Tree physiology最新文献

{"title":"Deep learning-assisted proteomic dissection reveals sex biased and shared proteomic patterns in Populus deltoides under waterlogging stress and subsequent recovery.","authors":"Nida Arif, El-Hadji Malick Cisse, Ling-Feng Miao, Da-Dong Li, Fan Yang","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpag056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpag056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sexual dimorphism in dioecious tree species and proteomic responses under stress represents an underappreciated axis of stress resilience. Here, we investigated sex-biased proteomic patterns in Populus deltoides exposed to long-term waterlogging and subsequent recovery. By integrating iTRAQ- based quantitative proteomics with machine learning approaches, including autoencoders, graph neural networks (GNNs), and SHAP-based model explainability, we explored latent structure within high-dimensional protein abundance data. Unsupervised autoencoders captured dominant stress-related variation but showed limited resolution of sex-associated differences. In contrast, GNN and GraphSAGE embeddings disentangled sex-biased proteins embedded within broader waterlogging and recovery responses, highlighting a structured and topologically coherent proteomic differentiation. SHAP analyses applied to Random Forest, and XGBoost models trained on latent features confirmed that waterlogging is the most decisive contributor to sex-biased compared to recovery. Further, in males, selective retention of photosynthetic capacity was evident through the increased protein abundance of Photosystem II components (PsbH, PsbR) and light-harvesting proteins (Lhcb1, Lhcb2), coupled with targeted decreased protein abundance of cytochrome b6f and Photosystem I subunits during stress and a partial rebound post-waterlogging. In contrast, females displayed widespread suppression across the photosynthetic apparatus, suggesting a reduced capacity for functional recovery. Stress-specific modulation of phenylpropanoid and proline pathways further revealed divergent metabolic strategies. Together, our findings revealed sex-biasedproteomic plasticity as a critical determinant of recovery potential in P. deltoides and established a graph-based machine-learning framework for decoding the hidden layers of functional dimorphism under abiotic stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Positive allelopathic effects of Cornus controversa litter on soil phosphatase activity and seedling growth in the endangered tree Davidia involucrata.","authors":"Yujie Wang, Huan Wang, Zhengchuan Liang, El-Hadji Malick Cisse, Dadong Li, Yamei Chen, Qinsong Liu, Xiao Xu","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpag055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpag055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Allelopathic interactions between associated tree species can shape seedling establishment, resource acquisition, and long-term coexistence. However, the mechanisms underlying such interactions in endangered plants remain underexplored. In this study, we aimed to elucidate whether and how aqueous litter extracts from Cornus controversa Hemsl. influence the growth performance and nutrient acquisition in Davidia involucrata Baill., a relict and endangered tree species in China. Seedlings were treated with distilled water (control), branch litter extract, leaf litter extract, or a mixture of both at natural concentrations. Across all treatments, litter extracts increased plant height, total leaf area, dry mass, and tissue nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content, with branch litter extract exerting the strongest growth-promoting effects. Notably, this treatment was associated with a marked increase in soil phosphatase activity, while root phosphatase activity remained unchanged. Soil phosphatase activity showed significant positive relationships with most growth traits of D. involucrata seedlings. Metabolite profiling identified 35 shared compounds and multiple organ-specific metabolites among the extracts, with branch litter extracts exhibiting the highest abundance of indole-related compounds, suggesting a potential biochemical basis for the observed positive allelopathic effects. These findings reveal a previously underappreciated positive allelopathic interaction involving an endangered tree species and demonstrate that organ-specific litter inputs can enhance nutrient acquisition by activating soil enzymes. This study offers novel mechanistic insights into how associated tree species may sustain ecological interactions under nutrient-limited conditions, with implications for the conservation and management of endangered forest species.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Xylem anatomy and pit architecture but not perforation-plate types shape hydraulic strategies against hypersaline and drought stress in eight woody mangroves.","authors":"Yang Wei, Xin Jiang, Brendan Choat, Amy Ny Aina Aritsara, Kun-Fang Cao, Ya-Jun Chen","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpag049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpag049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mangrove species mainly inhabit tropical and subtropical intertidal zones, where they suffer periodic tidal inundation. They display diverse perforation-plate types and pit structures, however, the extent to which these anatomical features contribute to their adaptation to coastal environments remains unclear. In this study, we quantified 27 traits, representing hydraulics, anatomy, and pit characteristics in eight woody