Toxicology Reports最新文献

{"title":"Toxicity and health effects of delta-8, delta-9, and delta-10-tetrahydrocannabinol and unregulated cannabinoids in vaping products","authors":"Karen Lin,&nbsp;Yehao Sun,&nbsp;Rhea Raghu,&nbsp;Parth Suharu,&nbsp;Felix Effah,&nbsp;Irfan Rahman","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2026.102202","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2026.102202","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hemp-derived cannabinoids (CBDs) such as Δ8- and Δ10-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in cannabis e-cigarettes have been growing in popularity among youth, causing great concern for their health effects. Previous novel lung injury outbreaks, such as E-cigarette or Vaping Use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI), were associated with the rising use of e-cigarettes and vaping products. Toxicological studies have revealed that chronic exposure to cannabis vapor can cause adverse brain and pulmonary effects. Hemp products are classified as cannabis and set a limit of no more than 0.3 % Δ9-THC, while products containing more than 0.3 % are defined as ‘marijuana.’ This has led to the proliferation of hemp-derived intoxicating cannabinoids, such as Δ8- and Δ10-THC, in addition to cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), cannabigerol (CBG), and Δ9-THC appearing in combination products. CBD frequently serves as a significant component of hemp-derived formulations, making it a central consideration for toxicological and regulatory evaluation as well. This phenomenon poses significant health risks to youth because these newer THC isomers and products are currently unregulated and not well-researched, yet they are still widely available. Therefore, we have examined the pharmacology, toxicity, potential therapeutic uses and possible health risks of several THC and hemp-derived cannabinoids. This review draws insightful highlights to the public health consequences of secondary exposures to CBD and THC, and their molecular mechanisms of action. It underscores the urgency for a regulatory oversight over unregulated cannabinoid markets to prevent toxicity of vaping-related health crises and other rapidly emerging cannabis health disorders, like the cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 102202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heated tobacco product aerosol emission compared to cigarette smoke: A scoping review","authors":"Stefano Bellosta ,&nbsp;Alberto Corsini ,&nbsp;Gabriele Catena","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2026.102209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2026.102209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are promoted as reduced-risk alternatives to combustible tobacco cigarettes (TCs), yet toxicant exposure reduction and associated health benefits remain uncertain. We evaluated preclinical and interventional clinical studies comparing HTPs with TCs, focusing on aerosol composition, toxicological exposure, and harm biomarkers. A systematic PubMed search identified 1105 peer-reviewed articles published between January 2017 and October 2024. Studies were screened using validated MeSH terms and commercial brand names. Forty-three articles met inclusion criteria, reporting standardized aerosol characterization, <em>in vivo</em> or <em>in vitro</em> toxicology, or biomarker assessments. Data were extracted by independent reviewers. Clinical studies were categorized by exposure duration (acute, short, medium, or long-term). HTP aerosols contained up to 95 % lower levels of regulated toxicants and exhibited substantially reduced mutagenic, toxic, genotoxic, carcinogenic, and proinflammatory activities (85–95 % reduction) compared with TC smoke. Among 24 interventional clinical studies, 20 reported 40–97 % reductions in toxicant biomarkers of exposure (BoE)—including tobacco-specific nitrosamines, carboxyhemoglobin, volatile organic compounds, and mutagenic metabolites—among smokers who switched completely to HTPs. These reductions were observed from minutes to 24 months and occurred largely independently of systemic nicotine concentrations. Four independent studies reported no significant improvement or detected adverse effects. International health authorities acknowledge that HTP aerosols contain carcinogenic and mutagenic constituents, albeit at substantially lower concentrations than TC smoke, suggesting a potential—though unconfirmed—risk reduction. Overall, HTP users experience lower toxicant exposure than TC smokers; however, additional independent, long-term investigations are required to determine the actual health impact of sustained HTP use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 102209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis, characterization, and anticancer evaluation of N-Heterocyclic entities: ADME profiling and In Silico predictions","authors":"Zakariae Abbaoui ,&nbsp;Oussama Khibech ,&nbsp;Hüseyin Karci ,&nbsp;Muhammed Dündar ,&nbsp;İlknur Özdemir ,&nbsp;Nevin Gürbüz ,&nbsp;Ahmet Koç ,&nbsp;Wilson Agerico Dino ,&nbsp;İsmail Özdemir ,&nbsp;Naifa Alenazi ,&nbsp;Rachid Touzani ,&nbsp;Hanan Alghibiwi","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to synthesize a novel series of <em>N</em>-heterocyclic compounds and evaluate their integrated pharmacological potential by coupling <em>in vitro</em> selective cytotoxicity on tumor and normal cell