Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene最新文献

{"title":"Orthohantavirus seoulense as a cause of acute, dengue-negative febrile illness in southern Vietnam.","authors":"Mai Thi Quynh Le, Kumiko Yoshimatsu, Haruka Abe, Thuy Thi Nguyen, Hang Le Khanh Nguyen, Trang Thi Hong Ung, Phuong Vu Mai Hoang, Nobuo Koizumi, Futoshi Hasebe, Kozue Miura","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/traf041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/traf041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dengue fever has surged in Vietnam since 2021; however, the aetiology of non-dengue undifferentiated febrile illnesses remains poorly understood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty whole blood samples that tested negative in rapid tests for anti-dengue virus antibodies (IgM and IgG) and NS1 viral antigen at Vung Tau General Hospital, southern Vietnam, were subjected to nucleic acid amplification tests for flaviviruses, hantaviruses, Leptospira spp. and Orientia tsutsugamushi, followed by DNA sequencing. The plasma samples were also tested for anti-hantavirus IgM and IgG antibodies using ELISA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 50 samples, eight were PCR-positive for flaviviruses and two were positive for hantaviruses. Sequencing analysis revealed that three and five of the eight flavivirus-positive samples were dengue virus type 1 and dengue virus type 2, respectively. The hantavirus species was identified as Orthohantavirus seoulense (SEOV). None of the patients tested positive for Leptospira spp. or O. tsutsugamushi. Anti-hantavirus IgM and IgG antibodies were detected in five and four patients, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study suggests that SEOV is a notable contributor to dengue-negative febrile illnesses in southern Vietnam.</p><p><strong>Accession number: </strong>LC822654.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144028926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating Pfk13 mutations in Plasmodium falciparum natural populations from two malaria-endemic areas of Cameroon.","authors":"Charlotte S Milong Melong, Loick P Kojom Foko, Francis N Nkemngo, Cyrille Ndo, Nathalie Amvongo-Adjia, Gianluca Russo, Ousman Tamgue, François Tchoumbougnang, Daniel P Morse, Giacomo M Paganotti","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/traf040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/traf040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The emergence of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinin is a huge concern in Africa. We investigated and characterized mutations of Pfk13 propeller sequences from P. falciparum isolates across two endemic areas with different eco-geographical settings in Cameroon.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 259 dried blood spot samples were collected through a cross-sectional survey in two health facilities located in Bimengue (rural area) and the Efoulan District Hospital in Yaoundé (urban area). The molecular analysis of Pfk13 was performed using nested polymerase chain reaction followed by Sanger sequencing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our findings highlight that of the 23 mutations found, most of the genetic variants were observed in Yaoundé, suggesting a possible higher drug pressure in this locality. Three Pfk13 mutations (F446S, C469W and A681D) were found in polymorphic sites known to be associated with artemisinin resistance, but with different amino acid substitutions. In addition, three other mutations have already been reported to circulate in other African countries, with an unknown impact on delayed response to artemisinin therapy (P475L, S477F and F628L).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although there is an absence of validated artemisinin resistance-associated polymorphisms in the study, the results highlight the need for further studies to quantify the frequency of these and other Pfk13 gene polymorphisms over time.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144050498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are intestinal parasites in dogs an infection risk to children in the same household? An investigation in Cuba.","authors":"Luis Enrique Jerez Puebla, Edel La Rosa Osoria, Fidel A Núñez Fernández, Jorge Fraga Nodarse, Lissette Pérez Santos, Iraís Atencio Millán, Lázara Rojas Rivera, Iredys Cruz Rodríguez, Rigoberto Fimia-Duarte, Lucy J Robertson","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/traf039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/traf039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Zoonotic transmission of intestinal parasites from dogs has been documented, but the extent of such transmission is unclear. This is particularly relevant in low- and middle-income countries, where people share living space with their domestic animals. We investigated whether dog ownership was associated with intestinal parasitoses in children in Cuba.