mangrove species from Hainan, Southern China, including four simple-perforation (SI) and four scalariform-perforation (SC) plate species. All species exhibited high xylem embolism resistance (P50: -4.39 to -6.65 MPa) but relatively low hydraulic efficiency (Ks-max: 0.65 to 1.87 kg m-1 s-1 MPa-1). We found an overall trade-off between hydraulic safety and efficiency, species with greater embolism resistance had narrower conduits, thicker vessel walls, and higher fractions of axial parenchyma. These species also exhibited more negative minimum water potentials (Ψmin: -2.90 to -3.98 MPa) and wider hydraulic safety margins (HSM50: 1.56 to 3.01 MPa) than species with lower embolism resistance. Although no significant differences were observed in hydraulic function or most xylem anatomy between SI and SC species, likely due to substantial within-group variations, pit architecture differed markedly. SI species had smaller, more densely packed pits compared to SC species. Additionally, variations in pit aperture size and shape well explained interspecific differences in hydraulic safety but not hydraulic efficiency. Our findings highlight that enhanced hydraulic safety, rather than efficiency, underpins mangrove adaptation to hypersaline environment through reinforcement both anatomical and pit architecture. While perforation plate morphology influences pit architecture, it does not appear to affect hydraulic function directly. Further research, including a broader taxonomic range, is necessary to clarify how variations in perforation-plate types modulate hydraulic performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do hydraulic characteristics differ between woody plants from karst and non-karst forests?","authors":"Chun-Yan Wan, Shi-Dan Zhu","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpag052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpag052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Owing to rapid rainwater runoff and low surface soil moisture in karst environments, karst woody plants frequently experience drought and are highly vulnerable to climate change. However, recent studies have revealed that karst species can access reliable water sources from epikarst zones where have well-developed secondary porosity. The mechanisms by which woody plants cope with karst environments remains unclear. In this study, we established a stem and leaf hydraulic dataset for 696 karst and non-karst woody species (grown on soil substrates) from four climatic zones (tropical, subtropical, temperate, and Mediterranean), along with climate variables at each site. We aimed to address the following questions: How do karst and non-karst species differ in their hydraulic traits within the same climate? How do the hydraulic-climate relationships differ between the two plant groups? Our results showed that hydraulic efficiency, stem embolism resistance, and minimum leaf water potential were similar between karst and non-karst species in each climate zone. The stem hydraulic safety margin (HSMstem) was higher in karst species than in non-karst species in temperate and Mediterranean regions, but did not differ significantly in the other two climate zones. Leaf hydraulic safety-efficiency was significant and consistent between the two plant groups. However, at the stem level, the hydraulic trade-off was stronger in karst species than in non-karst species. Most hydraulic traits were significantly influenced by the aridity index in karst species, whereas in non-karst species leaf and stem hydraulic efficiencies were associated with the mean annual temperature and precipitation of the warmest quarter, respectively. With increasing aridity, HSMstem tended to increase in karst species but decrease in non-karst species. This comparative study enhances our understanding of the hydraulic strategies and drought risks associated with karst woody plants globally.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting strategies, shared risk: 12-yr nitrogen addition weakens hydraulic safety in young and mature trees via distinct pathways.","authors":"Tao Yan, Shijie Ning, Tianyu Zhong, Peilin Wang, Jiaojun Zhu","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpag054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpag054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nitrogen (N) deposition is widely assumed to stimulate growth in N-limited temperate forests, yet how N deposition interacts with tree ontogeny to regulate the carbon-water processes shaping tree resilience, decline, and mortality under environmental stress remains unclear. We used a 12-year anthropogenic N addition (control; N20: 20 kg N ha-1 year-1; and N50: 50 kg N ha-1 year-1) experiment spanning young, intermediate, and mature larch plantations in northern China to test age-dependent effects on hydraulics and nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) reserves. In young trees, N50 decreased soluble sugars in leaves, twigs, and branches, but increased in roots, suggesting a preferential belowground allocation, whereas N20 responses were limited. However, this apparent adaptive response was accompanied by increased xylem embolism vulnerability, indicating a potential trade-off between greater root carbon investment and hydraulic safety. In contrast, mature trees exhibited a tendency of systemic impairment of hydraulic function but with no signs of NSC reallocation. Our results demonstrate that decadal N addition disrupts carbon-water balance age-dependently: young trees trade hydraulic safety for carbon reallocation while mature trees undergo hydraulic decline. These findings