Toxicology Reports最新文献

{"title":"Fish consumption patterns and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in fried and grilled fish products and mitigation strategies","authors":"Abhishek ,&nbsp;S. Chakkaravarthi ,&nbsp;Tripti Agarwal","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101953","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101953","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present study, the concentration of 13PAHs and the six indicator PCBs was determined through GC-MS/MS in 36 grilled and fried fish products. The study is unique in terms of the simultaneous determination of two types of persistent organic pollutants in grilled and fried fish products. The concentration of ∑13PAHs and ∑6PCBs in these samples varied from 20.80 ± 2.06–947.65 ± 40.85 µg kg⁻¹ and 2.86 ± 0.16–46.52 ± 0.46 µg kg⁻¹, respectively. Dietary exposure and human health risks due to the consumption of fried and grilled fish products for flexitarians, fish-eating population and the entire population were assessed. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) estimates for the flexitarians, the entire population, and fish-eating population associated with dietary intake of these products ranged from 4.68 × 10⁻⁵ to 1.32 × 10⁻³, 1.06 × 10⁻³ to 2.97 × 10⁻² and 1.46 × 10⁻³ to 4.12 × 10⁻² respectively. Furthermore, the cancer risk of grilled and fried fish products assessed for the fish-eating population was compared with the cancer risk of raw fish calculated based on the peer-reviewed Indian literature. The mitigation strategies for reduction of PAHs and PCBs in defined fish products have been recommended in the study. The study also highlights the need for in-depth research on PAHs and PCBs formation in grilled and fried fish products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101953"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143351135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of therapeutic supplement using roasted-cashew-nut to protect cerebral vasoconstriction injury triggered by mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons in the hypothalamus and hippocampus of rat model","authors":"J.K. Akintunde ,&nbsp;V.O. Akomolafe ,&nbsp;R.N. Ugbaja ,&nbsp;A.M. Olude ,&nbsp;A.D. Folayan","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101943","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101943","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Petroleum-related activities have been a health global risk concern, particularly in the limbic disorders. The study aims to investigate the neuroprotection of roasted cashew nuts (RCN) on brain vasoconstriction injury induced by a mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons (MFPP). Seventy Male Wistar rats ranging 160 ± 10 g were randomized into seven groups. Group I was given distilled water. Group II was exposed to 0.2 ml MFPP. Group III, IV and V were exposed to 0.2 ml MFPP followed by treatment with 50 mg/kg atenolol, 10 % RCN and 20 % RCN, respectively. Group VI and VII were treated with 10 % RCN and 20 % RCN, respectively. The regimen period was 28 days. Cell pathological evaluation was done using hematoxylin and eosin staining and visualized under the microscope. Biochemical and molecular markers of brain vasoconstriction injury (BVI) were evaluated using spectrophotometer and RT-PCR analyzer, respectively. Student-T-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze the results. Sub-chronic exposure to MFPP induced BVI as evident in neuroinflammation and derangements in the histology of the hippocampus and hypothalamus coupled with momentous alterations in the neurons. Post ^{treatment with RCN supplement remarkably modulated the effects by depleting the} inflammatory mediators including HIF-1, p53 and MCP-1. Also, adenosinergic, purigenic and cholinergic of the hypothalamus and hippocampus were normalized by the supplement. It is pertinent to conclude that treatment with RCN inhibited BVI in rats via the NO-cAMP-PKA signaling pathway by reversing neuroinflammation, normalizing the purinergic and cholinergic neurotransmission in the hypothalamus and hippocampus, and stabilizing NO level coupled with brain histology improvement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101943"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143348901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equations for estimating binary mixture toxicity: Methyl-2-chloroacetoacetate-containing combinations","authors":"Douglas A. Dawson ,&nbsp;T. Wayne Schultz","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101939","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101939","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mixture toxicity was determined for 30 A+B combinations. Chemical A was the reactive soft electrophile methyl-2-chloroacetoacetate (M2CA), and chemical B was one of 30 reactive or non-reactive agents. Bioluminescence inhibition in <em>Allovibrio fischeri</em> was measured after 15-, 30-, and 45-minutes of exposure for A, B, and the mixture (MX) with EC_x (i.e., EC₂₅, EC₅₀, and EC₇₅) values being calculated. Concentration-response curves (CRCs) were developed for A and B at each exposure duration and used to create predicted CRCs for the concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) mixture toxicity