lines with predictive <em>in silico</em> ADME-Tox profiling. This research highlights the anti-cancer potential of twelve synthesized compounds, five of which are new chemical entities never before described in the literature. Their detailed structural characterization (NMR ¹H, ¹³C, IR), combined with <em>in silico</em> predictions (ADME-Tox), confirmed their ability to cross essential biological barriers, in particular the intestinal membrane and, for certain derivatives, the BBB. Biological evaluations conducted on SH-SY5Y (neuroblastoma) and HCT116 (colorectal carcinoma) cell lines revealed several compounds with IC₅₀ values lower than those of cisplatin while exhibiting reduced cytotoxicity towards the normal human epithelial BEAS-2B cell line. In particular, the compound (<em>1H</em>-imidazol-1-yl)methanol (designated as Compound <strong><u>6</u></strong>) stands out with IC₅₀ values of 6.97 ± 0.06 µM on SH-SY5Y and 10.70 ± 0.33 µM on HCT116, significantly lower than those of cisplatin under the same experimental conditions. This profile, combined with virtually no toxicity on normal BEAS-2B cells (IC₅₀ &gt; 800 µM), highlights its remarkable selectivity. These results highlight optimized pharmacological properties and suggest the potential for developing selective therapeutic agents against different types of cancer, particularly neuronal and colorectal tumors. Future research will focus on in-depth mechanistic studies and <em>in vivo</em> validation to optimize the efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and safety of these promising molecules.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 102184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of siamenoside I in rats","authors":"Ashley Roberts ,&nbsp;Nicole Cuellar-Kingston ,&nbsp;Steven Townley ,&nbsp;Terence Ormsby ,&nbsp;Shaun Johnson ,&nbsp;Jennifer L.G. van de Ligt ,&nbsp;Alex K. Eapen","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102185","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102185","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of [¹⁴C]-siamenoside I were studied following single oral doses of 5 mg/kg bodyweight with intact and bile duct-cannulated rats. Elimination of radioactivity was rapid and essentially complete by the end of the sample collection period (0–168 h), with the primary excretion route being the feces (101 % males and 92 % females). The estimate of absorption determined from the level of radiolabel in the bile of bile duct-cannulated rats was approximately 43 % in males and 42 % in females. The resultant systemic exposure as determined via urinary as well as blood and plasma radioactivity levels was low relative to the administered dose with only 1–1.5 % eliminated in intact and bile duct-cannulated male and female urine. Blood, plasma and tissue radioactivity levels were rapidly and widely distributed with the overall distribution low relative to administered dose. Metabolism of siamenoside I, to mogrol following cleavage of the sugar groups was the major component of feces (53–59 %), which appears to occur in the gastrointestinal tract prior to absorption. This was supported by mogrol being a significant component of radioactivity in plasma and tissues. The biotransformation of absorbed radioactivity also involved formation of several oxidized metabolites of mogrol, generally addition of oxygen and/or dehydrogenation. Overall absorption and subsequent excretion of [¹⁴C]-siamenoside I was similar in male and female rats as determined by the levels of radioactivity present in the urine and bile with no evidence of accumulation or retention observed in any tissue.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 102185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can in silico models predict drug-induced cardiac risk in vulnerable populations?","authors":"Paula Dominguez-Gomez ,&nbsp;Pablo Gonzalez-Martin ,&nbsp;Laura Baldo-Canut ,&nbsp;Eva Casoni ,&nbsp;Ani Amar ,&nbsp;Jose M. Pozo ,&nbsp;Constantine Butakoff ,&nbsp;Mariano Vazquez ,&nbsp;Jazmin Aguado-Sierra","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates virtual cardiac populations for preclinical assessment of drug-induced QT interval prolongation and arrhythmic risk. Traditional predictions often rely on small, healthy cohorts, excluding vulnerable populations. Using computational models of realistic heart anatomies and electrophysiology, we generated a virtual cohort of 512 subjects across healthy and diseased hearts (heart failure, dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, ischaemia, and myocardial infarction). We assessed QT prolongation and arrhythmic events following administration of moxifloxacin (benchmark antibiotic) and contraindicated drugs including quinidine, bepridil, and flecainide.</div><div>Patients with heart failure, hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy showed greater QT prolongation to moxifloxacin, unlike ischaemia and myocardial infarction, which resembled healthy subjects. Females exhibited consistently higher QT prolongation than males. Contraindicated drugs markedly increased arrhythmia risk in populations with heart failure, dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and ischaemia, frequently leading to lethal arrhythmias such as Torsades des Pointes or ventricular fibrillation, particularly in females.