Toxicology Reports最新文献

{"title":"Protective effect of omega-3 on reducing doxorubicin toxicity in preclinical trials.","authors":"Marcelo Henrique de Paiva, Silvio de Almeida-Junior, Cristiane Buzatto Garcia, Poliana Marques Pereira, João Guilherme Martins, Flávio Henrique Rodrigues Stante, Tiago Machado Carneiro Lucera, Fernanda Gosuen Gonçalves Dias, Ricardo Andrade Furtado, Daniel Paulino Junior","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of chemotherapeutic agents, such as doxorubicin, is often associated with severe adverse effects, making it essential to develop therapeutic strategies that can attenuate or reduce their toxicity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of omega-3 in mitigating the damage induced by doxorubicin. Rabbits received doxorubicin (1 mg/kg, twice weekly for six weeks) with or without omega-3 (500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg), administered concomitantly. An additional group received omega-3 alone (2000 mg/kg). Hematological, biochemical, genotoxic (micronucleus assay), cardiological (electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and markers), and histopathological parameters were assessed. Os resultados mostraram que o tratamento com doxorrubicina isolada induziu caquexia nos animais. O tratamento com ômega-3 melhora parâmetros como ganho de peso, fração de ejeção cardíaca, encurtamento sistólico ventricular, marcadores cardíacos CK-MB e Troponina I, área do ventrículo esquerdo e parâmetros histopatológicos (inflamação, edema, dano celular e fibras musculares), sugerindo um efeito protetor. Além disso, o ômega-3 exibiu atividade antigenotóxica, evidenciada pela redução de micronúcleos. Esses achados indicam que o ômega-3 pode servir como um complemento eficaz à quimioterapia, reduzindo a toxicidade da doxorrubicina.</p>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"102056"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12159444/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144286537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative pharmacological analysis of fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki and sacituzumab govitecan-hziy: Two recently developed chemotherapies in the crucial battle against breast cancer.","authors":"Amjad Z Alrosan, Isra Dmour, Aseel O Rataan, Ghaith B Heilat, Khaled Alrosan","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102054","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study provides a detailed pharmacological evaluation of the recently approved antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki and sacituzumab govitecan-hziy, focusing on their adverse event (AE) profiles post-approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) for breast cancer (BC) treatment. By assessing their safety profiles, this study aims to provide clinically relevant insights into their impact and highlight the necessity for ongoing post-marketing surveillance. AE data were extracted from the US FDA's Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) (2019-2023), focusing on reports filed after each drug's approval, and descriptive statistical methods were used to classify and compare AE frequencies for both therapies. FAERS recorded eight AEs for fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki and thirteen for sacituzumab govitecan-hziy, despite the latter's later approval. AEs linked to fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki were musculoskeletal and infection-related, while sacituzumab govitecan-hziy showed broader systemic effects (musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and dermatological). One patient receiving fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki experienced elevated ALT levels, suggesting potential hepatic involvement. While both therapies demonstrate therapeutic promise, continuous safety monitoring is essential. The FAERS dataset's demographic limitations highlight the need for more comprehensive post-marketing surveillance to assess long-term AE risks and optimize BC treatment safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"102054"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12152638/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144276002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined vitamin D and coconut oil are promising protective approaches against aluminum-induced testicular damage in rats.","authors":"Fatma A Al-Nefeiy","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exposure to high levels of aluminum (Al) is a widespread environmental problem where its use is continuously increasing. Al may play a substantial role in male fertility decline. This study was designed experimentally in rats to explore the protective effect of both vitamin D (VD) and virgin coconut oil (VCO) against aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) on the biochemical and histopathological changes of the testis. Male rats were divided into 7 groups: Control group, VD group, VCO group, AlCl3-treated group, AlCl3 co-treated with VD group, AlCl3 co-treated with VCO group, AlCl₃ co-treated with both VD and VCO group. After six weeks of treatment, the rats of each group were sacrificed where blood and testicular samples were assembled and processed for different biochemical and histopathological studies. The results showed that AlCl₃ reduced body weight gain, testis weights, reproductive hormones (FSH, LH, testosterone), and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx, CAT), while elevating oxidative stress (MDA). These effects were notably reversed by VD, VCO, or their combination, with combined therapy showing the greatest improvement. Histologically, AlCl₃ caused severe testicular damage, including disrupted seminiferous tubules, degenerated spermatogenic cells, interstitial fibrosis, and Leydig cell loss, findings partially restored by VD or VCO and nearly normalized with their combination. Immunohistochemistry further confirmed these improvements, with combined treatment reducing caspase-3 (apoptosis) and restoring Ki-67 (proliferation) expression. In conclusion, AlCl₃ exposure impaired testicular function by disrupting hormone levels, antioxidant defenses, and tissue integrity. VD and VCO, especially in combination, effectively counteracted these effects, restoring hormonal balance, antioxidant status, and normal tissue structure with reducing apoptosis and enhancing proliferation. Collectively, these findings suggest that VD and VCO synergistically counteract AlCl₃-induced testicular toxicity, offering anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and proliferative mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"102051"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12152672/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144276001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenolic-rich fraction of <i>Solanum betaceum</i> mitigates atorvastatin-induced myotoxicity through antioxidant mechanisms in female wistar rats.","authors":"Rachael Jackie Mpumbya, Josiah Eseoghene Ifie, Ayomide Victor Atoki, Stella Maris Kembabazi, Solomon Adoni Mbina, Eliah Kwizera, Gilbert Akankwasa, Mary Gorret Ablinda, Fred Bwamble, Siida Robert, Pastori Mujinya, Andrew Kisakye, Ilemobayo Victor Fasogbon, Nancy B Mitaki, Ibrahim Babangida Abubakar, Daniel Ejike Eze, Nwokike Matthew Onyemaechi, Sana Noreen, Patrick Maduabuchi Aja","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Atorvastatin, a widely prescribed cholesterol-lowering medication, has been linked to statin-induced myotoxicity, a condition marked by elevated muscle enzymes and oxidative stress. While statins are essential for managing hypercholesterolemia and preventing cardiovascular diseases, their myotoxic side effects limit broader clinical use. This study investigated the myo-protective effects of the phenolic-rich fraction of <i>Solanum betaceum</i> (PRFSB) in mitigating atorvastatin-induced muscle damage in female Wistar rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty female Wistar rats were divided into five groups: (1) a true control group receiving distilled water, (2) an atorvastatin-only group, and three treatment groups receiving PRFSB at varying doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) alongside atorvastatin. Muscle enzymes (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase), oxidative stress markers (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde), and histopathological changes were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Atorvastatin significantly elevated serum CK, LDH and oxidative stress markers, while PRFSB administration, particularly at 400 mg/kg, significantly reduced these elevations (p < 0.05). PRFSB restored muscle enzyme levels, normalized antioxidant defenses and reduced lipid peroxidation. Histological analysis revealed that PRFSB-treated groups exhibited preserved muscle architecture with minimal inflammation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PRFSB effectively alleviated atorvastatin-induced myotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress, restoring muscle biomarkers and protecting tissue integrity. These findings suggest that PRFSB holds promise as an adjunct therapy to mitigate statin-induced muscle toxicity, warranting further exploration in clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"102049"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12146013/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144259006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In vitro</i> to <i>in vivo</i> evidence for chemical disruption of glucocorticoid receptor signaling.","authors":"Maeve T Morris, Jordan L Pascoe, Jonathan T Busada","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that regulate stress homeostasis, metabolism, and inflammatory responses. Dysregulation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is linked to diseases such as obesity, mood disorders, and immune dysfunction. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are widespread environmental contaminants known to interfere with hormone signaling, but their impact on glucocorticoid signaling remains unclear. While several GR-disrupting compounds have been identified <i>in vitro</i>, their <i>in vivo</i> effects remain largely unknown. In this study, we identified the agricultural agents dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and ziram as GR-disruptors <i>in vitro</i>. <i>In vivo</i>, corticosterone co-treatment with DDT or the GR antagonist RU-486 inhibited the expression of classic GR-regulated transcripts in the liver. Furthermore, chronic exposure to DDT or RU-486 significantly reduced circulating B lymphocyte populations. These findings underscore the need to translate <i>in vitro</i> discoveries into <i>in vivo</i> models to assess the