models. Likewise, MX CRCs were generated and compared with model predictions, along with the calculation of additivity quotient (AQ) and independence quotient (IQ) values. Mixture toxicity vs. the models showed various combined effects, including toxicity that was slightly greater than IA and/or CA, consistency with CA, IA or both models, effects that were less toxic than expected for either model and antagonism. Simple linear regression analyses of time-dependent toxicity (TDT) data showed very strong correlations (r² ≥ 0.997) for B-TDT vs. the average TDT for A and B. Likewise, for both CA and IA, multiple linear regression analyses showed strong correlations (r² &gt; 0.960) between MX EC_x and either CA EC_x and AQ_x or IA EC_x and IQ_x values at each exposure duration. The results show that analyses of binary mixture toxicity data produced linear relationships resulting in equations that can effectively predict such toxicity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101939"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143348905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the impact of triazoles on female fertility and embryo development: Mechanisms and implications","authors":"Sonal Sharma,&nbsp;Geeta Pandey","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101948","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101948","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Triazoles are among the most widely used fungicides that were launched in 1980s and are one of the most important pesticide groups used in agriculture as plant growth regulators and stress protectors. Triazoles are also frequently used in the pharmaceutical industry to treat fungal and bacterial infections as well as to treat and prevent some forms of pneumonia. Humans are normally exposed to triazoles through food, water, and medications, which raises concerns about their potential adverse effects on health. Therefore, this review was planned to examine the impact of triazole fungicides on female fertility, as well as their teratogenic and embryotoxic effects. Various search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, IEEE were used to search the relevant articles published between 2006 and 2024 using the following keywords: \"azoles,\" \"female infertility,\" \"reproductive toxicity,\" \"teratogenicity,\" \"triazoles,\" and \"embryo toxicity.\" The findings suggest that triazoles might negatively affect female fertility and embryonic development through multiple mechanisms including inhibition or interference with key enzymes such as CYP17A1 and CYP19A1 (aromatase) involved in steroid hormone synthesis, endocrine disruption, oxidative stress, disruption of signaling pathways, and apoptosis. This review consolidates current knowledge on the teratogenic and embryotoxic properties of triazole fungicides, providing a comprehensive understanding of their health implications and addressing critical research gaps.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101948"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143349537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of serum glucose/potassium ratio in assessing poisoning severity and adverse outcomes in patients with acute aluminum phosphide poisoning","authors":"Ghada N. El-Sarnagawy ,&nbsp;Amal S.A.F. Hafez ,&nbsp;Mona M. Ghonem","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101947","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101947","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aluminum phosphide (ALP) poisoning is a crucial health problem owing to its easy availability, extreme potency, and absence of specific treatment modalities. This study aimed to assess the role of the glucose/potassium (Glu-K) ratio in predicting the severity and adverse outcomes of acute ALP poisoning. The current retrospective cohort study involved patients with acute ALP poisoning who were admitted to Tanta University Poison Control Center from June 2022 to June 2024. Sociodemographic and poisoning data, initial findings of clinical examination, Glu-K ratio, and calculation of Poisoning Severity Score (PSS), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), and PGI score were documented. Patients were categorized into two groups according to mortality outcome. Out of 206 acute ALP-poisoned patients, we recorded 67.5 % fatalities. The median value of the Glu-K ratio was significantly higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors (44.8 versus 28.9; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). The Glu-K positively correlated with PSS, APACHE II, and PGI scores (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). The APACHE II score exhibited the highest performance for predicting mortality and the need for mechanical ventilation (AUC=0.876 and 0.853, respectively). <em>However</em>, the Glu-K ratio conveyed a com<em>p</em>arable discriminatory <em>p</em>ower with other scoring systems (PSS and PGI) for anticipating all unfavorable outcomes. Patients with a Glu-K ratio ≥ 37.07 had significantly decreased survival duration than patients with a Glu-K ratio &lt; 37.07 (0.38 <em>versus</em> 3 days; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). Therefore, the initial Glu-K ratio is an easily accessible routine biomarker for assessing poisoning severity