Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene最新文献

{"title":"Health literacy among the rural Bangladeshi population on first aid measures and prevention of snakebite.","authors":"Chowdhury Farheen, A K M F Rahman, Aniruddha Ghose, Md R Amin, Abu S M M Rahman, Abdullah A Sayeed, F M A Rahaman, Chinmaya Howlader, Sayra Khan, Rumana Rashid, Nusaer Chowdhury, Geeta R Debi, Md Sahidur Rahman, M A Faiz","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/trae130","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/trae130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bangladesh has a high rate of snakebite. In rural areas, there is a significant mortality and morbidity rate due to lack of awareness and inappropriate first aid practices. This study aims to determine the knowledge and practices of the rural population in two subdistricts of Bangladesh regarding snakebite prevention and first aid measures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional survey is part of an intervention study that was carried out in 250 randomly selected primary sampling units of Shibganj in the Chapainawabganj district and Kalapara in the Patuakhali district of Bangladesh. We enrolled a total of 2954 participants. The practice and knowledge were regarded adequate when the score exceeded 50%. We conducted a binomial logistic regression to identify the factors associated with inadequate knowledge and practice.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The community's knowledge (15.9%) and practice (14.5%) regarding snakebite prevention was insufficient. More than 77% and 45.4% of respondents believed that applying a tourniquet above the bite site and seeking a traditional healer after a snakebite were effective first aid measures. Poor knowledge was more likely to occur in farming, fishing, homemaker groups and those with lower incomes (11 000-24 000 Bangladeshi taka). Negative practices were associated with females and high family income.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study highlights the necessity of community intervention, with a focus on appropriate first aid and prevention measures through widespread education.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"828-838"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142923420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The incidence of snakebite in South Africa and the challenges associated with lack of reporting.","authors":"Hiral Naik, Graham J Alexander","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/trae109","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/trae109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Snakebite is a public health challenge that has a substantial impact on humans and snakes. Annually, millions of people are affected by snakebite globally but there is a paucity of detailed data on snakebite incidences. The aim of this study was to assess the patterns of snakebite incidences in South Africa.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We collected data from hospital records, information from the National Snakebite Database and records from the AfriTox Telelog database from 2011 to 2024.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The combined dataset showed that 3496 snakebite incidences have been recorded over 12.5 years. The prevalence was calculated to be 5.63 per 100 000 individuals of the population for South Africa, with the highest prevalence in KwaZulu-Natal (8.89). Males made up 65.9% of snakebite incidences and most incidences were recorded between November and March. The snake species responsible for most snakebite incidences was Bitis arietans.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Snakebite is generally well managed in South Africa with few recorded deaths despite the relatively high number of bites. However, incidents are often not recorded or have missing information particularly regarding the circumstances of the bite. Our study provides insight on the snake species responsible for snakebite incidences in South Africa and can be used to create prevention measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"788-795"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12212189/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142923162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment and treatment outcomes of snakebite envenoming in Uganda: a retrospective analysis.","authors":"Stella Maris Nanyonga, Scott Kaba Matafwali, Denis Kibira, Freddy Eric Kitutu","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/trae112","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/trae112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Snakebite envenoming is a neglected tropical disease that causes significant morbidity and mortality in rural sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is a notable lack of data concerning the management and treatment outcomes for those affected. This study addresses this gap by examining the management and treatment outcomes of snakebite victims in Uganda.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We reviewed retrospective data of 532 snakebite cases attending 16 Ugandan health facilities from January 2017 to December 2021. Demographic characteristics and clinical data were extracted from patient records and summarized using descriptive statistics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The snakebite victims had a median age of 26 y, most were male (55.3%) and had bites of unidentified snake species (92.3%). Among the 465 treated patients, 71.6% received antibiotics, 66.0% hydrocortisone, 36.3% analgesics and only 6.9% antivenom. No adverse antivenom reactions were documented. The majority (89.5%) were discharged; 1.3% died and 5.5% had unknown outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results suggest that snakebite envenoming affects vulnerable Ugandans, particularly young males and children. Treatment is primarily supportive, with antibiotic overuse and infrequent antivenom administration. Health provider training on appropriate snakebite management is needed to optimize outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"796-803"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12212200/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142923166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatio-temporal pattern and risk factors associated with cholera outbreaks in selected high-risk areas of Kenya.","authors":"Lydia M Mageto, Nyamai Mutono, Gabriel Aboge, Peter Gathura, Emmanuel Okunga, Annastacia Muange, Cecilia Kathure Mbae, Samuel M Thumbi, Samuel Kariuki","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/traf032","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/traf032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cholera is a public health challenge in Kenya. This study aimed at identifying the spatio-temporal pattern of cholera and its associated risk factors in high-risk areas to optimize resource use for targeted control.