Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene最新文献

{"title":"Incidence and risk factors of cervical laceration following vaginal deliveries in Punakha, Bhutan.","authors":"Nima Dorji, Manish Raj Gurung, Kinga Wangmo, Pema Wangchuk, Daniel Chateau, Tsheten Tsheten","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/traf027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/traf027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cervical laceration is a critical health issue with significant maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and risk factors of cervical laceration among mothers following spontaneous vaginal delivery in Punakha, Bhutan.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study using a population-based sampling technique included 180 mothers who had spontaneous vaginal delivery. The researchers developed the instruments for data collection and employed logistic regression to identify the predictors of cervical laceration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The incidence of cervical laceration was 23.10% (95% confidence interval [CI] 18.2 to 27.9). Logistic regression revealed that mothers ≤19 y of age had 3.5 times higher odds of experiencing cervical lacerations compared with those ≥30 y of age (adjusted odds ratio 3.5 [95% CI 1.27 to 9.74]).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The incidence of cervical laceration was high in this study, with teenagers being at greater risk of experiencing this complication. The Health Ministry of Bhutan needs to strategize and revamp the existing policies and create better awareness campaigns to reduce teenage pregnancies and the grave consequences associated with it.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143597842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health economics of snakebite envenomation: A sub-Saharan African perspective.","authors":"Innocent Ayesiga, Jonathan Mawutor Gmanyami, Alex Akaka, Olivier Kubwimana, Joshua Naatey Ternor, Ukasha Musa Hashim, Gertrude Ahenewaa Gyabaah, Justice Kwadwo Turzin, Ivan Kahwa","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/trae062","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/trae062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is affected by the high direct and indirect costs of snakebite envenomation. With >30% of global mortality, different economic barriers still exist, and effective strategies must be employed to avert the burden and promote quality of life. With the WHO target of reducing the number of snakebites by one-half by 2030, different aspects concerning snakebite envenomation economics must be evaluated, and potential strategies must be developed. Strategies such as exploring the different snakebite prevention interventions, and the costs associated with these interventions, must be prioritized through extensive research and targeted surveys. Information obtained from these surveys can be used to draft effective policies to minimize snakebite envenomation incidence, reduce the economic burden associated with envenomation and improve the quality of life of people at risk. In this narrative review, we evaluate the different aspects concerning the health economics of snakebite envenomation and explore the financial capacity of SSA countries to mitigate envenomation. Additionally, we propose multiple steps that could be undertaken to mitigate the financial burden of envenomation in SSA. Furthermore, we propose critical research strategies to minimize direct and indirect costs arising from snakebite envenomation in the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"304-309"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142923417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The dynamics of household sanitation services and faeco-oral diseases externalities in Osun State, southwest Nigeria.","authors":"O O Aluko","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/trae101","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/trae101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Maintaining human dignity through sanitation is a perennial challenge and highlights the externalities of sanitation and hygiene services (SHS). In Nigeria, 23.2% practise open defecation, and 45.5% use basic sanitation services, although conventional sewerage systems are rare. This study determines SHS and their predictors in the context of local governance in southwest Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The cross-sectional study applied a five-stage sampling technique and elicited information from 542 respondents using a validated semistructured questionnaire. The study results are presented by descriptive and inferential statistics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of respondents was 48.2±0.8 y. Of these, 64.2% were homeowners, and 40.0% were in the lower wealth quartiles. While 76.9% of respondents had access to toilets, only 16.6% and 18.1% benefitted from safely managed and basic sanitation services, respectively, with 21.2% practising open defecation. Open defecation (42.6%) was prevalent primarily in the Ayedaade local government area (LGA), while safely managed sanitation services (27.6%) and limited sanitation services (54.1%) were predominant in the Olorunda and Ilesa-West LGAs. The predictors influencing household sanitation services included residence, ethnicity and wealth.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There were significant inequalities in sanitation access and critical infrastructure, and sanitation quality gaps exist among respondents. The prevalence of open defecation was high, and there was variation in access to sanitation services across different LGAs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"228-243"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142668231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rates and determinants of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among people living with HIV in Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.","authors":"Victoria Peter Etuk, Charity Sanni, Oluwafemi Omonijo, Stella Ijioma Atema, Temitayo Lawal, Anthonia Murna Yashim-Ankut, Ifeyinwa Ejinkeonye, Henry Chijioke Onyegbutulem, Oyewole K Oyedele, Imoiboho Williams, Nifarta Peingurta Andrew, Evaezi Okpokoro","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/trae094","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/trae094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>We investigated coronavirus disease 2109 (COVID-19) vaccine uptake and determinants among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) in Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a cross-sectional study among PLHIV attending antiretroviral therapy clinics in FCT, Nigeria. We utilized an interviewer-administered, semi-structured questionnaire to collect data on COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Vaccine uptake was measured using the question 'Have you received a COVID-19 vaccine?' and was confirmed with a vaccination card by the interviewer. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, χ2 and binary logistic regressions in Stata version 18.0.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 252 study participants, 87 (34.5%) had received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine, with uptake lower in females than males (30.5% vs 46.1%; p=0.022). Being >50 y of age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.870 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.049 to 7.858], p=0.040) was associated with higher vaccine uptake, while being virally unsuppressed (aOR 0.313 [95% CI 0.099 to 0.985], p=0.047) and not believing COVID-19 disease is real (aOR 0.324 [95% CI 0.147 to 0.717], p=0.005) were associated with lower odds of vaccine uptake.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Vaccination uptake was low among PLHIV in our study. It is critical to target vaccination campaigns to PLHIV, particularly females and younger people. Proper education about COVID-19 itself would contribute to vaccine uptake.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"210-220"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142668042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Australian vertebrate hosts of Japanese encephalitis virus: a review of the evidence.","authors":"Kevin T Moore, Madelyn J Mangan, Belinda Linnegar, Tejas S Athni, Hamish I McCallum, Brendan J Trewin, Eloise Skinner","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/trae079","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/trae079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) transmission in temperate Australia has underscored a critical need to characterise transmission pathways and identify probable hosts of the virus. This systematic review consolidates existing research on the vertebrate hosts of JEV that are known to exist in Australia. Specifically, we aim to identify probable species involved in JEV transmission, their potential role as hosts and identify critical knowledge gaps. Data were extracted from studies involving experimental infection, seroprevalence and virus isolation and were available for 22 vertebrate species known to reside in Australia. A host competence score was calculated to assess the ability of each species to generate and sustain a viraemia. Based on the host competence score and ecology of each species, we find that ardeid birds, feral pigs and flying foxes have potential as maintenance hosts for JEV in the Australian context. We also note that domestic pigs are frequently infected during outbreaks, but their role as amplification hosts in Australia is unclear. Evidence to confirm these roles is sparse, emphasising the need for further targeted research. This review provides a foundation for future investigations into JEV transmission in Australia, advocating for enhanced surveillance and standardised research methodologies to better understand and mitigate the virus's impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"189-202"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11887621/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community-based snakebite risk mapping for resource prioritisation in Eastern Province, Rwanda.","authors":"Dileepa Senajith Ediriweera, Dieudonne Hakizimana, Peter J Diggle, Janna M Schurer","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/trae069","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/trae069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Snakebite envenoming is a medical emergency that requires rapid access to essential medicines and well-trained personnel. In resource-poor countries, mapping snakebite incidence can help policymakers to make evidence-based decisions for resource prioritisation. This study aimed to characterise the spatial variation in snakebite risk, and in particular to identify areas of relatively high and low risk, in Eastern Province, Rwanda.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Snakebite surveillance of people bitten in 2020 was conducted in Eastern Province through household visits and case verification. Geostatistical modelling and predictive mapping were applied to data from 617 villages in six districts to develop sector-level and district-level risk maps.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 1217 individuals bitten by snakes across six districts. The estimated population-weighted snakebite incidence in Eastern Province was 440 (95% predictive interval 421 to 460) cases per 100 000 people, corresponding to 13 500 (95% predictive interval 12 950 to 14 150) snakebite events per year. Two sectors in the southwest, Gashanda and Jarama, showed >1500 snakebite events per 100 000 annually. The lowest incidence was observed in the north.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Considerable differences exist in snakebite risk between sectors in Eastern Province, with the highest risk concentrated in the southwest. Policymakers should consider prioritising resources related to snakebite prevention, essential medicines and health worker training in this region.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"310-316"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142923385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution of the schistosome intermediate snail host Biomphalaria pfeifferi in East Africa's river systems and the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection.","authors":"Victor O Magero, Sammy Kisara, Mbaruk A Suleman, Christopher M Wade","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/trae115","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/trae115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is a need for current and more detailed information on the distribution of Biomphalaria pfeifferi snails in East Africa's river systems. B. pfeifferi is arguably the most important snail intermediate host in the transmission of schistosomiasis, a disease ranked second to malaria in terms of tropical diseases of public health importance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We assessed the occurrence and geographical distribution of B. pfeifferi snails in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Maximum entropy modelling was used to predict the potential distribution of B. pfeifferi snails and malacological surveys were conducted guided by MaxEnt predictions and information from previous studies. Malacological surveys were conducted at a total of 172 sites, including streams, rivers, dams, irrigation schemes and springs over a 3-y period from 2018 to 2020, with geospatial, ecological and physicochemical information recorded for each site.