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Faecal samples were collected from children from 108 households in a rural village in Cuba, of which 66 owned a dog and 42 did not. Samples were also collected from the dogs. Samples were examined for intestinal parasites by microscopy and molecular methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The most commonly identified intestinal parasites in children were Giardia duodenalis and Blastocystis spp., occurring significantly more frequently among children with a dog. However, there was no significant association when these parasites were considered separately. Among dogs, the most commonly detected intestinal parasites were Ancylostoma spp. (in 29 dogs; 44%) and Giardia (in 25 dogs; 38%). Although Ancylostoma spp. can be zoonotic, infection in people is not intestinal; cutaneous larval migrans was not evident in these children.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although our data do not indicate extensive zoonotic transmission of intestinal parasites from dogs, children living in a household with a dog were more likely to be infected with Giardia and/or Blastocystis, than those without dogs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144035984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dengue with liver involvement is associated with serum soluble thrombomodulin and P-selectin levels.","authors":"Yanxia Huang, Linxuan Xue, Longjiao Dou, Zhuoqi Liu, Xiaohui Lu, Zhihui Tu, Hongyi Chen, Xianglin Tu, Jianfeng Rao, Li Wang, Xuping Peng, Weihua Ju, Shumei Wang, Daya Luo","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/traf034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/traf034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The pathogenesis of liver damage in dengue patients has not been clarified. In this study, we sought to identify the factors that are associated with dengue-induced liver damage and evaluate the associations of cytokines/chemokines, including platelets, neutrophils, activated endothelial cells and other inflammatory factors, with liver damage.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We collected and analysed clinical data from 106 hospitalized dengue patients and evaluated the serum levels of platelet (soluble P-selectin [sP-selectin] and soluble CD40 ligand [sCD40L]), neutrophil (neutrophil elastase [NE] and neutrophil myeloperoxidase [MPO]) and endothelial cell (soluble thrombomodulin [sTM]) activation markers, as well as inflammatory mediators, including C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ (which are associated with liver damage), in 32 patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 106 dengue patients were included in this study. The patients were categorized into dengue with warning signs (DwWS), dengue without warning signs (DwoWS) and severe dengue (SD). Twenty-four patients (22%) had DwWS and 1 patient (1%) had SD. Compared with the DwoWS group, the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels in the DwWS/SD group were significantly greater (p<0.001, p<0.001 and p=0.001, respectively). A long time to onset (odds ratio [OR] 1.495 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.063 to 2.101], p=0.021), thrombocytopenia (OR 4.166 [95% CI 1.11 to 15.629], p=0.034) and concomitant fatty liver (OR 6.326 [95% CI 1.57 to 25.493], p=0.009) were risk factors for dengue-related liver dysfunction. Compared with patients with normal liver enzyme levels, serum sP-selectin levels were significantly lower (p=0.012), sTM levels were higher (p=0.047), serum ALT and AST levels were positively correlated with sTM (r=0.411, p=0.02 and r=0.419, p=0.039; respectively) and AST levels were negatively correlated with sP-selectin levels (r=-0.441, p=0.011) in dengue patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Dengue fever with hepatic involvement is related to serum sTM and sP-selectin levels, thus suggesting that platelet and endothelial cell activation may be involved in the pathogenesis of liver damage and can be used as early predictors of dengue liver damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143804320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection and molecular characterization of dengue among patients suspected of having malaria in Timika, Central Papua, Indonesia.","authors":"Leily Trianty, Bunga Rana, Mercy Egrina Adiniko, Marsha Sinditia Santoso, Agatha Mia Puspitasari, Ristya Amalia, Pak Prayoga, Jeanne Rini Poespoprodjo, Enny Kenangalem, Dionisius Denis, Megan Angelita Salim, Edison Johar, Ida Yus Sriyani, Elisabeth Farah N Coutrier, Frilasita Aisyah Yudhaputri, Ari Winasti Satyagraha, Rintis Noviyanti, R Tedjo Sasmono","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/traf030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/traf030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dengue and malaria are major public health problems in Indonesia. Dengue is hyperendemic nationwide, while malaria remains endemic in specific regions, especially in eastern Indonesia. Timika in Central Papua province is a highly malaria-endemic area; however, this city is historically known as a low endemic area