Toxicology Reports最新文献

{"title":"Benzene in cosmetic products: Non cancer and cancer risk assessment","authors":"Abhishek Gautam,&nbsp;Peter J Cressey","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102135","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102135","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cosmetics are widely used products that include luxury beauty items like makeup and perfumes as well as everyday hygiene products like toothpaste, shampoo, deodorant, and soap. Most cosmetics are used by adults, although there are some products, such as sunscreen and shampoo, which are also used by children. Although benzene is not intentionally added in cosmetics, it may potentially be present in trace amounts as a contaminant or leftover solvent in finished goods. IARC has classified benzene carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) based on sufficient evidence that it causes acute myeloid leukaemia in adults. A risk assessment was performed to evaluate non-cancer and cancer human health risks of benzene in leave-on cosmetic products (deodorant and sunscreen) through dermal and inhalation pathways. Quantitative risk assessment estimated potential systemic exposure doses. The non-cancer risk assessment of benzene in cosmetics resulted in a safety margin greater than 100. The probability of lifetime cancer risk resulting from dermal and inhalation exposure to benzene from cosmetics was 2.4 × 10⁻⁶ i.e. lower than an excess cancer risk of 10⁻⁵ used as a World Health Organization benchmark. Given that it is highly improbable that a consumer would use benzene-contaminated products on a daily basis for the rest of their life, the study's findings indicate that there is no evidence of an elevated risk of non-cancer effects and minimal cancer risks in humans from exposure to benzene in deodorant and sunscreen.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of GABAergic receptors in acute, subacute, and withdrawal syndrome on pain and seizure thresholds in mice: A connection to mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in the brain","authors":"Roghayeh Jahani ,&nbsp;Paria Pourbahram ,&nbsp;Mohammad Seyedabadi ,&nbsp;Fatemeh Nasiri ,&nbsp;Hamidreza Mohammadi","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the most serious neurological disorders is epilepsy. This study aimed to investigate the effects of baclofen, a GABA receptor agonist, on pain and seizure thresholds, as well as on oxidative damage in brain mitochondrial membranes of mice. Sixty male mice were divided into 10 groups. Control, baclofen (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg) with short-term exposure (1 day), long-term exposure (7 days), and withdrawal syndrome (eight days). The withdrawal syndrome was evaluated one day after the last dose of the drug. Hotplate and tail-flick tests were performed to assess pain threshold, and the rotarod was used to assess motor coordination. The seizure threshold and oxidative stress markers, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), glutathione (GSH), and the MTT assay, were investigated. The results showed that baclofen (10 mg/kg) in short-term and all doses (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg) in long-term increased the seizure threshold. Evaluation of motor function and coordination in mice revealed decreased motor activity. The effect of baclofen on oxidative damage showed that, in long-term exposure, it improved mitochondrial ROS, malondialdehyde, and GSH levels. Protein carbonyl and MTT tests did not show a significant difference. A GABAB receptor agonist causes a dose- and time-dependent increase in the seizure threshold. Baclofen could reduce oxidative damage by decreasing ROS levels and malondialdehyde formation, and increasing GSH content.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145525377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genotoxicity evaluation of kaurenoic acid","authors":"Lonneke C. Wilms ,&nbsp;Jennifer L.G. van de Ligt ,&nbsp;Christine M. Crincoli ,&nbsp;Alex K. Eapen","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102144","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102144","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Genotoxicity evaluations are essential components of the safety assessment for compounds intended for ingestion. Kaurenoic acid, a naturally occurring diterpene, is found in various plant species that are under investigation for potential therapeutic and sweetening properties. <em>Salmonella typhimurium</em> strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA100 and <em>Escherichia coli</em> strain WP2uvrA were treated with kaurenoic acid using the Ames plate incorporation and pre-incubation methods. Up to eight dose levels were tested, with and without metabolic activation using 10 % rat liver S9 mix with standard co-factors. Kaurenoic acid did not induce an increase in revertant colony frequency at any dose level under either condition indicating a lack of mutagenic activity. Additionally, genotoxic potential was evaluated in human peripheral blood lymphocytes via the in vitro micronucleus assay. Duplicate cultures were treated with kaurenoic acid at four dose levels with exposure conditions including a 4-hour exposure with or without 