clinical relevance of GR-disrupting compounds. Moreover, they highlight the potential for xenobiotic-induced GR disruption to impair metabolic and immune homeostasis, potentially increasing disease susceptibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"102053"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12148463/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144259005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutrients and toxic heavy metals in <i>Strychnos cocculoides</i> (Loranthaceae): Implications for traditional medicine.","authors":"Bitwell Chibuye, Indra Sen Singh, Luke Chimuka, Mokgaetji Monyai","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the medicinal and toxicological profiles of <i>Strychnos cocculoides,</i> used in traditional medicine in Zambia, focusing on its nutrient content and heavy metal accumulation. Metals were extracted from dried plant samples using microwave digestion, and metal concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The concentrations of key nutrients such as calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) were quantified in the plant's root, stem, and leaves, revealing its medicinal potential. However, some heavy metals were detected at concentrations above recommended values, raising concerns about health risks. Elevated metal concentrations in the plant include cadmium (Cd) at 2.8 mg/kg in the root and stem and 3.0 mg/kg in the leaf, exceeding the 0.3 mg/kg WHO/FAO limit; chromium (Cr) at 60.4 mg/kg in the root and 29.8 mg/kg in the stem, surpassing the 25.0 mg/kg guideline; iron (Fe) at 15,433.0 mg/kg in the root and 1421.8 mg/kg in the leaf, far exceeding the 425.5 mg/kg limit; and manganese (Mn) at 379.6 mg/kg in the root, 963.0 mg/kg in the stem, and 2069.0 mg/kg in the leaf, which exceeds the 200 mg/kg threshold. Toxicological profiling predicted neurotoxicity and ecotoxicity for aluminum (Al), Cd, Cr, and nickel (Ni), with a particular focus on their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and cause long-term damage. While <i><b>S. cocculoides</b></i> offers medicinal benefits, its heavy metal content poses significant health risks, necessitating further research on safe processing techniques and its role in environmental management. These findings emphasize caution in traditional medicine and the plant's potential for human health and environmental remediation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"102050"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12144518/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144249744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular signatures of xenograft colorectal cancer in mice treated with topotecan: A mass spectrometry-based study.","authors":"Yousra A Hagyousif, Ruba A Zenati, Nelson C Soares, Hamza M Al-Hroub, Farman Matloob Khan, Rizwan Qaisar, Rifat Hamoudi, Raafat El-Awady, Ahmad Y Abuhelwa, Wafaa Ramadan, Waseem El-Huneidi, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Karem H Alzoubi, Yasser Bustanji, Mohammad H Semreen","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, yet it continues to have a low survival rate, largely due to the lack of effective treatments. Metabolomics offers new insight into disease diagnosis and biomarkers discovery. The aim of the study is to identify serum biomarkers in a CRC xenograft mouse model treated with topotecan using advanced metabolomics techniques to enhance our understanding and management of the disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The therapeutic potentials of the anticancer drug topotecan on metabolomic alterations in CRC were explored using the UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS platform. A comprehensive metabolomic analysis was conducted to compare four different animal groups: HCT-116 CRC xenograft mice treated with topotecan (treated group), vehicle-control HCT-116 xenograft mice (untreated CRC xenograft mice), positive controls (healthy mice injected with topotecan), and negative controls (healthy mice).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study identified 53 altered metabolites across all four groups (<i>p-value</i> < 0.05). Independent T-test revealed that 15 metabolites were statistically significant among vehicle controls and negative controls. Additionally, 20 metabolites showed significant differences between the potential responders to topotecan and the vehicle controls. Moreover, only one metabolite was statistically significant between the positive and negative controls.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings provide a detailed characterization of metabolic alterations associated with topotecan treatment in CRC. These insights contribute to a better understanding of the drug's mechanism of action, which may help predict CRC patients' response to topotecan and guide the development of personalized therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"102045"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12149579/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasma phthalate levels in children with speech delay.","authors":"Nihal Yaman Artunç, Anıl Yirün, Gizem Yıldıztekin, Pınar Erkekoğlu, Pınar Zengin Akkuş, Evin İlter Bahadur, Gökçenur Özdemir, Elif N Özmert","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Speech delay is a common developmental concern. Environmental pollutants like phthalates, recognized as endocrine