enhanced antioxidant metabolism to prolong leaf longevity. By constructing hierarchical regulatory networks, we identify a male-biased HD-ZIP/MYB transcriptional cascade that acts as a master amplifier of senescence signals and is associated with downstream effector genes (such as PLIP2, ATGAP1, and ASG1) involved in lipid degradation and cell death. Our findings provide a comprehensive multi-omics framework demonstrating that sex shapes the fundamental paradigm of leaf senescence, highlighting an evolutionary trade-off between rapid nutrient remobilization and prolonged organ maintenance.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149012827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous chlorophyll fluorescence measurements trace sudden cold spell effects on the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II in a temperate mixed forest.","authors":"Clara Stock, Stefanie Dumberger, Kathrin Kühnhammer, Markus Sulzer, Andreas Christen, Simon Haberstroh, Christiane Werner","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpag138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpag138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing frequency of air temperature extremes and short-term fluctuations poses a significant threat to the physiological functioning of temperate forests across Europe. However, the mechanisms by which these fluctuations induce stress and impair the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) in tall tree canopies remain poorly understood. Moreover, the impact of air temperature extremes and fluctuations on ecosystem carbon fluxes remains poorly quantified. Here, we integrated real-time chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) and eddy covariance carbon flux measurements in a temperate mixed forest over an entire growing season. Throughout the predominantly warm and wet early-summer period, no significant stress responses were observed. In contrast, late-summer cold spells combined with high irradiance triggered significant photoinhibition, with the deciduous Fagus sylvatica exhibiting greater sensitivity than the evergreen Pseudotsuga menziesii. F. sylvatica shifted energy partitioning toward reversible non-photochemical quenching (NPQr) accompanied by a decline in photochemical efficiency of PSII indicative of chronic photoinhibition. In contrast, P. menziesii relied primarily on sustained non-photochemical quenching (NPQs​), demonstrating more efficient photoprotection and enhanced cold tolerance. Despite the pronounced photoinhibition in the F. sylvatica sun canopy and its dominance within the forest, the effect did not translate to a decline in total ecosystem carbon exchange. Our findings demonstrate that even short-term fluctuations can induce acute stress responses in temperate forest trees, which may compromise the physiological functioning of sensitive species like F. sylvatica as climate extremes intensify. Consequently, these results underscore the critical role of continuous, multi-scale in situ monitoring in resolving the species-specific responses necessary to understand and predict forest resilience.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149012766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mycorrhizal tree dominance effects on community-level nutrient status and resorption efficiency depend on tree diversity in a subtropical young forest.","authors":"Wei Zhang, Yi-Jie Xu, Bao-Xu Pan, Jun-Kai Hu, Cheng Zhu, Xiao-Jie Li, Yong Zheng, Ya-Lin Hu","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpag124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpag124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tree mycorrhizal type and tree species diversity are pivotal drivers of nutrient contents and resorption of individual plants. However, it is unclear how community-level nutrient status and resorption will change along mycorrhizal tree dominance, in particular how the trends vary with tree diversity. We investigated the impacts of arbuscular mycorrhizal tree dominance (AMD) nested with tree species richness (SR) on the community-level leaf and litter carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents, stoichiometric ratios, and N resorption efficiency (NRE) and P resorption efficiency (PRE), and soil available nutrient status. Our results showed that leaf and litter C and N contents and C:P and N:P ratios generally declined, but leaf P content, and nutrient resorption efficiencies (i.e., NRE, PRE and NRE:PRE ratio) increased with increasing AMD. Moreover, soil inorganic N (i.e., NH4+-N and NO3--N) and available P contents declined with increasing AMD. Our findings demonstrated that the effects of AMD on plant and soil nutrient status varied with tree SR, showing amplified effects of AMD on plant nutrient status and weaken effects on soil available nutrient and plant nutrient resorption in high-diverse community. In addition, we conclude that the 'nutrient concentration control' is the key driving mechanism of leaf NRE, but 'stoichiometry control' is a main regulator of PRE in subtropical forests. Our results provide a guidance of using mycorrhizae-associated tree species to achieve more available nutrient resources and thereby improving productivity in mixture plantations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149008906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drought amplifies divergence between the responses of radial growth and resin duct traits to neighbourhood competition.","authors":"Xue Wang, Chen Xu, Mingyu Liu, Xianliang Zhang","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpag140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpag140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drought and neighbourhood competition can affect tree growth and resin duct traits, yet how competition responses differ between drought and non-drought conditions remains unclear. We combined tree-ring basal area increment (BAI) with six resin duct traits for 75 focal Larix principis-rupprechtii trees across five study locations in northern China. Annual radial growth was weakly associated with reconstructed annual competition intensity under both drought and non-drought conditions. In contrast, all six resin duct traits and a principal component analysis (PCA)-derived resin duct index were positively associated with competition intensity during drought years, whereas these relationships were weak or absent during non-drought years, with greater divergence between growth and resin duct responses under drought. This pattern was robust to alternative drought definitions, surface-area standardization, and a four-trait PCA excluding derived total traits. Across complementary distribution-specific and Gaussian log1p Bayesian bivariate models, conditional growth-resin duct correlations were generally weak or uncertain across residual, year, plot/location and individual-tree components, although positive correlations were most evident at the individual-tree level for latewood and total resin duct lumen area. Overall, drought was associated with contrasting competition responses of radial growth and resin duct traits without producing a consistent growth-resin duct correlation structure, highlighting environmentally contingent and trait-specific responses to neighbourhood competition in drought-prone forests.