2 % S9 and a 24-hour exposure without S9. While kaurenoic acid exhibited marked toxicity, it did not produce any statistically significant increase in micronucleated binucleate cells. The assay included a dose that induced approximately 55 ± 5 % cytostasis, consistent with current OECD guidelines. Under the conditions of these studies, kaurenoic acid demonstrated no evidence of mutagenicity, clastogenicity, or aneugenicity. When considered with existing literature, the current findings support the conclusion that kaurenoic acid does not pose a genotoxic risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nucleophosmin 1 induction is an early event in a Phenobarbital induced proliferation response in rat but not human liver 3D microtissues","authors":"Matthew Elcombe,&nbsp;Stephanie Wallace,&nbsp;Simon Plummer","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A key event in the process of rat but not human liver carcinogenesis caused by constitutive androstane receptor activators such as phenobarbital (PB) is hepatocyte proliferation, but the mechanism(s) underpinning this response is not fully understood. Previously we showed that rat liver microtissues (LiMTs) can recapitulate a PB-induced hepatocyte proliferation response (1). In this follow up study we used our microTMA technology coupled with transcriptomics and immunofluorescence (IF) staining to elucidate mechanisms of rat liver carcinogenesis in this model. We performed gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) on transcriptomics data generated from laser microdissected liver microtissue microTMA FFPE sections from control and PB-treated LiMTs against custom liver cell proliferation and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) activation signatures (2) and found that the former signature was significantly (q&lt;0.25) enriched in rat but not human LiMT differentially expressed gene lists. This process also identified the cell proliferation gene nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) as being significantly induced (p &lt; 0.05) in rat but not human LiMTs. IF staining of parallel microTMA FFPE sections coupled with quantitative image analysis confirmed that the NPM1 protein was induced by PB treatment in rat but not human liver microtissues after 24 and 48 hrs PB treatment. In conclusion we have identified induction of nuclear NPM1 expression as an early event in PB-induced rat hepatocyte cell proliferation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145117667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accidental tamoxifen ingestion in a two-year-old child without major immediate symptoms: Case report","authors":"Alise D.E. de Groot ,&nbsp;Willemien F.J. Hof ,&nbsp;Hester van Meer ,&nbsp;Niels de Vries ,&nbsp;Daan J. Touw ,&nbsp;Alwin D.R. Huitema ,&nbsp;Paola Mian","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tamoxifen is a selective oestrogen receptor modulator indicated for the treatment of breast cancer in adults. The recommended dose is 20 mg orally once daily. We report an accidental tamoxifen ingestion in a 2-year-old female who accessed the tamoxifen from a pill bottle stored in a bag while unsupervised. Activated charcoal and sodium sulphate were administered approximately 2.5 h after ingestion. Plasma concentrations of both tamoxifen and active metabolite endoxifen were determined. The maximum plasma concentration of tamoxifen was 53.8 ng/mL, occurring two hours after ingestion. In contrast, the plasma concentration of endoxifen measured at 22 h after ingestion was 0.771 ng/L, which is considered subtherapeutic in adults. However, given the prolonged half-life of endoxifen, the plasma levels may still be rising at this point. The ingested dose was estimated to be around 31–37 mg, based on the plasma levels of tamoxifen and endoxifen. The actual ingested amount may have been higher due to early oral administration of activated charcoal. No direct serious events occurred during a hospital admission of 31 h. Given the anti-oestrogen properties of tamoxifen and the critical role of oestrogen in pubertal development long-term follow-up is recommended to monitor potential delayed effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145415731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective role of baicalin against methylparaben-induced reproductive toxicity: Insights into hormonal and enzymatic regulation","authors":"Daniel Itiza Akaahan ,&nbsp;Augustine Uche Agu ,&nbsp;Nkemjika Chinyere Anyanwu ,&nbsp;Vivian Onyinye Orjiako ,&nbsp;Godson Emeka Anyanwu","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Methylparaben is a commonly used preservative in the cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and food industries, valued for its antibacterial and antifungal effects. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have investigated its adverse effects on sperm count, testosterone levels, and reproductive organ weight. Baicalin, which comes from the dried roots of the plant Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, is a natural compound that may have various health benefits, such as reducing fibrosis, itching, bacteria, oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer. This study investigated the effect of baicalin on the changes in male reproductive hormones and enzyme activity brought about by methylparaben.