challenge the view that N deposition uniformly benefits temperate forests and show that incorporating age-specific physiology is essential for predicting temperate forest dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Freezing tolerance and recovery of arbuscular-mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Thuja occidentalis.","authors":"Virpi Virjamo, Tapani Repo, Tarja Lehto","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpag048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpag048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mycorrhizal symbiosis increases nutrient uptake of the host plant, and it can also improve their stress tolerance. Roots are considered as the most frost sensitive plant parts. However, the freezing tolerance of mycorrhizas, and especially arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) is poorly understood. Here, we studied the freezing tolerance and recovery of AM and non-mycorrhizal (NM) Thuja occidentalis (L.). After a simulated summer and autumn, whole-plant freezing tests were done using seven exposure temperatures from 5°C to -45°C. Then freezing damage of needles was assessed by relative electrolyte leakage (REL). The seedlings were kept for two weeks in long-day recovery conditions with day temperature either 10°C or 22°C, and then visual damage, shoot and root mass, nutrient concentrations and mycorrhizal colonization were analyzed. Before the frost exposure, AM plants had higher P concentrations and similar growth as NM plants. Needle freezing tolerance was -23°C (corresponding to lethal temperature for 50% of specimens) and was not affected by AM. Visual investigation after the recovery period showed a similar result. Lower foliar N concentration and root mass in seedlings exposed to -18°C in both AM and NM plants suggests that fine-root damage had taken place already before -18°C. Recovery in 22°C increased nutrient uptake and growth only in seedlings exposed to +5°C and -5°C, but specific root length increased also after -18°C. AM plant shoots grew less than NM ones during the recovery period. AM increased foliar N during recovery in all non-lethally exposed seedlings, and P concentrations in seedlings exposed to +5°C and -5°C. This was due to a concentration effect by the lower dry mass increment. These results suggest that the functioning of AM fungi can be limited by short growing seasons or in cold soil conditions, which may affect their distribution in cold regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Volatile cues from pathogenic, mutualistic and saprotrophic fungi cause specific, fungus-dependent responses in Poplar.","authors":"Peiyuan Zhu, Baris Weber, Maaria Rosenkranz, Andrea Ghirardo, Jörg-Peter Schnitzler","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpag053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpag053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plants are exposed to complex interactions with belowground organisms, yet how they differentiate between mutualistic and pathogenic fungi before physical contact remains largely unknown. We exposed the roots of young Populus x canescens to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by either a pathogenic (Heterobasidion annosum), a saprotrophic (Postia placenta), or an ectomycorrhizal (Laccaria bicolor) fungus. VOC analysis of the shared rhizosphere headspace and leaf emissions revealed that poplar plants could perceive and respond to fungal identity solely through airborne cues. The root-zone headspace contained fungus-specific sesquiterpene fingerprints that remained similar after three and six weeks of co-cultivation: Pathogen-derived VOCs induced constant high sesquiterpene emissions from the root-zone, whereas mycorrhiza caused low but targeted emissions of specific sesquiterpenes. In contrast, saprotrophic VOCs caused a temporal shift in root-zone VOC pattern, with increased sesquiterpene emissions after six weeks. Fungal VOC exposure also altered leaf VOC emissions, enriching alkanes, esters and monoterpenes. Initially, leaf VOC emissions were fungal lifestyle-specific but they converged over time, indicating systemic signal integration of belowground signals. These findings demonstrate that trees can discriminate \"friend-versus-foe\" through VOCs alone, extending pattern-recognition theory beyond contact-dependent cues. Multivariate analyses suggested organ-specific chemical strategies: roots function as chemosensors decoding fungal volatilomes, while systemic adjustments shape aboveground VOC profiles. Understanding the plant response to fungal VOCs may offer potential for developing early pathogen diagnostics and further elucidate the volatile-mediated plant-fungal interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiomics Integration Unravels the Systemic Mechanisms of Bacillus paramycoides JYZ-SD5 in Enhancing Salt Tolerance in Metasequoia glyptostroboides.","authors":"Si-Rong Huang-Fu, Zhen-Qian Li, Jia-Kun Liu, Xiao-Qin Wu, Wei-Liang Kong","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpag047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpag047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soil salinization is a major driver of global soil degradation and significantly affects agricultural productivity and ecosystem stability. The use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) represents a promising strategy for mitigating salt stress and reclaiming saline soils. This study investigated the mechanisms by which Bacillus paramycoides JYZ-SD5, a PGPR strain that promotes growth under salt stress, achieves this effect in Metasequoia glyptostroboides. We combined bacterial genome sequencing with transcriptomic analysis of M. glyptostroboides to identify key genes and pathways involved in this interaction. The JYZ-SD5 genome (5.83 Mb chromosome, five plasmids, 35.16% G+C content) encodes genes for the production of compatible solutes and exopolysaccharides (EPS), the regulation of ion (Na+, Cl-) transport, and the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Under salt stress, JYZ-SD5 produces high levels of EPS and compatible solutes (proline, betaine, trehalose), effectively sequestering sodium ions. The VOCs produced by JYZ-SD5 further alleviate salt stress in M. glyptostroboides, significantly improving seedling root development and biomass under 0.6% NaCl. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 76 genes that were differentially expressed following JYZ-SD5 inoculation under salt stress and were involved mainly in nutrient uptake, hormone regulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, and osmotic regulation. Untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed the activation of the ascorbic acid pathway and proline metabolism. These results offer new insights into the molecular mechanisms by which PGPR enhance salt tolerance in M. glyptostroboides and highlight the potential of B. paramycoides JYZ-SD5 as a bioinoculant for sustainable agriculture and the reclamation of saline soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergies between hydraulic safety and efficiency reduce tree susceptibility to insect attack.","authors":"Sara J Germain, Matt F Bekker, Savannah A Collins-Key, A Z Csank, R Justin DeRose, April L Kaiser, Clay S Tucker, Georg Arx","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpag050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpag050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The tight coupling between drought and insect attack threatens trees in a warmer world. Trees with differing levels of hydraulic safety and efficiency likely have different susceptibilities to insect attack, but how hydraulic architecture of woody tissues moderates the relationship between drought and insects remains unknown at the species scale. Here, we test how hydraulic safety and efficiency, derived from anatomical and isotopic measurements of the stem xylem, coordinate to regulate growth and survival of whitebark pines in the Rocky Mountains, USA. We assess intraspecific and ontogenetic variability in xylem hydraulic traits by comparing between trees that survived or were killed during a mountain pine beetle outbreak. At the individual tree scale, we found synergies between safety and efficiency: at the time of the outbreak, trees with higher cell-wall reinforcement and wood density (safety) also had higher average theoretical hydraulic conductivity and carbon-use efficiency (efficiency), and this was associated with higher growth, carbon storage, and survival. At the annual timescale, however, we found tradeoffs between safety and efficiency: higher safety was associated with lower efficiency for 7 of 9 pairwise comparisons. Yet, years that maximized both safety and efficiency showed the most tree growth and carbon storage. The xylem hydraulic traits underlying tree growth and survival were not stationary over time, but prominent differences at the time of the outbreak suggest that both higher hydraulic safety and efficiency were positively associated with resistance against bark beetles. The importance of hydraulic traits to tree survival suggest that tree responses to increasing herbivory will depend on tree responses to climate warming and hydrological changes as well.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mind the vessel: towards a unified framework of dendroecology and ecophysiology for understanding angiosperm tree functioning in European temperate climates.","authors":"Elena Larysch, Katja Kröner, Davide Ascoli, Joshua Braun-Wimmer, Willem Goossens, Ansgar Kahmen, Stefan Klesse, Robert Linne, Nora Obladen, Peter Prislan, Giulia Resente, Paul Melchior Schliephack, Thomas Seifert, Kathy Steppe, Georg Von Arx, Mareike Hirsch","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpag044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpag044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Angiosperm tree species play a central role in temperate forest ecosystems, providing critical ecological and economic services, yet their physiological functioning and responses to environmental stress remain insufficiently understood compared to economically important conifer species. Current methods for studying angiosperm tree functioning such as physiological monitoring or wood formation analyses are often invasive, resource-demanding or difficult to scale, limiting our ability to integrate structural and functional perspectives over time. By contrast, wood anatomical data are abundant and relatively easy to collect across individuals, years, and sites, offering a powerful opportunity to infer underlying physiological processes. Here, we synthesised current understanding of drivers of wood formation and resulting wood anatomy in European temperate angiosperms. We identified key knowledge gaps in wood formation, wood anatomy and tree physiology and outline interdisciplinary methodological advances that could assist the integration of structural and functional data. Such integration will be essential for developing more robust and predictive frameworks of angiosperm tree growth under changing environmental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147729922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}