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>B. pfeifferi snails were found at 23 of the 172 sites and inhabited a variety of habitat types. Of the 23 sites where B. pfeifferi snails were found, 15 (65.2%) were streams, 3 rivers (13.04%), 2 dams (8.7%), 2 springs (8.7%) and 1 an irrigation scheme (4.35%). B. pfeifferi abundance showed a significant positive correlation with increasing water temperature and decreasing water depth. In Kenya, B. pfeifferi snails were found around the Lake Victoria basin, the Mwea irrigation scheme and in parts of the former Eastern Province of Kenya. In Uganda, B. pfeifferi snails were found in Jinja District, Ntoroko District and Soroti District. In Tanzania, B. pfeifferi snails were found in the Iringa, Tabora and Kigoma Regions. We observed moderate to high prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection, with S. mansoni-infected snails found at 11 of 23 sites and with an average prevalence of 24.9% at infected sites. In Kenya, S. mansoni-infected snails were found in the Lake Victoria basin (22.5% prevalence at infected sites) and the former Eastern Province (13.5% prevalence at infected sites). In Uganda, infected snails were found in Ntoroko District (100% infected) and Soroti District (20% infected). In Tanzania, infected snails were found in the Kigoma Region, with a prevalence of 10% at the infected site.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This information on the distribution of B. pfeifferi snails and S. mansoni infection in East Africa's river systems can aid in developing better prevention and control strategies for human schistosomiasis. Regular surveys of the river systems for snail intermediate hosts followed by molecular detection of schistosome infection could form a basis for the development of a prompt and cost-effective surveillance system for schistosomiasis in the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"253-265"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11887620/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142830008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between blood group antigens ABO, Rh, Kell, Kidd, Duffy and MNS and clinical forms of Chagas disease.","authors":"Alexandre G Vizzoni, Andréa Rodrigues da Costa, Alejandro M Hasslocher-Moreno, Mauro Felippe F Mediano, Roberto M Saraiva","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/trae096","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/trae096","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The mechanisms that determine the progression to cardiac or digestive forms of chronic Chagas disease (CD) are still unclear. We assessed the association between blood group antigens ABO, Rh, Kell, Kidd, Duffy and MNS, and chronic CD clinical forms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients were included consecutively between March 2013 and April 2016. Clinical and epidemiological data were obtained from electronic medical records and interviews. Classification of CD clinical forms followed the Brazilian Consensus on CD. The ID-Gel Card technology from Bio-Rad (Diamed/Bio-Rad Latin America, MG, Brazil) was used to analyze the blood group antigens.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 619 adult patients (56.9% women, mean age 60±12 y) were included. Patients' clinical forms of CD were classified as follows: indeterminate 29.1%, cardiac 55.4%, digestive 5.5% and mixed 10.0%. Logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, comorbidities and time away from an endemic area revealed that the S+s- allele of the MNS blood type was associated with a lower odds of cardiac disease and that the B blood group type was associated with a higher odds of digestive disease. All other blood types did not have an association with CD clinical form.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Blood group systems ABO and MNS were associated with chronic CD clinical forms.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"221-227"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142676949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Special Issue Editorial: Sustainably reducing snakebite burden by prioritising research(ers) in high-risk areas.","authors":"Frank-Leonel Tianyi, Maya Gopalakrishnan, Thomas Pinfield","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/traf007","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/traf007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"278-282"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143374675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health-seeking behaviours and traditional healer practices for snakebite in rural and tribal communities in southern India.","authors":"Ravikar Ralph, Rohan Michael Ramesh, Mohan Jambugulam, Arpitha Anbu Deborah, Kumudha Aruldas, Neal A Moorthy, Sushil Mathew John, Judd L Walson, Anand Zachariah, Sitara Swarna Rao Ajjampur","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/trae083","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/trae083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nearly 60 000 Indians die of snakebite envenoming each year. Most deaths occur in rural communities and remote tribal settlements. We describe snakebite-related epidemiology and health-seeking behaviours in a rural (Timiri) and remote tribal block (Jawadhu Hills) in Tamil Nadu, India.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional survey used structured questionnaires for information pertaining to snakebites and their treatment in the preceding year. Treatment-seeking behaviour from the moment reported until recovery was mapped. Traditional healers residing in the two blocks were also surveyed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Snakebite incidence and mortality were 174/100 000 population and 2.7/100 000 population in Jawadhu Hills and 194/100 000 population and 2.6/100 000 population in Timiri, respectively. More snakebite victims applied tourniquets in Jawadhu Hills (90%) than in Timiri (69%). Traditional healers were the first contact for 64% in Jawadhu Hills. Ambulances and buses were reported as unavailable in Jawadhu Hills. Traditional healers in Jawadhu Hills did not refer snakebite victims to hospitals.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Three challenges to snakebite mitigation in Indian rural and tribal communities highlighted in this study are potentially harmful first aid, a disconnect between traditional healers and the public health system and a lack of emergency transport to health facilities. Addressing these challenges would necessitate community awareness, traditional healer engagement and improved means of public transportation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"317-326"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142923422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}