and outcomes probability of ALP-poisoned patients, particularly with limited healthcare facilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101947"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143421101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS profiling, molecular networking, and molecular docking analysis of Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth. ex. Walp. stem ethanolic extract and its gastroprotective effect on gastritis in rats","authors":"Aya A. Wafaey ,&nbsp;Seham S. El-Hawary ,&nbsp;Osama G. Mohamed ,&nbsp;Sahar S. Abdelrahman ,&nbsp;Alaa M. Ali ,&nbsp;Ahmed A. El-Rashedy ,&nbsp;Mohamed F. Abdelhameed ,&nbsp;Farid N. Kirollos","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101944","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101944","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metabolic profiling of the crude ethanolic extract of <em>Gliricidia sepium</em> (Jacq.) Kunth. ex. Walp. stem ethanolic extract (GSS) was conducted using ultra-high performance quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) in negative mode, resulting in the identification of 23 compounds belonging to various classes such as flavonoids, fatty acids, triterpenoid saponins, and phenolic acids. Notably, eight flavonoids including kaempferol-3-<em>O</em>-robinoside-7-<em>O</em>-rhamnoside, isoquercitrin, kaempferol-3-<em>O</em>-rutinoside, apigenin-7-glucoside, kaempeferol-7-<em>O</em>-rhamnoside, luteolin, apigenin, and liquiritigenin, along with two phenolic acids (4-hydroxycinnamic acid and 2-hydroxyhydrocinnamic acid) and four triterpenoid saponins (soyasaponin I, soyasaponin II, soyasaponin III, and kaikasaponin III) were dereplicated. Additionally, nine fatty acid derivatives were identified, including azelaic acid and 2-isopropyl malic acid. Molecular networking analysis revealed the formation of clusters among compounds while others do not form clusters. Further analysis indicated that the GSS ethanolic extract exhibited a total phenolic content of 38.78 ± 1.609 µg of gallic acid equivalent/mg and a total flavonoid content of 5.62 ± 0.50 µg of rutin equivalent/mg. Biological evaluations showed that GSS ethanolic extract mitigated gastric tissue injury induced by pyloric ligation, with a notable reduction in oxidative stress marker reactive oxygen species levels and inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels. Additionally, it enhanced superoxide dismutase and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B alpha levels, while lowering the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Histopathological examination revealed significant improvements in gastric tissue morphology in GSS-treated groups compared to the control group. Molecular docking studies indicated potential interactions between GSS ethanolic extract compounds and various target proteins involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, and gastric protection in gastritis. This study aims to investigate the potential gastroprotective activity of GSS ethanolic extract against gastritis induced via pyloric ligation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101944"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143348899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The antioxidant potential of bacoside and its derivatives in Alzheimer's disease: The molecular mechanistic paths and therapeutic prospects","authors":"Dipanjan Karati ,&nbsp;Swarupananda Mukherjee ,&nbsp;Souvik Roy","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101945","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101945","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Central nervous system disorders are likely to have a substantial effect on the worldwide healthcare demands of humanity in this era. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a senile decay of neurons. Extracellular beta-amyloid accumulation and intracellular tau hyperphosphorylation are two key characteristics of the pathogenesis of AD. Because of the multifactorial character of many disorders, new medicine-based psychoactive treatments have had limited success. As a result, there is a growing demand for innovative products that can target different receptors and improve behavioral abilities on their own or in combination with established treatments. In recent years, both industrialized and developing countries have seen a surge in herbal products based on traditional knowledge. According to recent research, bacoside and its congeners can dramatically lower the build-up of amyloid-β plaques, which are a defining feature of AD. This decrease is explained by bacoside's capacity to regulate β-secretase activity, which lowers the production of amyloid-β. Ayurveda is a medical science that focuses on the use of naturally occurring plant products to treat ailments. Many neuroprotective plants are said to be found in Ayurveda. The key physiological dysfunctions linked to tau aggregates, which contribute to dementia and behavioral inconsistencies, include the formation of reactive oxygen species, augmented neuronal swelling, and neurotoxicity. Here, we have focused on bacopa as an anti-Alzheimer medication. Bacoside A, Baccoside B, Apigenin, Betullinic acid, etc. are the pharmacologically active congeners of Brahmi belonging to several chemical