disruptors, may be a risk factor. We aimed to investigate the relationship between phthalates and speech delay. The study comprised 50 children with isolated speech delay and 40 healthy children of similar ages. Children were assessed for speech delay risk factors and phthalate exposure sources. High-pressure liquid chromatography examined plasma di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) levels. DEHP, MEHP, and DBP levels varied between study and control groups: 0.377 (0.003-1.224 µg/ml), 0.212 (0.007-1.112 µg/ml) (p = 0.033), 0.523 (0.031-2.477 µg/ml), 0.152 (0.239-2.129 µg/ml) (p < 0.001), and 0.395 (0.062-1.996 µg/ml) and 0.270 (0.006-0.528) (p = 0.004). Multiple linear regression was used to adjust phthalate levels and speech delay risk factors. DEHP levels were did not differ significantly between the groups (p = 0.233), whereas MEHP and DBP levels were considerably higher in the study group (p < 0.001). The statistically significant rise in plasma phthalate levels in children with speech delay implies phthalate exposure may be a risk factor, but further epidemiological research is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"102052"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12148470/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144259007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preclinical efficacy and safety assessments of Adult human neural stem cells (AhNSCs) for spinal cord injury.","authors":"Young-Do Kwon, Jeong-Seob Won, Xiangyu Ma, Yoon Jung Choi, Kyoung-Sik Moon, Sang-Jin Park, Eun-Young Gu, Hyeon-Kyu Go, Myung-Jin Kim, Yong-Ho Kim, Geun-Hyoung Ha, Hyun Nam, Chung Kwon Kim, Sungjoon Lee, Sun-Ho Lee, Kyeung Min Joo","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe and devastating condition that leads to irreversible damage to neural tissues, creating significant medical, economic, and social challenges. The ability to differentiate into multiple neural cell types and to regulate immune response makes neural stem cells (NSC) a promising strategy for treating SCI. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential, safety profile, and tumorigenic risk of intrathecally transplanted adult human neural stem cells (AhNSCs) produced under clinical-grade standards in a Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) facility, in rat SCI models, thereby laying the foundation for future clinical trials. Functional tests, including the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating, rotarod, and von Frey tests, showed significant improvements in motor function and mechanical sensitivity in rats with SCI. Histological analysis revealed reduced tissue loss, glial scar formation, and increased axonal regeneration. Biodistribution studies indicated that the transplanted AhNSCs are primarily localized within the spinal cord, with minimal systemic distribution. Toxicity studies found no significant adverse effects, suggesting a favorable safety profile. Long-term tumorigenicity studies reported no treatment-related deaths or signs of tumor formation in either gender. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that AhNSCs offer promising therapeutic potential for treating SCI, contributing to improved motor function and sensory recovery. These findings support further investigation and potential clinical applications of AhNSCs for treating SCI and related neurological disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"102048"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12149656/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro- and nanoplastic toxicity in humans: Exposure pathways, cellular effects, and mitigation strategies.","authors":"Faezeh Jahedi, Neamatollah Jaafarzadeh Haghighi Fard","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) are emerging environmental contaminants with increasing scientific evidence suggesting their potential risks to human health. The present review systematically explores the pathways through which these particles enter the human body, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of their toxicity, and current strategies to mitigate their effects. A structured literature review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, focusing on studies published between 2019 and 2024 across major scientific databases. MNPs primarily enter the human system via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposure. Once internalized, they can accumulate in various organs and trigger oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and genotoxic effects. These toxic responses have been linked to chronic conditions such as metabolic disorders (e.g., diabetes, obesity), immune dysfunction, and neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, this review highlights emerging attenuation strategies, including advanced filtration technologies, bioremediation approaches, and bioactive compounds such as melatonin, astaxanthin, and probiotics. By identifying exposure pathways, toxic effects, and current research gaps, this review provides a comprehensive foundation for developing effective interventions to reduce MNP-related health risks and inform future toxicological studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"102043"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12142344/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144249743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}