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A total of forty-five adult male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into nine distinct groups, each comprising five rats. Over a period of 28 days, these subjects were administered treatments via gastric gavage, which included distilled water, peanut oil, methylparaben, or differing doses of baicalin, either in isolation or in conjunction with methylparaben. Post-treatment, blood samples were obtained under terminal anesthesia for the purpose of serum analysis. Assays for hormonal levels (FSH, LH, testosterone) and enzymatic activity (17β-HSD3) were performed utilising ELISA and spectrophotometric techniques in accordance with established protocols.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Rats treated with methylparaben (Group 3) had much lower levels of FSH, LH, testosterone, and 17β-HSD compared to the other groups, and baicalin was able to reduce these effects in a dose-dependent manner. Higher baicalin doses restored hormone and enzyme levels to near-control values levels indicating its protective benefits.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The results indicate that baicalin could mitigate the reproductive toxicity induced by methylparaben, owing to its antioxidant and regulatory characteristics, highlighting its potential as a protective agent against endocrine-disrupting chemicals</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144865711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An evaluation and risk assessment of children’s exposures to water-soluble per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances through winter gloves","authors":"Sarah Berlinski ,&nbsp;Bruce Calder ,&nbsp;Dennis Paustenbach","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Winter gloves are often treated with fluoroacrylic surface coatings containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to enhance water resistance. Concern over exposure to water-soluble PFAS, those with the greatest toxicological and regulatory relevance, has grown, particularly for children, who may experience higher relative body burdens due to lower body weight and frequent hand-to-mouth behaviors. In this study, we characterized the PFAS content and migration potential of winter gloves and conducted a screening-level risk assessment of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) glove exposures in children aged 2–6, considering both hand-to-mouth transfer and dermal absorption. Experimental data were generated through total fluorine analysis, liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), and leachate testing of individual glove components across eight glove brands. Three fluorotelomer compounds were detected above the limits of detection in 6 out of 173 components, spanning 3 of the 8 brands. No PFAS were detected in leachate samples, suggesting negligible migration under simulated use conditions. The calculated oral, dermal, and cumulative hazard indices, based on conservative, low-exposure scenarios using estimated concentrations below the detection limit, were all well below 0.001. This study contributes to the evidence base for PFAS risk assessment in consumer products and demonstrates that detectable PFAS residues do not necessarily translate to meaningful exposure or health risk. These findings support the use of risk-based regulatory approaches that incorporate realistic exposure scenarios in the evaluation of PFAS in treated textiles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102095"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144895630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative evaluation of MPTP and rotenone as inducing agents for Parkinson's disease in adult zebrafish: Behavioural and histopathological insights","authors":"Chetan Ashok ,&nbsp;Naveen Kumar Rajasekaran ,&nbsp;Srikanth Jeyabalan ,&nbsp;Gayathri Veeraraghavan ,&nbsp;Subalakshmi Suresh ,&nbsp;Ramya Sugumar ,&nbsp;Sugin Lal Jabaris ,&nbsp;Vetriselvan Subramaniyan ,&nbsp;Ling Shing Wong","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parkinson's disease (PD), a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, is marked by dopaminergic neuron loss and motor impairments. This study aimed to establish and compare PD models in adult zebrafish using two neurotoxins, MPTP and rotenone, evaluating their impact on behaviour and histopathology. Zebrafish were exposed to MPTP via intraperitoneal injection at two different doses or to rotenone in water for 21 days. Behavioural assessments, including Novel Tank Diving Test, bradykinesia, and C-bend response, revealed progressive motor and anxiety-like impairments, with rotenone exhibiting stronger locomotor effects. Histopathological analyses confirmed dose-dependent neurodegeneration in brain regions, with MPTP showing localized damage and rotenone causing widespread but milder effects. While both neurotoxins induced PD-like phenotypes, rotenone produced more pronounced locomotor deficits, whereas MPTP triggered anxiety-like symptoms. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that MPTP induces significant locomotor dysfunction along with anxiety-like symptoms, while rotenone strongly impacts locomotion with mild anxiety effects. Both neurotoxins exhibited maximum effects at their highest doses and over a similar time frame (Day 14 to Day 22). These findings highlight the distinct neurotoxic mechanisms of MPTP and rotenone and their relevance in modelling PD pathogenesis. The zebrafish model provides a robust platform for studying neurodegenerative diseases and testing therapeutic interventions. Further studies are required to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying their neurotoxic effects and to validate these models for long-term and translational research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102084"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Holistic approach to assess human health risks, integrating physicochemical quality attributes and heavy metal levels in tap water","authors":"Molla Tefera ,&nbsp;Habtamu Aderajew ,&nbsp;Dessie Ezez ,&nbsp;Mamo Dikamu ,&nbsp;Worku Lakew","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heavy metal contamination is a serious concern affecting the safety of tap water sources. Hence, this study evaluated physicochemical quality indices, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health hazard derived from the level of toxic metals in tap water in Gondar city, Ethiopia. The results revealed that except dissolved oxygen, salinity and nitrite, all quality attributes were below the allowable quality standards. The average concentrations for iron (Fe), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) were ranged from 0.003 mg/L to 5 mg/L, 0.475 mg/L to 0.752 mg/L, 0.14 mg/L to 0.703 mg/L, 0.261 mg/L to 2.182 mg/L, and 0.035 mg/L to 4.286 mg/L, respectively. The mean levels of metals in different areas decreased in the order: AR &gt; AZ1 &gt; PS1 &gt; AZ3 &gt; PS2 &gt; MR &gt; PS3 &gt; SHD &gt; AZ2 &gt; CL. Except for Cu, the concentration of Fe, Pb, Cr, and Cd exceeded the safe limits described by WHO/FAO. According to principal component analysis and cluster analysis, anthropogenic activities were found to be the major source of metals. Chronic daily intake (CDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and incremental lifetime cancer risk assessment (ILCR) were employed to evaluate human health risks. Except for Pb in AZ1, PS3, and AR, the values of THQ for both ingestion and dermal pathways from the analysed metals for adults were within the safety limits (THQ <span><math><mo>&lt;</mo></math></span>1). However, the distribution pattern of HI values were presented in the decreasing order: PS1 &gt; PS2 &gt; AZ3 &gt; MR &gt; PS3 &gt; AR &gt; AZ2 &gt; AZ1 &gt; SHD &gt; CL. Except, the HI values in CL, all values were greater than one (HI &gt; 1), indicating that tap water in these areas may pose non-carcinogenic health risk. The analysis of carcinogenic health risks indicated that the lifetime cancer risk (ingestion and dermal exposure pathways) of heavy metals were in accordance with the acceptable range for tap water (10^–6 – 10^–4). This finding provides valuable input for the development of precise action plans aimed at elevating water quality standards in the studied areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144925002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute toxicity of arsenate and arsenite in two scleractinian coral species: Acropora cervicornis and Orbicella faveolata","authors":"Cailey E. Dorman ,&nbsp;Dimitrios G. Giarikos ,&nbsp;Amy C. Hirons ,&nbsp;Carys L. Mitchelmore ,&nbsp;D. Abigail Renegar","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.102141","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inorganic arsenic, specifically arsenate [As(V)] and arsenite [As(III)], disrupts physiological and biochemical processes in marine organisms, yet their specific impacts on coral reef species remain largely unstudied. This study is the first to assess the acute and subacute toxicity of arsenate [As(V)] and arsenite [As(III)] on two threatened scleractinian coral species, <em>Acropora cervicornis</em> and <em>Orbicella faveolata</em>. Using four 96-h static-renewal assays, corals were exposed to six treatments: five concentrations and a negative control with all concentrations being analytically verified. Toxicity was evaluated through three endpoints: mortality (LC50), coral condition (EC50), and photosynthetic efficiency (IC50). The LC50s were found to be 0.0365 mg L⁻¹ As(V) and 0.111 mg L⁻¹ As(III) for <em>A. cervicornis</em> and 0.315 mg L⁻¹ As(V) and 0.235 mg L⁻¹ As(III) for <em>O. faveolata</em>. Both species showed significant adverse effects across all subacute endpoints, with <em>Orbicella faveolata</em> significantly more sensitive to As(III), whereas <em>A. cervicornis</em> showed greater sensitivity to As(V). This challenges the prevailing assumption that As(III) is universally more toxic to marine taxa. Species sensitivity distributions found that the LC50 values for these corals were lower than previously reported marine organism’s LC50s, highlighting the heightened vulnerability of coral. These findings provide critical data for refining sediment quality guidelines and improving ecological risk assessments in arsenic-impacted reef environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 102141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}