Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene最新文献

{"title":"Scrub typhus-leptospirosis co-infection in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Siddhant Govekar, Oshin Puri, Mohit Bhatia","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/trae081","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/trae081","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Scrub typhus and leptospirosis are re-emerging zoonotic infections with significant morbidity and mortality rates in India. Overlapping aetiological and epidemiological patterns indicate a high possibility of their co-infection in India, which can be a diagnostic challenge due to non-specific clinical features. A systematic search of the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Embase databases was conducted to identify relevant studies published through 31 August 2023. Studies reporting co-infection of scrub typhus and leptospirosis among the Indian population were included. Data extraction, quality assessment and statistical analysis were performed in accordance with established guidelines. Six studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising a total of 58 co-infection cases. Pooled prevalence of scrub typhus-leptospirosis co-infection among acute undifferentiated febrile illness patients was 3.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.00 to 0.126). Among scrub typhus patients, the prevalence of co-infection with leptospirosis was 13.7% (95% CI 0.027 to 0.304). Significant heterogeneity was observed among the included studies, highlighting the need for cautious interpretation of prevalence estimates. This meta-analysis underscores the clinical importance of scrub typhus-leptospirosis co-infection in India and emphasizes the need for enhanced clinical awareness, improved diagnostic strategies and targeted research efforts to address this emerging infectious disease threat.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"97-106"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of antiretroviral therapy adherence among people living with HIV in a poor urban setting in Ghana: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.","authors":"Evelyn Adjei-Mensah, Yakubu Alhassan, Richmond Owusu, Irene A Kretchy","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/trae091","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/trae091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Without a cure, antiretroviral therapy (ART) continues to be the primary mode of managing HIV, transforming it from a formerly lethal disease to a less severe one. Adherence to ART can be impacted by several factors, including poor quality of care.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A quantitative cross-sectional study design was used to assess the factors that influence adherence to ART among adults receiving care at two health facilities in Accra. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on factors associated with medication adherence using a modified four-item Medication Adherence Rating from 255 people living with HIV (PLHIV). Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the data, while multiple binary logistic regression was used to assess the factors influencing adherence to ART.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Adherence to HIV medication was 44.7% among PLHIV. Adherence was positively correlated with high client health service satisfaction (adjusted OR [AOR]: 26.59, 95% CI 7.46 to 94.82, p<0.001), increased privacy at the HIV clinics (AOR: 3.40, 95% CI 1.40 to 8.21, p<0.007) and among PLHIV who had been diagnosed with HIV for ≥5 y (AOR: 7.59, 95% CI 2.76 to 20.85, p<0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Adherence to ART was significantly low among study participants. The study highlights the importance of maintaining privacy and confidentiality at the facility while ensuring client satisfaction with HIV care to promote adherence to ART.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"135-144"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142584335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Painful mycetoma: a study to understand the risk factors in patients visiting the Mycetoma Research Centre (MRC) in Khartoum, Sudan.","authors":"Saria O El-Amin, Rahba O El-Amin, Sarah M El-Sadig, Ahmed Hassan Fahal, Ahmed Musa","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/trae093","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/trae093","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mycetoma, a neglected tropical disease endemic to Sudan, is traditionally characterized as a painless condition. However, recent studies reporting painful mycetoma lesions have challenged this assumption. With limited reports in the medical literature regarding pain in mycetoma, this study was conducted to investigate the risk factors for painful mycetoma lesions in patients visiting the Mycetoma Research Centre (MRC) in Khartoum, Sudan.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study aimed to identify the risk factors for painful mycetoma lesions. The study analyzed electronic records of 481 patients with confirmed mycetoma, seen between 1991 and 2020, using a systematic sampling approach.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study found that pain was more likely to occur in cases with bone destruction, secondary bacterial infection and actinomycete infection (OR=1.762, 1.815 and 1.259, respectively). Additionally, pain was more frequently observed in patients aged 45 y and older. Smaller mycetoma lesions, measuring less than 5 cm, were less likely to cause pain, and this was identified as a significant risk factor for painful mycetoma lesions (β coefficient=-1.294).