for dengue. With the increasing incidence of dengue in Papua, this study aimed to assess dengue prevalence, possible co-infection and to molecularly characterize the dengue virus (DENV) in patients suspected of having malaria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Archived samples of patients suspected of having malaria were screened for dengue using RT-PCR. Dengue serological and antigen detection was performed and whole genome sequencing was employed to determine the genetic characteristics of viruses. Detection of other arboviruses was also performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 119 patients, 30 (25.2%) were positive for dengue. Most samples (n=29) were infected by DENV-3, while one was positive for DENV-2. Dengue and malaria co-infections were found in six patients. Phylogenetic analysis classified DENV-2 as the Cosmopolitan genotype that is closely related to strains from the Indonesian city of Makassar, while DENV-3 was classified as Genotype I, which is closely related to a strain from Singapore.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Dengue significantly contributes to febrile illness among patients suspected of having malaria in Timika, Central Papua. Virus importation from surrounding regions is likely to contribute to the dispersion of DENV into eastern parts of Indonesia. Our findings reveal the underestimation of this viral disease in a highly malaria-endemic area.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143773424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal patterns and factors associated with mortality from visceral leishmaniasis in a northern state of Brazil.","authors":"Helen Mariel Biazussi, Fernanda do Carmo Magalhães, Diogo Tavares Cardoso, David Soeiro Barbosa, Mariângela Carneiro","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/traf035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/traf035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study analysed the spatiotemporal patterns of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) mortality and the prognostic factors associated with deaths in Tocantins, Brazil.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted an ecological and retrospective cohort study analysing deaths from VL (2010-2019). The univariate global and local Moran indexes were performed, Kulldorff scan statistics were investigated and multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 2437 confirmed cases, 156 patients died from VL, with mortality rates ranging from 0.4 to 1.9 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants. Spatial autocorrelation of VL mortality rates was observed between municipalities, distributed heterogeneously throughout the period. In the northern region of the state, a cluster with a high spatiotemporal risk of mortality from VL was detected. VL deaths were associated with age (≤1 y [odds ratio {OR} 9.4 {95% confidence interval (CI) 3.9 to 22.0}]; >10-≤20 y [OR 4.5 {95% CI 1.5 to 12.9}]; >20-≤40 y [OR 5.3 {95% CI 2.1 to 13.3}]; >40-≤60 y [OR 13.2 {95% CI 5.4 to 32.4}]; >60 y [OR 30.4 {95% CI 12.2 to 75.5}]), jaundice (OR 1.8 [95% CI 1.2 to 2.7]), haemorrhagic phenomena (OR 2.7 [95% CI 1.5 to 5.0]), splenomegaly (OR 1.7 [95% CI 1.1 to 2.5]) and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection (OR 2.0 [95% CI 1.1 to 3.8]).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Knowing the spatiotemporal behaviour and factors associated with death from VL can contribute to the clinical management of patients and control of the disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143773445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Profile of snakebite cases admitted to the Poison Control Center of Bach Mai Hospital in northern Vietnam from 2008 to 2020.","authors":"Thuan Q Le, Linh T H Le, Hoang H Nguyen, Hung T Ha, Nguyen T Nguyen, Truong Q Nguyen, Thomas Ziegler, Tung T Do, Tao T Nguyen","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/trae118","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/trae118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Vietnam harbours a high species richness of venomous snakes with >60 recognised species but snakebite pathology and treatment are still understudied, particularly in northern Vietnam.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective study from 2008 to 2020 was conducted, focusing on snakebite cases at the Poison Control Center of Bach Mai Hospital, a major centre in northern Vietnam for treating envenoming incidents.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 5805 snakebite cases were reported over 12 y. The demography of patients was predominantly male snakebite victims (70%), middle-aged (30-59 y) and mostly from rural districts. Cobra (Naja spp.) attacks were the main culprit, accounting for 39% of cases, and most snakebites occurred in the rainy season. The majority of patients were from Hanoi, but the percentage of cases from other provinces increased over the years up to 75% in 2020. The highest number of snakebites were recorded from communes with snake farms.