Toxicology Reports最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of heavy metal exposure and cancer risk in Addis Ababa: Trends, risk factors and demographic variations in urinary cadmium, lead and chromium levels","authors":"Tsigereda Assefa Alemayehu ,&nbsp;Andualem Mekonnen Hiruy ,&nbsp;Mehari Meles ,&nbsp;Belay Tefera ,&nbsp;Tadesse Alemu Terfie","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to assess the exposure levels of Pb, Cd, and Cr and evaluate trends in heavy metal exposure among the population of Addis Ababa. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 417 participants randomly selected from the population. Spot urine and water samples, socio-demographic characteristics, and food consumption frequency were collected. Heavy metals were analyzed using microwave plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. Metal exposure risk from drinking water was assessed. The median concentrations of urinary Pb, Cr, and Cd were 19.4865 µg/g creatinine, 55.65 µg/g creatinine, and below the detection limit (Bd), respectively. Female participants and individuals who consumed meat daily had the highest median concentration of Pb (p &lt; 0.005). Those who drank two or more cups of water daily had lower Pb (P &lt; 0.01). Females who consumed eggs daily and drank two or more cups of water had the highest concentration of Cd, ranking in the 75th percentile. The median Cr concentration was higher in underweight participants (BMI &lt; 18.5 kg/m²) at 88.41 µg/g creatinine and in overweight participants (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²) at 66.49 µg/g creatinine compared to normal-weight participants, who had a median concentration of 48.44 µg/g creatinine (P &lt; 0.01). Three metals were detected in 14.4 % and two metals in 52.8 %, and their levels showed an increasing trend over 12 years. Health risk analysis revealed that the highest Cumulative Incremental Life Cancer Risk (CILCR) values were found in Kirkos (KR-10–1.9 ×10⁻³), Lideta (LI-10–2.33 ×10⁻³), and Nifas Silk (NS-11–2.46 ×10⁻³) districts, indicating a significant cancer risk associated with cumulative exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144996242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The protective role of nicardipine in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice: Modulating inflammation and apoptosis","authors":"Ali M. Al-Joda ,&nbsp;Munaf H. Zalzala","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease associated with persistent inflammation, oxidative stress, and epithelial apoptosis. Nicardipine, a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties, but its therapeutic potential in UC remains unclear. This study evaluated the effects of nicardipine on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice, focusing on inflammatory, oxidative, and apoptotic pathways. Fifty BALB/c mice were assigned to five groups (n = 10): control, DSS, nicardipine 12 mg/kg, nicardipine 24 mg/kg, and 5-aminosalicylate (ASA) 75 mg/kg. Treatments were administered for 3 days before and 10 days during DSS exposure. Disease severity was assessed by body weight, disease activity index (DAI), and colon length. Colonic mRNA levels of <em>Nlrp3</em>, <em>TNF-α</em>, <em>IL-17, and TNFSF10 were quantified by RT-PCR; protein expression of caspase-3, caspase-8, BAX, and BCL-2</em> was analyzed by Western blot. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX-1), occludin, and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE-2) were measured by ELISA. Histological scoring assessed epithelial integrity and inflammation. Nicardipine dose-dependently reduced DSS-induced weight loss, DAI, and colon shortening. Both doses significantly downregulated <em>Nlrp3</em>, <em>TNF-α</em>, <em>IL-17, and TNFSF10 (p &lt; 0.05), decreased caspase-3 and BAX, and increased BCL-2</em>. Nicardipine restored GPX-1, lowered MDA and MPO, preserved occludin, and reduced PGE-2. Histology confirmed reduced mucosal injury and preserved epithelial architecture. Nicardipine attenuates DSS-induced colitis by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, reducing oxidative stress, and inhibiting apoptosis, supporting its potential as a therapeutic candidate for UC. Further studies are warranted to clarify its molecular mechanisms and clinical relevance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145019086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Holistic approach to assess human health risks, integrating physicochemical quality attributes and heavy metal levels in tap water","authors":"Molla Tefera ,&nbsp;Habtamu Aderajew ,&nbsp;Dessie Ezez ,&nbsp;Mamo Dikamu ,&nbsp;Worku Lakew","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heavy metal contamination is a serious concern affecting the safety of tap water sources. Hence, this study evaluated physicochemical quality indices, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health hazard derived from the level of toxic metals in tap water in Gondar city, Ethiopia. The results revealed that except dissolved oxygen, salinity and nitrite, all quality attributes were below the allowable quality standards. The average concentrations for iron (Fe), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) were ranged from 0.003 mg/L to 5 mg/L, 0.475 mg/L to 0.752 mg/L, 0.14 mg/L to 0.703 mg/L, 0.261 mg/L to 2.182 mg/L, and 0.035 mg/L to 4.286 mg/L, respectively. The mean levels of metals in different areas decreased in the order: AR &gt; AZ1 &gt; PS1 &gt; AZ3 &gt; PS2 &gt; MR &gt; PS3 &gt; SHD &gt; AZ2 &gt; CL. Except for Cu, the concentration of Fe, Pb, Cr, and Cd exceeded the safe limits described by WHO/FAO. According to principal component analysis and cluster analysis, anthropogenic activities were found to be the major source of metals. Chronic daily intake (CDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and incremental lifetime cancer risk assessment (ILCR) were employed to evaluate human health risks. Except for Pb in AZ1, PS3, and AR, the values of THQ for both ingestion and dermal pathways from the analysed metals for adults were within the safety limits (THQ <span><math><mo>&lt;</mo></math></span>1). However, the distribution pattern of HI values were presented in the decreasing order: PS1 &gt; PS2 &gt; AZ3 &gt; MR &gt; PS3 &gt; AR &gt; AZ2 &gt; AZ1 &gt; SHD &gt; CL. Except, the HI values in CL, all values were greater than one (HI &gt; 1), indicating that tap water in these areas may pose non-carcinogenic health risk. The analysis of carcinogenic health risks indicated that the lifetime cancer risk (ingestion and dermal exposure pathways) of heavy metals were in accordance with the acceptable range for tap water (10^–6 – 10^–4). This finding provides valuable input for the development of precise action plans aimed at elevating water quality standards in the studied areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144925002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Butein mitigates 5-FU-triggered hepatotoxicity via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic pathways","authors":"Ruaa Adnan Mohammed ,&nbsp;Nada N. Al-Shawi","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent, but its hepatotoxic potential poses clinical challenges, as it induces oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in liver tissue. Butein, a natural chalcone flavonoid that possesses varied biological activity, such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antiplatelet effects. This study aimed to evaluate the possible protective effects of Butein against 5-FU-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Male albino rats were divided into 4 Groups (of 7 animals each): control, 5-FU, and two Butein-pretreated Groups (50 and 100 mg/kg/day, orally for 14 days) each before a single intraperitoneal dose of 150 mg/kg 5-FU, which was injected on day 14. Serum liver enzymes (ALT and AST), cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, and NF-κB), oxidative stress markers (MDA and GSH), TNF-α gene expression, and protein levels of caspase-3 and NRF2 were evaluated. Histological assessments were also conducted. 5-FU significantly elevated serum ALT and AST levels, increased NF-κB, IL-6, MDA, and TNF-α expression, and decreased IL-10, GSH, and NRF2 levels (p &lt; 0.05). Histological changes included sinusoidal dilation, congestion, and hepatocyte degeneration. Pre-treatment with Butein markedly attenuated these alterations, where both doses of Butein significantly reduced transaminases, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress markers while enhancing antioxidant defenses and anti-inflammatory IL-10 levels. Notably, the high dose of Butein restored NRF2 expression and reduced caspase-3 protein levels more effectively than the lower dose. Histologically, the high dose of Butein preserved normal hepatic architecture with minimal pathological changes. In conclusoin, Butein offers dose-dependent hepatoprotection against 5-FU-induced liver injury through the attenuation of oxidative stress, suppression of pro-inflammatory and apoptotic markers, and upregulation of antioxidant defenses; moreover, the histopathological evaluation further supported the biochemical and molecular findings, particularly at the 100 mg/kg/day, which preserved normal hepatic architecture and minimized cellular damage; and, thus support the prophylactic potentialof Butein in managing chemotherapeutic liver toxicity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144912098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical study on the relationship between exposure to ultrafine particles (PM0.1) and cardiovascular diseases in petroleum workers","authors":"Nagham Jawad Kadam AL-Lami ,&nbsp;Nadhum A.N. Awad ,&nbsp;Saad Shaheen Hamadi Al-Taher","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study examines the health of petroleum industry employees in Basrah City, southern Iraq, with a focus on their exposure to toxic chemicals, specifically the impact of oxidative stress on their hearts. This study included two groups of men: in the first group, ninety employees were exposed to crude oil well sites in Basrah, and ninety individuals were in the control group. This study evaluated two ultra-fine particles in the participants' blood: the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolite [Benzopyrene diol epoxide (BPDE)] level and the toxic cadmium. The study also aimed to evaluate the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the serum of the study participants and monitor the lipid profile. The results showed high levels of BPDE, a high concentration of cadmium in the blood, increased lipid peroxidation, and decreased SOD in the exposed group compared to the control group. The results also showed a significant increase in triglycerides. The increase in reactive oxygen species production is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, and high triglycerides indicate artery wall deposits, leading to cardiovascular disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the effects of dimethyl fumarate on transforming growth factor beta levels in the liver of rats with bile duct ligation-induced cholestasis","authors":"Hannaneh Vossoughi ,&nbsp;Pejman Mortazavi ,&nbsp;Mahsa Ale-Ebrahim ,&nbsp;Razieh Hosseini","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cholestasis is a reduction or cessation of bile flow in the biliary system, which can be life-threatening. Dimethyl Fumarate could induce anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in the body.