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study was conducted in Mukuru, an informal settlement, Dadaab refugee camp and counties bordering Lake Victoria. Cholera line list data from 32 subcounties (2013-2022) was sourced from Kenya's Ministry of Health. Population and water, sanitation and hygiene data came from the 2019 census. Space-time scan statistic (SaTScan) were used to carry out spatio-temporal analysis and a zero-inflated negative binomial regression model evaluated cholera risk factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 7316 cholera cases were reported across 22 (69%) subcounties, the highest numbers in 2015, 2016 and 2022 affecting 21, 12 and 3 subcounties, respectively, and none in 2014. Five high-risk space-time clusters encompassing 15 subcounties were identified, with Dadaab and Fafi showing persistent outbreaks. Improved sanitation was the only variable that suggested significant protective effects to cholera control (relative risk 0.9445, p=0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Dadaab and Fafi subcounties were extremely high-risk and improved sanitation significantly reduced cholera outbreaks. These data inform cholera intervention policies in vulnerable regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"758-766"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12212228/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The One Health approach to Strongyloides stercoralis.","authors":"Jiayin Lyu, Xiaoyin Fu, Dengyu Liu","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/traf003","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/traf003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The One Health concept systematically considers the health of humans, animals and the environment, emphasizing population and ecosystem health based on individual health. Strongyloides stercoralis is a soil-transmitted opportunistic pathogenic parasite that can cause strongyloidiasis in both humans and animals, potentially leading to severe disease or even death in immunocompromised hosts. This article outlines the epidemiological status, diagnosis and treatment methods of strongyloidiasis. It also discusses effective response strategies based on the One Health approach to actively cope with the zoonotic risk of S. stercoralis and promote human health development.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"679-687"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143415300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stigma experienced by people with drug-resistant tuberculosis in Lagos, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Olusola A Adejumo, Champaklal Jinabhai, Olusoji Daniel, Firoza Haffejee","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/traf026","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/traf026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tuberculosis (TB) stigma is one of the factors responsible for low notification rates in Nigeria, especially among people with drug-resistant TB (DR-TB). This study assessed the factors associated with stigma among people with DR-TB in Lagos, Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 203 adults on DR-TB treatment. The Redwood DR-TB stigma scale was used to assess the stigma experienced by people with DR-TB. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the factors associated with TB stigma.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of TB stigma was 65.5%. Being male (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.59 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.03 to 6.50], p=0.042), not earning an income (aOR 2.57 [95% CI 1.84 to 7.85], p=0.039), substance use (alcohol or cigarette smoking; aOR 1.61 [95% CI 1.06 to 3.88], p=0.028) and the duration of the DR-TB diagnosis (aOR 2.72 [95% CI 1.94 to 3.83], p<0.001) were associated with stigma among people with DR-TB. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative participants experienced TB stigma 2.4 times more (crude OR 2.4 [95% CI 1.14 to 5.04], p=0.021) than HIV-positive participants, although the relationship was not sustained in the multivariate analysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Having identified the factors associated with stigma in this target population, it is imperative to address and control them among DR-TB patients in Lagos, Nigeria. The urgent need for stigma reduction strategies cannot be overemphasized.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"725-732"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143650962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection and molecular characterization of dengue among patients suspected of having malaria in Timika, Central Papua, Indonesia.","authors":"Leily Trianty, Bunga Rana, Mercy Egrina Adiniko, Marsha Sinditia Santoso, Agatha Mia Puspitasari, Ristya Amalia, Pak Prayoga, Jeanne Rini Poespoprodjo, Enny Kenangalem, Dionisius Denis, Megan Angelita Salim, Edison Johar, Ida Yus Sriyani, Elisabeth Farah N Coutrier, Frilasita Aisyah Yudhaputri, Ari Winasti Satyagraha, Rintis Noviyanti, R Tedjo Sasmono","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/traf030","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/traf030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dengue and malaria are major public health problems in Indonesia. Dengue is hyperendemic nationwide, while malaria remains endemic in specific regions, especially in eastern Indonesia. Timika in Central Papua province is a highly malaria-endemic area; however, this city is historically known as a low endemic area for dengue. With the increasing incidence of dengue in Papua, this study aimed to assess dengue prevalence, possible co-infection and to molecularly characterize the dengue virus (DENV) in patients suspected of having malaria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Archived samples of patients suspected of having malaria were screened for dengue using RT-PCR. Dengue serological and antigen detection was performed and whole genome sequencing was employed to determine the genetic characteristics of viruses. Detection of other arboviruses was also performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 119 patients, 30 (25.2%) were positive for dengue. Most samples (n=29) were infected by DENV-3, while one was positive for DENV-2. Dengue and malaria co-infections were found in six patients. Phylogenetic analysis classified DENV-2 as the Cosmopolitan genotype that is closely related to strains from the Indonesian city of Makassar, while DENV-3 was classified as Genotype I, which is closely related to a strain from Singapore.