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Male gender, rainy season, rural residency and snake farming were identified as major risk factors for contracting snakebites. Multicentre hospital studies, cross-sectional community surveys and a central snakebite database are needed to better understand and deal with snakebites in Vietnam.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"432-442"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142923197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"History of scrub typhus in Indonesia.","authors":"Kartika Saraswati, J Kevin Baird, Stuart D Blacksell, Marlous L Grijsen, Nicholas P J Day","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/traf017","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/traf017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Scrub typhus is a common but underrecognized cause of fever in the Asia-Pacific region. This review is the first to examine the history of scrub typhus in the context of notable historical events in Indonesia. Scrub typhus was first observed in 1902 and has since been documented through colonial and modern times. However, the available evidence is sparse. This lack of data is influenced by wider factors, including geopolitical climate and socio-economic factors. During the colonial era and World War II, research focused on economic and military interests. There were research gaps during the unstable period following independence in 1945. More research commenced only in the 1970s, mainly under the auspices of the Ministry of Health. Since 2000, there have been sporadic attempts to study scrub typhus on several major islands (Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Borneo, Bali). We found 51 relevant articles documenting the presence of the pathogen and its vectors, with only a single case confirmed with standard laboratory testing. This lack of data, combined with low awareness and diagnostic capacity, makes it difficult for policymakers to appreciate the impact of scrub typhus. Indonesia needs sustainable and continuous surveillance systems, infrastructure and research funding to ensure diseases of public health importance are not neglected.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"338-345"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11960739/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143558177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scrub typhus outbreak during the Battles of Imphal and Kohima, 1944-45.","authors":"Nitin Gupta, Carl Boodman, Tirlangi Praveen Kumar","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/trae098","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/trae098","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"396-397"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Snail vectors of Schistosoma mansoni in Alagoas, Northeast Brazil: spatial distribution in the hydrographic grid of the state.","authors":"Maria Wilma da Silva Lima, Glória Isabel Lisboa da Silva, Laryssa Oliveira Silva, João Paulo Vieira Machado, Pedro Dantas Lima, Rosália Elen Santos Ramos, Leticia Pereira Bezerra, Israel Gomes de Amorim Santos","doi":"10.1093/trstmh/trae117","DOIUrl":"10.1093/trstmh/trae117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Schistosomiasis mansoni is a parasitic infectious disease of significant epidemiological importance caused by Schistosoma mansoni. The intermediate hosts are snails of the genus Biomphalaria spp. As gastropods are crucial for the spread of the disease, this study aimed to assess the influence of water bodies on the distribution of snails responsible for transmitting S. mansoni in the state of Alagoas. It is an ecological study with a spatial approach, carried out from 1997 to 2017. We considered all Biomphalaria snails captured and positive for S. mansoni in the state. Representative maps were created for better data visualization, having as unit of analysis the municipalities of Alagoas. We also calculated the natural infection rate of the snails (number of positives/number of captured). During the study period, 34 619 Biomphalaria snails were captured, consisting of Biomphalaria glabrata (30 132), Biomphalaria straminea (4445) and Biomphalaria tenagophila (42). The seventh Health Region (HR) of the state had the highest number of specimens collected (B. glabrata=15 676), while the sixth HR had the highest positivity rate (9.2%). Regarding hydrography, these snails were primarily found along the Jacuípe, Mundaú, Paraíba, São Miguel, Coruripe, Piauí, Perucaba and Boacica rivers. Our data reinforce the occurrence of the three medically significant snail species responsible for schistosomiasis transmission in Alagoas. Additionally, our findings can be used as a basis for malacological activities because we report the presence of these animals in the main rivers of the state.</p>","PeriodicalId":23218,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"331-337"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142711134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}