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This investigation focused on assessing the impact of Dimethyl Fumarate on liver levels of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) to mitigate biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical alterations in cholestasis-induced rat models.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Forty male adult Wistar rats were divided into eight groups (healthy control treated with distilled water, healthy rats treated with 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of Dimethyl Fumarate, bile duct ligation (BDL), and experiment BDL groups were treated with 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of Dimethyl Fumarate). After the gavage treatment period of 45 days, the rats were anesthetized and underwent blood sampling. Liver damage was assessed by measuring hepatic marker enzymes (alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and total bilirubin), histopathological (lesion assessment), and immunohistochemical (TGF-β expression level) observation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The findings demonstrated that administration of varying doses of Dimethyl Fumarate via gavage led to a statistically significant reduction in serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and total bilirubin (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). The optimal dosage identified was 200 mg/kg of Dimethyl Fumarate. Furthermore, the data indicated that gavage treatment with Dimethyl Fumarate significantly attenuated TGF-β expression level and mitigated hepatic damage (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This strategy may reduce inflammation, cholestasis, and fibrosis outcomes, attributed to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Nonetheless, further research is necessary to substantiate these findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144889040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of teratogen-induced malformations and gene expression across zebrafish strains in early development","authors":"Chitose Taya ,&nbsp;Kota Ujibe ,&nbsp;Shinnosuke Shimodaira ,&nbsp;Aoto Sakamoto ,&nbsp;Seiji Wada ,&nbsp;Makoto Kashima ,&nbsp;Hiromi Hirata","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zebrafish embryos are widely used in developmental toxicity testing. However, the extent to which genetic background influences susceptibility to teratogenic compounds remains incompletely understood. We here evaluated inter-strain variability in both phenotypic and transcriptomic responses to six model teratogens using five commonly utilized zebrafish strains, AB, TU, RW, WIK, and PET. All test compounds, valproic acid, hydroxyurea, methotrexate, acitretin, topiramate, and ibuprofen, elicited concentration-dependent developmental toxicity characterized by malformations at moderate doses and lethality at higher concentrations. Despite distinct toxicodynamic profiles, the incidence and severity of phenotypic outcomes were highly consistent across strains. Transcriptomic analysis was performed following exposure to valproic acid, hydroxyurea, and warfarin, revealing strong, dose-dependent gene expression changes that were largely conserved among strains. Principal component analysis demonstrated that chemical concentration, rather than strain, was the dominant driver of transcriptional variation. Minor strain-specific differences were observed at baseline or low-dose levels but did not alter the overall direction or magnitude of response. These findings demonstrate that zebrafish embryos from diverse genetic backgrounds exhibit broadly conserved developmental and molecular responses to teratogens. The minimal inter-strain variability supports the use of any wild-type strain, transgenic line, or even outbred population in developmental toxicity testing without compromising sensitivity or reproducibility. Our study reinforces the suitability of zebrafish as a robust vertebrate model in regulatory toxicology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144912099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is the use of anthracyclines implicated in myocardial injury? Investigating the cardio modulatory effects of naringenin and apocynin in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats","authors":"Justin Atiang Beshel ,&nbsp;Samuel Usoh Ukweni ,&nbsp;Idara Asuquo Okon ,&nbsp;Daniel Udofia Owu","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Naringenin, a major flavonoid in oranges, grapefruit, tomato skin and apocynin a polyphenolic compound isolated from plants, such as <em>Apocynum cannabinum</em> are known to possess anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. Doxorubicin (DOX) is an antibiotic, effective in the treatment of cancer, but notorious for its propensity to cause cardiotoxicity. This study investigated the combined effects of naringenin and apocynin in DOX-induced cardiac toxicity. Thirty rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 6) as follows: Normal Control (NC), DOX