</div><div>These findings demonstrate that computational models capture variability in drug response across pathologies and sexes, offering a predictive framework for preclinical safety evaluations and supporting safer, more personalized drug development strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 102179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145738700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concomitant food intake markedly alters plasma glutamic acid kinetics after oral monosodium glutamate administration in rats: Relevance to dietary safety evaluation","authors":"Ryosei Sakai,&nbsp;Risa Motoi,&nbsp;Yusuke Amino,&nbsp;Kohsuke Hayamizu","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102191","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is widely used as a flavor enhancer and has been evaluated as safe by international authorities. However, some toxicological studies have employed oral bolus dosing of MSG without food, an approach that is unlikely to reflect physiological dietary exposure.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To determine how concomitant food intake modifies plasma glutamic acid kinetics following oral MSG administration in rats, thereby improving the interpretation of toxicological data.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Male Wistar rats received graded oral doses of MSG (150, 300, or 600 mg/kg) with or without a liquid diet (Sustagen®). Plasma glutamic acid concentrations were measured by LC-MS/MS, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Bolus MSG administration alone caused rapid, dose-dependent increases in plasma glutamic acid, with peak concentrations occurring 20–30 min post-dose. Co-administration of Sustagen® markedly reduced both C_max and AUC and also delayed T_max, indicating that food intake substantially attenuated systemic glutamic acid exposure.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Concomitant food intake profoundly alters plasma glutamic acid kinetics after oral MSG administration in rats. These findings emphasize the importance of considering realistic dietary exposure conditions when interpreting toxicological studies of MSG and related glutamate salts and underscore the need for physiologically relevant dosing regimens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 102191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute and subacute oral toxicity assessment of Karanjin in Sprague Dawley rats","authors":"Natasha Sura Anak Lubau ,&nbsp;Vinod Balasubramaniam ,&nbsp;Christina Gertrude Yap ,&nbsp;Alina Arulsamy ,&nbsp;Vetriselvan Subramaniyan","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2026.102207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2026.102207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Karanjin (KRN) is a benzofuran flavonoid derived from <em>Pongamia pinnata</em> seeds, known for its antihyperglycemic and anti-inflammatory properties. Despite its traditional use, comprehensive toxicological data are limited. This study evaluated the acute and subacute oral toxicity of KRN in Sprague Dawley rats. In the acute study, single doses of 5, 500, or 2000 mg/kg were administered, and animals were observed for 14 days. In the subacute study, daily doses of 5, 50, or 250 mg/kg were given for 28 days. Clinical signs, body weight, food and water intake were monitored throughout. At termination, organs (liver, kidney, heart, etc.) were weighed, blood was analysed for biochemical parameters (ALT, AST, ALP, total protein, albumin, lipids), and tissues were examined histopathologically. No mortality or treatment-related clinical signs occurred at any dose. Body weight, food/water intake, and organ weights did not differ significantly between treated and control groups. Serum biochemical values remained within normal limits, showing only minor, non-dose-dependent variations. Histopathology revealed normal architecture of major organs without evidence of necrosis, inflammation, or degeneration. These findings demonstrate a wide margin of safety for oral KRN and support its potential for further pharmacological development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 102207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146022731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing aflatoxin exposure risk from imported nuts in the Jordan market","authors":"Abdalmajeed M. Alajlouni ,&nbsp;Dima Alkadri ,&nbsp;Mohammad S. Abu-Hardan ,&nbsp;Amer A. Al-Sakaji","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102190","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102190","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study assessed the contamination levels and health risk of aflatoxins in nuts from the markets in Jordan. A total of 180 nut samples (pistachios, almonds, walnuts, and cashews) were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) following immunoaffinity column clean-up and QuEChERS extraction. Aflatoxins were detected in 13 % of the samples, with pistachios showing the highest contamination rate. The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and Margin of Exposure (MOE) were calculated using deterministic risk assessment methods, based on the mean contamination levels and average nut consumption patterns in Jordan. All MOE values were below the safety threshold of 10,000, indicating a potential health risk. These findings emphasize the need for strengthened monitoring programs and regulatory actions to ensure food safety