families. In this review, the neuroprotective properties, pharmacological effectiveness, and molecular mechanism of bacoside scaffolds against AD have been discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101945"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143348900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preventive treatment with guarana powder (Paullinia cupana) mitigates acute paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity by modulating oxidative stress","authors":"Clécia Dias Teixeira ,&nbsp;Priscila Oliveira Barbosa ,&nbsp;Wanderson Geraldo Lima ,&nbsp;Gustavo Silveira Breguez ,&nbsp;Miliane Martins de Andrade Fagundes ,&nbsp;Daniela Caldeira Costa ,&nbsp;Cintia Lopes de Brito Magalhães ,&nbsp;Joana Ferreira Amaral ,&nbsp;Melina Oliveira de Souza","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101946","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101946","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liver damage caused by high doses of paracetamol is a global public health concern. Consequently, therapeutic strategies are being explored to prevent this damage. The bioactive compounds present in fruits have shown promise in protecting against disorders associated with paracetamol-induced liver damage. This study assessed the preventive effects of guarana powder on redox status in a rat model of acute hepatotoxicity induced by a toxic dose of paracetamol. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (C), guarana (G), paracetamol (P), and guarana + paracetamol (GP). Animals in groups G and GP received 300 mg/kg guarana powder daily for seven days. Hepatotoxicity was induced in the P and GP groups by a single dose of 3 g/kg paracetamol on the last day. Paracetamol effectively induced liver damage and oxidative stress in group P animals. Preventive treatment with guarana significantly mitigated this damage and prevented the serum elevation of ALT, AST, and ALP by 44 %, 29 %, and 24 %, respectively. It also prevented a 133 % increase in the necrotic liver area in GP animals compared to the P. Guarana treatment, which prevented reductions in glutathione levels, modulated antioxidant enzyme (SOD and CAT) expression and activity, and protein carbonylation, while enhancing the total antioxidant capacity. Our results suggest that preventive treatment with guarana can attenuate oxidative damage, modulate antioxidant defense gene expression, and protect against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats, highlighting guarana powder as a potential therapeutic agent to prevent liver damage induced by high doses of paracetamol.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101946"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143103973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Mitigation of cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity by Isorhamnetin: Mechanistic insights into oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis modulation” [Toxicol. Rep. 12 (2024) 564–573]","authors":"Rawan Abudalo ,&nbsp;Omar Gammoh ,&nbsp;Sara Altaber ,&nbsp;Yousra Bseiso ,&nbsp;Esam Qnais ,&nbsp;Mohammed Wedyan ,&nbsp;Muna Oqal ,&nbsp;Abdelrahim Alqudah","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101934","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101934","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101934"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143170455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia: Toxicologic mechanism and the increased breast cancer risk","authors":"Steven B. Bird","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101927","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101927","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antipsychotic drugs are effective at improving both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia as well as the manic phase of bipolar disorder. Whether an antipsychotic is termed typical or atypical is related to the xenobiotic’s propensity to cause extrapyramidal side effects. However, with a few exceptions, drugs of both classes of antipsychotics are known to cause hyperprolactinemia. As many breast cancers are responsive to prolactin concentrations, the persistent increase in prolactin of the antipsychotics has implications for public health and carcinogenesis. The objective of this study was to review the extant literature on hyperprolactinemia due to antipsychotics, and to determine the risk imposed by those drugs on human breast cancer. A summary risk of breast cancer with use of any antipsychotic was found to be 1.19 (95 % confidence interval 1.10–1.30). When limiting usage of antipsychotics to 5 or more years, the summary risk increased to 1.26 (95 % confidence interval 1.12–1.43). And when limited to those studies who evaluated only those medications with the greatest increase in prolactin, the risk increased to 1.59 (95 % confidence interval 1.37–1.85). Given this increased risk of breast cancer, stronger warnings about this increased risk are warranted, and regular monitoring of prolactin levels and breast cancer screening should be part of the management plan for these patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101927"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143103972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}