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings suggested that pain in mycetoma is typically associated with the severity of the condition. Therefore, early initiation of appropriate treatment may help reduce pain. Furthermore, careful differentiation between actinomycetes and eumycetes is essential for the timely and accurate diagnosis of mycetoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"145-151"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142751752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global health initiatives and mycetoma management: the unmet promise.","authors":"Ahmed Hassan Fahal, Dallas J Smith, Ali Awadalla Saeed, Borna Nyaoke, Fabiana Alves, Kingsley Asiedu, Rod Hay","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/traf001","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/traf001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143123022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reported snakebite mortality and state compensation payments in Madhya Pradesh, India, from 2020 to 2022.","authors":"Priyanka Kadam, Bhupeshwari Patel, Maya Gopalakrishnan, Freston M Sirur, Omesh K Bharti, Amit Agrawal, Md Yunus, Dayal B Majumdar, Stuart Ainsworth","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/trae045","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/trae045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>India experiences the highest snakebite burden globally, with 58 000 predicted deaths annually. The central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh is thought to have a substantial snakebite burden and provides compensation to families who can demonstrate by postmortem and hospital treatment reports that their relatives have died due to snakebite. This study represents the first report on the frequency of distribution of compensation for snakebite deaths in Madhya Pradesh.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Statewide snakebite death compensation data from 2020-2021 and 2021-2022, provided by the Madhya Pradesh health authorities, were analysed alongside interviews with 15 families that described the events that ultimately led to their compensation claims.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compensation was paid to a total of 5728 families, with a total value equating to 22 912 Lakhs (approximately US${$}$27.94 million). Families described commonly recognised snakebite risk factors and behaviours in the events that resulted in their relatives' deaths.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The snakebite burden in Madhya Pradesh is significant, both in terms of mortality and economic expenditure of the state. Sustained investment in preventative interventions, as well as monitoring of the rate of compensation payouts due to snakebite death as a measure of intervention effectiveness, should be considered to substantially reduce snakebite incidence and mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"158-165"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11791426/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141894334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infections following rattlesnake envenomation and use of antibiotics.","authors":"Stephen A Klotz, Geoffrey T Smelski, Sarah A Watkins, F Mazda Shirazi","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/trae044","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/trae044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There are 7000-8000 venomous snake bites annually in the USA. Antibiotics are commonly administered to bite victims because infection is difficult to differentiate from local tissue injury following envenomation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Arizona Poison and Drug Information Center (APDIC) in Tucson oversees antivenom administration for 14 Arizona counties. Records (1999-2021) were searched for antibiotic use and confirmed infections after a rattlesnake bite.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 4160 calls to APDIC regarding rattlesnakes. After excluding bites to animals, 'dry bites', prisoners and records with missing data, 2059 records were evaluated. Systemic antibiotics were administered to 206 patients (10% of bite victims). Twenty patients (0.97%) had confirmed infections, including cellulitis (n=10), fasciitis (n=4), abscess (n=3) and osteomyelitis (n=3). Five of the victims had positive blood cultures. The presence of tissue necrosis, leukocytosis, fever and elevated fibrinogen levels did not discriminate between toxic effects of venom and infection.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Confirmed infections following a rattlesnake bite are uncommon (0.97% of bites). Physicians should refrain from prescribing antibiotics, as they are not justified for most rattlesnake bite victims and the variety of pathogens encountered precludes use of any single effective antibiotic.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"152-157"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141789090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parotid enlargement due to common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) envenomation: a case series.","authors":"Sujeet Raina, Rashmi Kaul Raina, Sarita Soni, Garima Shah, Abhishek Singh, Preeti T Kapila","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/trae042","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/trae042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We describe a series of five patients with bilateral parotid enlargement as a sequalae to envenomation by the common krait (Bungarus caeruleus). Fine-needle aspiration cytology of the parotid gland was performed in four cases. The cytology revealed a mild lymphocytic inflammatory response in a red blood cell mixed proteinaceous background. The possible pathophysiology is either a direct injury due to the venom toxins or an inflammatory phenomenon due to an immune response. All the patients had classic early morning descending neuroparalysis and were managed by mechanical ventilation along with antivenom. A favourable outcome in the form of full recovery was observed in all the patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"182-186"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142922924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, treatment outcomes and associated factors among adult patients treated at public hospitals in the Harari Region of Ethiopia: retrospective cross-sectional study.","authors":"Derara Kumela, Aliyi Ahmed, Ame Mehadi, Fenta Wondimneh, Mohammed Ahmed, Ahmednajash Yusuf, Fitsum Weldegebreal","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/trae088","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/trae088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Schistosomiasis is one of the neglected tropical diseases that pose a significant burden in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HSS) is a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to determine clinical patterns, outcomes and factors associated with HSS in the Harari Region of Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An institutional-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among 93 adult patients diagnosed with HSS at public hospitals in the Harari Region from December 2018 to November 2022. Data were extracted from medical records using a standardized data extraction tool. EpiData version 4.2 and SPSS version 26.0 were used for data entry and analysis. Fisher's exact test was used to identify the association between dependent and independent variables, and statistical significance was declared at p<0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the current study, HSS-related mortality was recorded in 7.5% of patients. Recurrent episodes of upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding (p=0.04), hypotension (p=0.02), altered mental status at admission (p=0.009) and antibiotic use for the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (p=0.04) were significant factors associated with HSS-related mortality.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study found that treatment outcomes of HSS patients were strongly associated with recurrent upper GI bleeding, hypotension, altered mental status and antibiotic use for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis treatment. The use of antibiotics for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis treatment was strongly associated with the treatment outcome of patients with HSS and was unique to our study. Adequate recording of patient data, improving chart keeping, integration of preventive and curative programs, improvement of the diagnostic tools, comprehensive treatment guidelines, early diagnosis and treatment are strongly recommended. Rigorous prospective studies that can fully reflect cause-and-effect relationships are crucial to fill fundamental evidence gaps.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"118-124"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142584340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocular outcomes of toxoplasmosis in the Amazon-Cerrado transition zone, Brazil: a population-based study.","authors":"Ana Paula Salamoni, Kelly Clair de Moura da Costa, Fernanda R Giachini, Alecsander F Bressan","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/trae078","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/trae078","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Eye damage represents one of the gravest outcomes of toxoplasmosis, potentially leading to varying degrees of vision impairment, up to and including blindness. Monitoring ophthalmological indicators in individuals affected by toxoplasmosis, alongside understanding its impact on visual acuity, can motivate the scientific community to advocate for strategies to prevent vision loss associated with toxoplasmosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a retrospective study analysing medical records and clinical documentation from patients at an ophthalmological clinic in a city located at the intersection of the Cerrado and Amazon Forest biomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It was noted that >20% of patients exhibited visual acuity ≤20/200, a condition medically recognized as blindness for the affected eye. Our study highlights a significant portion of individuals experiencing lasting visual impairments due to toxoplasmosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings remain obscured by the existing national guidelines, which only mandate reporting for congenital and gestational toxoplasmosis cases, thereby overlooking sporadic manifestations and their consequential effects. The effort to identify ophthalmologic consequences is crucial both for personalized clinical care and for shaping national guidelines for managing toxoplasmosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"113-117"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142628820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insecticide-treated bednets and chemoprophylaxis reduce malaria mortality and parasite prevalence.","authors":"Thomas J Peto","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/trae090","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/trae090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This commentary discusses an influential study from 1993 that demonstrated, among West African children, an overall mortality benefit of insecticide-impregnated bednets, and the reduction of malaria prevalence by chemoprophylaxis. Led by Brian Greenwood and colleagues in The Gambia, the trial also showed these tools to be affordable and practicable. In the years since, >2 billion bednets have been provided to high-risk populations and have contributed greatly to reductions in malaria-attributable mortality. Seasonal malaria chemoprevention now protects 50 million African children annually. Few interventions in tropical medicine have achieved such an impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"187-188"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142568711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}