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149008942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gibberellin in regulating poplar growth, development and stress responses.","authors":"Lixia Zhang, Xiaoqi Zhou, Guanming Cheng, Han Han","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpag102","DOIUrl":"10.1093/treephys/tpag102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gibberellic acid (GA) plays a central role in regulating growth, development and stress responses. Poplars exhibit woody-specific GA regulatory mechanisms due to their long-life cycle, continuous vascular cambium activity and seasonal dormancy. While the GA biosynthetic pathway is highly conserved between herbaceous and woody plants, key poplar synthesis genes such as KS1 and KS2 show vascular tissue-specific expression. Centered on the GID1--DELLA (Asp‑Glu‑Leu‑Leu‑Ala) signaling pathway, GA modulates downstream genes via ubiquitination and interacts synergistically or antagonistically with hormones like -auxin, abscisic acid and jasmonic acid to regulate poplar growth and stress responses. Under abiotic stress, poplars downregulate GA levels and accumulate DELLA proteins to enhance resistance. During biotic stress, GA integrates with miRNAs and transcription factors, maintaining growth--defense balance through the DELLA--MYC2 module. Addressing current gaps in holistic GA regulatory network studies and weak understanding of biotic stress mechanisms, this review summarizes poplar GA synthesis, metabolism and signaling pathways, elucidating their roles in woody-specific traits and stress responses. We aim to provide a theoretical support for GA molecular mechanism research in woody plants and forest tree breeding.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148607928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibition of ClCaM2 expression promoted root development in Cunninghamia lanceolata seedlings experiencing phosphorus deficiency.","authors":"Yachao Li, Qingjun Xie, Jing Liu, Xianhua Deng, Ming Li, Xiangqing Ma, Pengfei Wu","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpag107","DOIUrl":"10.1093/treephys/tpag107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phosphorus is a key nutrient limiting terrestrial ecosystem productivity, with low phosphorus availability affecting over 30% of agricultural and forest ecosystems worldwide. Root development plays a central role in enhancing phosphorus uptake efficiency in plants, with root number being a major determinant of adaptation to phosphorus deficiency. Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) cuttings originating from the same clone were used in this study. Root phenotyping, exogenous inhibitor treatments and transcriptome sequencing were conducted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying root responses to phosphorus limitation. Under phosphorus-deficient conditions, seedling root number was 24.8 and 32.7% higher than in the phosphorus-sufficient at a lower level, and phosphorus-sufficient at a higher level conditions, respectively. The calmodulin protein C. lanceolata calmodulin 2 protein (ClCaM2) was markedly downregulated under phosphorus-deficient conditions. Inhibition of ClCaM2 expression by an exogenous inhibitor increased root number by 26.4% and significantly enhanced root length and surface area by 26.1 and 31.8%, respectively. Treatment with the exogenous inhibitor also led to the upregulation of phosphate transporter genes (1.5-fold) and key auxin signaling genes, suggesting strong growth-promoting effects. In contrast to wild-type seedlings, transgenic white poplar (Populus alba L.) seedlings overexpressing ClCaM2 exhibited reductions in root length, number, surface area and volume. Thus, ClCaM2 was shown to participate in adaptive Chinese fir root responses to phosphorus deficiency by negatively regulating root development and moderating the expression of phosphate transporter genes. These findings extend our understanding of the molecular regulation of tree root responses to nutrient stress and provide a potential strategy for improving plant tolerance to phosphorus-deficiency through the targeted regulation of calcium signaling.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148670349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of ascorbate and glutathione assays for woody perennial bud tissues: overcoming matrix effects and storage instability.","authors":"Juwita R Dewi, Pragya Poudel, Wenyi Xu, Santiago Signorelli, Michael J Considine","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpag103","DOIUrl":"10.1093/treephys/tpag103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quantifying ascorbate (ASC) and glutathione (GSH) in woody perennial tissues presents significant methodological challenges due to complex tissue matrices and the lability of these redox-active metabolites. We adapted established enzymatic microplate assays for ASC and GSH quantification to mature dormant grapevine buds, a structure containing protective scales, hairs and lignified components. Key optimizations included: (i) use of 1 M HClO₄ rather than 0.2 M HCl for effective enzyme inactivation and matrix disruption; (ii) sample-to-solvent ratios of 1:10 to 1:15; and (iii) extended centrifugation to effectively sediment organic components. Standard addition experiments revealed significant matrix effects, with recovery of ~80% for ASC and 65% for GSH. The optimized method successfully determined >90% reduction status for both metabolites in mature buds. Critically, we observed severe ASC instability during frozen storage, with ~80% loss of ASC after 4 months at -80 °C, while GSH remained stable. These findings underscore the necessity of immediate analysis for ASC quantification in woody tissues and provide a validated protocol for studying redox metabolism in perennial bud tissues.