only, DOX+ naringenin, DOX + apocynin and DOX +naringenin + apocynin. DOX (2.5 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally, three times per week for two weeks (cumulative dose of 15 mg/kg). Naringenin (50 mg/kg/day) and apocynin (25 mg/kg/day) were administered orally. ECG measurements were carried out and heart homogenates were used to estimate cardiac inflammatory (IL-6, CRP), cardiac toxicity (CTnT, LDH, CKMB) and hypertensive (NO, ACE) markers. Histopathological examination of the heart was performed. Doxorubicin significantly altered the ECG with large T-wave, ST-elevation and wide QRS-complex. Results also showed significant changes in cardiac inflammatory and hypertensive biomarkers. Naringenin and apocynin treatment significantly attenuated the impact of doxorubicin on rats ECG, decreased biomarkers levels of cardiac inflammatory and hypertensive biomarkers. The cytoarchitecture of heart significantly improved in naringenin and apocynin treated groups, when compared to DOX only group. This study indicates that administration of naringenin and apocynin have cardioprotective ability and also ameliorated cardiotoxicity-induced by doxorubicin probably due to its anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144885889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF ALTERNATE TOBACCO PRODUCT (ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE) AND TRADITIONAL TOBACCO SMOKING ON VARIOUS ORGAN/SYSTEMS: A GUIDE TO REGULATORS AND HEALTH POLICY MAKERS.","authors":"Saheed Olanrewaju Afolabi ,&nbsp;Solomon Olagoke Olaoye ,&nbsp;Nyamgee Amase ,&nbsp;Anoka Ayembe Njan","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102100","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102100","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional Tobacco smoking (TTS) is globally known as the single largest avoidable risk factor for a broad range of diseases. Over a century ago, there has been a wide spread of tobacco cigarettes, originating particularly from the Americas; and most recently alternative tobacco products, such as e-cigarettes aerosol (ECA) and smokeless tobacco. This is due to the perceived safety of the latter. There are several indications that frequent e-cigarette use causes possible direct and indirect health threats, requiring urgent regulatory provisions particularly in resource constrain setting. Data for this review were gotten through a rigorous search of scientific literatures on PubMed, Elsevier, Google scholar and Scopus. The deleterious health effects of ECA have been linked largely to the e-juice or e-liquid which majorly contains nicotine, flavorings, propylene glycol and other unregulated additives. In the respiratory system, TTS and ECA cause increase in pulmonary macrophage count and higher cell influx. However, TTS caused a higher lipid peroxidation, while ECA caused a negative shift in the histology of the lungs, featuring an increase in volume density of the alveolar space. Studies involving the cardiovascular system explored the constituents such as nicotine, linked to atherosclerosis; cardiac tissue remodeling and cardiotoxic thermal metabolites of propylene glycol. On cardiac tissue remodeling, ECA caused significant increase in angiogenesis in mouse heart tissues, coupled with increase collagen production but not tissue fibrosis. This suggests that acute exposure to ECA did not adversely affect contractile functions or fibrosis. However, this was contrary with TTS, which showed inhibition of angiogenesis and induction of cardiac fibrosis. The increasing use of ECA amongst young adults showed more tendency for neurological defects when compared with TTS, this is mainly due to combinatory neurotoxic effects of nicotine, flavorings, formaldehyde, etc., causing a negative effect on cognition and attention span.</div><div>Putting these together, Uncontrolled spreading of these unregulated and addictive products is creating inconsistent quality assurance in resource constrain countries resulting in public health risk. There is therefore an urgent need for the regulation of these products and further research carried out on long-term safety of e-cigarettes, while national health regulators and policy makers should provide informed policies on the use of e-cigarettes and other alternative tobacco products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144996241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survival following intentional overdose of veterinary insulin: A case report","authors":"Elsa Sandeno ,&nbsp;Sergey Karachenets ,&nbsp;Kourtney Zehlke ,&nbsp;Raza Khan ,&nbsp;Michael Kalinoski ,&nbsp;Pravin Meshram ,&nbsp;James V. Harmon Jr.","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 40-year-old man presented to the emergency department within 6 h of a massive overdose of 500 units of long-acting feline glargine insulin intravenously and an estimated 50 mg of clozapine. Upon initial assessment, his Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was 15 and his blood sugar level was 45 mg/dL. The patient was successfully managed with dextrose infusions and close monitoring of blood sugar and electrolytes. To date, no cases have been documented in the literature describing an overdose of insulin formulation intended for veterinary use. Cases of overdose with animal-prescribed human insulin analogs can be managed similarly to previously reported cases of human insulin overdose.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144889039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}