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Dengue significantly contributes to febrile illness among patients suspected of having malaria in Timika, Central Papua. Virus importation from surrounding regions is likely to contribute to the dispersion of DENV into eastern parts of Indonesia. Our findings reveal the underestimation of this viral disease in a highly malaria-endemic area.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"748-757"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143773424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implications of predator species richness in terms of zoonotic spillover transmission of filovirus diseases in Africa.","authors":"Taehee Chang, Sung-Il Cho, Jong-Yil Chai, Kyung-Duk Min","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/traf065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/traf065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A rich biodiversity of predators has been suggested to suppress the risk of zoonotic spillover by regulating prey abundance and behavior. We evaluated the association between predator species richness and spillover events of Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus in Africa.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Historical records of filovirus outbreaks, along with ecological, geographical and socioeconomic factors, were considered in this environmental study. We used the maximum entropy approach (Maxent modeling) and stacked species distribution models to estimate predator species richness. Logistic regression analyses accounting for spatiotemporal autocorrelations were conducted to assess the association between predator species richness and spillover risk, adjusting for potential confounders.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Higher species richness of certain predators-the order Strigiformes and the family Colubridae-was associated with lower risks of Ebolavirus spillover, but not with Marburgvirus spillover. The third quartile (OR=0.02, 95% Bayesian credible interval [BCI]=0.00-0.84) and fourth quartile (OR=0.07, 95% BCI=0.00-0.42) of Strigiformes species richness, as well as the third quartile (OR=0.15, 95% BCI=0.01-0.73) and fourth quartile (OR=0.53, 95% BCI=0.03-0.85) of Colubridae species richness, were significantly associated with reduced odds of Ebolavirus index cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings support a possible role for predator species richness in suppressing zoonotic spillover.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144544983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can malaria be eliminated? 15 years on.","authors":"Youjia Liu, Sol Richardson","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/traf018","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/traf018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This commentary reflects on the ongoing challenges and strategies in malaria elimination, built on insights from Greenwood's 2009 commentary, alongside more recent publications and developments up to 2024. Many of the challenges and strategies discussed by Greenwood remain relevant today. Furthermore, several of Greenwood's predictions have proven accurate 15 years on. Despite significant global progress, malaria elimination faces its toughest challenge, particularly in high-transmission areas. As we confront tougher challenges in malaria elimination, it becomes clear that we must go beyond mere reliance on any single solution.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"777-779"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143433890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2/3 gene deletions and repeat motifs in Chhattisgarh, India (2017-2018).","authors":"Shrikant Nema, Monika Kumari, Kanika Verma, Sri Krishna, Nazia A Ali, Anil Kumar Verma, Aparup Das, Anup R Anvikar, Venkatachalam Udhayakumar, Praveen Kumar Bharti","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/traf029","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/traf029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are vital for malaria diagnosis, especially in resource-limited areas. RDTs targeting histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) and its structural homologue PfHRP3 are commonly used for detecting Plasmodium falciparum. However, genetic deletions in these proteins can affect test accuracy. This study aims to examine the gene deletions and sequence variation in the Pfhrp2 and Pfhrp3 genes in P. falciparum isolates from Chhattisgarh, India, and assess their correlation with RDT reactivity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 264 microscopically confirmed P. falciparumpositive samples from Chhattisgarh were analyzed for deletions in the Pfhrp2 and Pfhrp3 genes. Nucleotide sequences were obtained for the Pfhrp2 (n=101) and Pfhrp3 (n=95) genes. The sequence data were analyzed for repeat motifs and correlated with the RDT performance, especially at low parasite densities.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The deletion rates for Pfhrp2 and Pfhrp3 were found to be 3.8% and 14%, respectively. The Pfhrp2 gene exhibited 15 distinct repeat motifs, while the Pfhrp3 gene showed 10 repeat motifs. No significant correlation was observed between variations in repeat types 2 and 7 of Pfhrp2 and the commercial RDT performance, particularly at low parasite densities.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results indicate that the deletion rates and sequence diversity of Pfhrp2 and Pfhrp3 in Chhattisgarh are below the WHO threshold of 5% for a policy change regarding Pfhrp2 gene deletion. Sequence diversity does not appear to compromise the performance of current PfHRP2-based RDTs. However, a larger-scale study encompassing other endemic regions of India is recommended for a more comprehensive understanding of the impact on RDT efficacy over time.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"741-747"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143597881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}