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13537514/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148607951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From molecular decline to regeneration failure: seed aging in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) challenges the conservation of forest reproductive material.","authors":"Elwira Nawrocka, Hanna Fuchs, Ewelina Ratajczak","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpag121","DOIUrl":"10.1093/treephys/tpag121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is a keystone species in temperate forests in Central and Western Europe. However, its regeneration is increasingly constrained by erratic seed production, climate variability and poor storage of its partially desiccation-sensitive seeds. Rapid loss of viability during seed storage poses a major obstacle to the conservation. This review synthesizes current knowledge of the physiological, biochemical and epigenetic processes involved in the aging of beech seeds. Oxidative stress emerges as a central driver: the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after seed shedding disrupts membrane integrity, impairs mitochondrial respiration and accelerates programmed cell death, whereas controlled ROS levels also act as essential signaling molecules during germination. Mitochondrial decline progressively reduces energy supply during hydrated storage, while epigenetic instability, particularly DNA hypomethylation, weakens macromolecular repair and germination potential. The decrease in protective molecules, including dehydrins and raffinose family oligosaccharides, together with other aging-related processes, contributes to the rapid decline in beech seed viability during conventional moist storage at low temperatures. We argue that effective conservation strategies must integrate early molecular diagnostics (e.g., ROS accumulation, DNA methylation, mitochondrial respiration) with improved drying, freezing and cryopreservation protocols. By explicitly linking cellular mechanisms of seed aging to regeneration failure and forest-scale resilience, this synthesis underscores the urgent need for adaptive management to safeguard the regeneration potential and ecosystem resilience of Fagus sylvatica in a rapidly changing climate.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13601638/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148832601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Living on the edge: warmer climate reduces leaf thermal safety margins and causes partial gas exchange decoupling in Mediterranean shrubs.","authors":"Margaux Didion-Gency, Pol Soler-Ruiz, Eva Castells, Jordi Martinez-Vilalta","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpag100","DOIUrl":"10.1093/treephys/tpag100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Global warming pushes plants close to their leaf thermal limits, altering carbon uptake, growth and survival. Therefore, investigating leaf thermal tolerance adjustment is essential to understand future vegetation dynamics, especially in high-risk Mediterranean shrubs facing hot and dry summers. We measured dark-adapted leaf fluorescence (Fv/Fm), thermal thresholds (Tcrit, T50, Tmax), optimal assimilation temperature (Topt), thermal safety margin (TSM), leaf and air temperatures (Tair, Tleaf) and gas exchange (A, gs, E) in six shrub species in six sites along a climatic gradient in Catalonia, Spain. Across all species, we found that Topt increased as conditions warmed, while Fv/Fm and Tmax showed quadratic responses decreasing in the warmest sites. Hence, TSM declined and approached 0 at the hottest sites, indicating that shrubs were operating close to their thermal limits. Warmer Tair under high levels of solar radiation raised Tleaf, though some species occasionally maintained Tleaf < Tair during daytime, suggesting a passive or active leaf cooling at high temperatures. Moreover, E and, to a lesser extent, gs remained relatively high despite low A at higher Tleaf (at a given VPD), revealing a partial decoupling of gas exchange at high temperatures. Incorporating leaf thermal tolerance adjustments and gas exchange decoupling at extreme temperatures into vegetation models could improve predictions of shrub function and dynamics under warmer climates.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148537139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stomatal decoupling during heatwaves does not alter leaf cooling or recovery in Quercus ilex under long-term experimental drought.","authors":"Alice Gauthey, Jean-Marc Limousin, Maxwell Bergström, Martin G De Kauwe, Janisse Deluigi, Margaux Didion-Gency, Arianna Milano, Charlotte Grossiord","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpag108","DOIUrl":"10.1093/treephys/tpag108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heatwaves and droughts are intensifying, increasing atmospheric evaporative demand and threatening forest functioning. Rising temperatures drive strong declines in photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, yet some trees maintain transpiration during extreme heat via a phenomenon termed stomatal decoupling. However, its occurrence and significance under long-term drought remain poorly understood. We investigated leaf physiology and canopy temperature in a Mediterranean Quercus ilex forest exposed to >20 years of experimental rain exclusion, including during an intense heatwave (>40 °C). Despite similar soil moisture, experimentally droughted trees experienced lower leaf water potential during the summer. Photosynthesis (Anet) and stomatal conductance (gs) were similar across treatments early in the season. During the heatwave, Anet declined to zero whilst gs stayed positive, demonstrating strong stomatal decoupling in both drought histories. This decoupling only marginally reduced canopy temperature, which exceeded air temperature by up to 10 °C. Whilst foliar thermal tolerance thresholds (>53 °C) were not surpassed, extensive canopy damage was observed, especially in experimentally droughted trees, and reduced post-heatwave physiological recovery. Overall, Q. ilex exhibited stomatal decoupling under extreme heat, but this mechanism provided limited evaporative cooling and did not prevent canopy scorching. Long-term drought mainly influenced recovery capacity rather than the occurrence of decoupling itself.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13580088/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148698008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}