and minimize the public health risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 102190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circulating miR-126 and miR-155 are associated with environmental lead exposure: A translational approach via human biomonitoring and bioinformatic networks","authors":"Alejandra González-Bravo ,&nbsp;Velia Verónica Rangel-Ramírez ,&nbsp;Carlos Gabriel de la Trinidad-Chacón ,&nbsp;Myrna Lizbeth López-Ramírez ,&nbsp;Claudia Iveth Almendárez- Reyna ,&nbsp;Ciria Berenice Salazar-Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Leticia Carrizales-Yáñez ,&nbsp;Iván N. Pérez-Maldonado ,&nbsp;Ángeles C. Ochoa-Martínez","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2026.102210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2026.102210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exposure to environmental contaminants, particularly lead (Pb), has increased due to anthropogenic activities and has been associated with epigenetic alterations, including changes in microRNA (miRNA) expression. Certain miRNAs have emerged as potential biomarkers of environmental exposure and early biological effects. Among them, miR-126 and miR-155 have been reported to be responsive to lead exposure. In this exploratory study, we evaluated circulating levels of miR-126 and miR-155 in a Mexican population environmentally exposed to lead and performed bioinformatic analyses to investigate the biological pathways potentially regulated by these miRNAs. Our results showed a mean blood lead concentration of 7.6 ± 5.8 μg/dL, with more than 50 % of participants exceeding the Mexican reference value (≥5 μg/dL; NOM-199-SSA1–2000). Both miRNAs showed significantly altered expression patterns associated with elevated blood lead levels (p &lt; 0.05). Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analyses of predicted target genes revealed enrichment in pathways related to inflammation, angiogenesis, lipid metabolism, and atherosclerosis, including AGE–RAGE signaling, TNF, Toll-like receptor, and fluid shear stress–related pathways. Protein–protein interaction network analysis identified MYC as a shared regulatory node, suggesting coordinated regulation of biological processes relevant to cardiovascular function. Together, these findings indicate that lead exposure is associated with altered circulating miR-126 and miR-155 expression and with modulation of pathways related to cardiovascular health. Although causal inferences cannot be drawn due to the observational design, these results provide a framework for future large-scale epidemiological and functional studies aimed at elucidating epigenetic responses to environmental lead exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 102210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146166810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in battlefield and beyond: Implications for environmental- and human health","authors":"Markis’ D. Hamilton ,&nbsp;Ritu Chauhan ,&nbsp;Anthony E. Archibong ,&nbsp;Aramandla Ramesh","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2026.102208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2026.102208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are combustion pollutants that are released into the environment through natural events and anthropogenic activities. Exposures to PAHs occur in military personnel during garrison (non-combat) and active deployment (combat) environments. Exposures that occur at low levels during deployment could lead to health issues, post-deployment. A scoping review was conducted to address the pathways of exposure, and the adverse effects caused by PAHs in active-duty personnel and veterans. Out of 50,171 scientific publications screened from 5 databases, 296 studies were identified that focused on the relationship between exposure to PAHs from various point sources and debilitating health issues reported in veterans. The findings revealed that in combat conditions, PAHs are released into the environment through explosions caused by bombing, artillery fire, and missile attacks on military installations, petrochemical industries, oil well fires set by saboteurs, and burn pits used to incinerate ammunition waste and military base refuse. Significant exposure of troops to PAHs occurred during active combat in the Operation Desert Shield, Operation Desert Storm, and Operation Enduring Freedom campaigns launched against hostile forces. The PAH releases contaminated not only the affected service personnel and staff, but also the surrounding environment. The coastal environment, including its flora and fauna, were affected by oil tanker fires, petroleum storage tanks that caught fire during conflict and subsequent release of PAHs into the marine environment. The human health effects resulting from PAH exposures included severe lung-, kidney-, and reproductive dysfunctions, as well as an increased risk of cancer, mostly manifested in Veterans as part of the Gulf War Syndrome. The Exposome approach utilizing the omics-based biomarkers to characterize individual service member profile with wearable monitors (wrist bands and sensors) to characterize the external environment when combined with biomonitoring studies holds significant promise for treatment of troops during combat and post deployment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 102208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}