Toxicology Reports最新文献

{"title":"Exploring the anti-cancer and antimetastatic effect of Silymarin against lung cancer","authors":"Srithika Srinivasan ,&nbsp;Aruchamy Mohanprasanth ,&nbsp;Ahmed Nadeem ,&nbsp;Muthupandian Saravanan","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101746","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101746","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lung cancer metastasis remains a significant challenge in cancer therapy, necessitating the exploration of novel treatment modalities. Silymarin, a natural compound derived from milk thistle, has demonstrated promising anticancer properties. This work explored the inhibitory effects of silymarin on lung cancer metastasis and revealed the underlying processes, focusing on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and MMP-9 activities. Using a combination of in vitro and molecular docking analyses, we found that silymarin effectively reducing the lung cancer cells' motility and invasion by modulation of expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Furthermore, MTT assays revealed a dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation upon silymarin treatment and found the IC₅₀ value at 58 μM. We observe that apoptotic morphology characteristic in silymarin treated groups. Cell cycle analysis exhibit the cell cycle arrest at G1 phase, 25.8 % increased apoptosis in silymarin treated groups, as evidenced by Annexin V staining. Moreover, silymarin treatment shows the lipid peroxidation in elevated level and reduced in enzymatic antioxidant level, indicating its potential role in mitigating oxidative stress induce cell death. Gelatin zymography assay indicates the silymarin has ability to inhibit the MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in lung cancer. Additionally, cell migration assays and colony formation assays demonstrated impaired migratory and colony-forming abilities of lung cancer cells when treated with silymarin. Molecular docking studies further supported the binding affinity of silymarin with MMP-2 and MMP-9, demonstrate the −10.26 and −6.69 kcal/mol of binding energy. Collectively, our findings highlight the multifaceted anticancer properties of silymarin against lung cancer metastasis, providing insights into its therapeutic potential as an adjuvant treatment strategy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101746"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microcystin-LR in drinking water: An emerging role of mitochondrial-induced epigenetic modifications and possible mitigation strategies","authors":"Kashish Gupta ,&nbsp;Nikita Soni ,&nbsp;Ram Kumar Nema ,&nbsp;Neelam Sahu ,&nbsp;Rupesh K. Srivastava ,&nbsp;Pooja Ratre ,&nbsp;Pradyumna Kumar Mishra","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101745","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101745","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Algal blooms are a serious menace to freshwater bodies all over the world. These blooms typically comprise cyanobacterial outgrowths that produce a heptapeptide toxin, Microcystin-LR (MC-LR). Chronic MC-LR exposure impairs mitochondrial-nuclear crosstalk, ROS generation, activation of DNA damage repair pathways, apoptosis, and calcium homeostasis by interfering with PC/MAPK/RTK/PI3K signaling. The discovery of the toxin's biosynthesis pathways paved the way for the development of molecular techniques for the early detection of microcystin. Phosphatase inhibition-based bioassays, high-performance liquid chromatography, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent tests have recently been employed to identify MC-LR in aquatic ecosystems. Biosensors are an exciting alternative for effective on-site analysis and field-based characterization. Here, we present a synthesis of evidence supporting MC-LR as a mitotoxicant, examine various detection methods, and propose a novel theory for the relevance of MC-LR-induced breakdown of mitochondrial machinery and its myriad biological ramifications in human health and disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101745"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In silico approximation to aflatoxin B1 metabolism and sensitivity in commercial poultry species based on empirical mathematical equations","authors":"Hansen W. Murcia ,&nbsp;Gonzalo Diaz ,&nbsp;Rubén Darío Acosta","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101752","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101752","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enzyme kinetic parameters for aflatoxin B₁ metabolism have been reported for chicken, quail, turkey and duck, but an integrated <em>in silico</em> model has not been proposed. Both enzyme-catalyzed reactions and spontaneous reactions were modeled in the CellDesigner software and results were adjusted to Hill, Rational and Hoerl models. Results revealed that the higher amount of aflatoxin B₁ epoxide produced in a short lapse of time and a low production of epoxide conjugated to glutathione explains the severe genotoxic effect of aflatoxin B₁ in duck. Also, the higher amount of aflatoxicol produced is time-associated to aflatoxin B₁ resistance in chicken. Finally, the cytotoxic effects in quail and duck are caused by a large aflatoxin B₁ dialdehyde production in a short period of time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101752"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Strongyloides Stercoralis infection and its relationship to chronic alcohol abuse: Understanding pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies","authors":"Rishvini Kailashnath Pillai ,&nbsp;Roshvin Kailashnath Pillai ,&nbsp;Vinibha Rajakumari Illankovan ,&nbsp;Vinoth Kumarasamy ,&nbsp;Satyanarayana Reddy ,&nbsp;K. Gowtham ,&nbsp;Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran ,&nbsp;Vetriselvan Subramaniyan","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101754","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101754","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Globally, Strongyloides stercoralis is a prevalent nematode parasite infecting over 600 million individuals, predominantly in tropical regions. Despite its widespread occurrence, it is frequently underdiagnosed and neglected, posing significant health risks, particularly to immunocompromised individuals. This parasite's life cycle includes a concerning capability for autoinfection, potentially leading to hyperinfection syndrome with high mortality rates. Alcoholism is recognized as a major risk factor for exacerbating S. stercoralis infections due to its harmful impact on the immune system. Chronic alcohol consumption impairs adaptive immunity by reducing T-cell and B-cell function, which facilitates parasitic infections. This review examines the complex relationship between alcohol abuse and strongyloidiasis, emphasizing the molecular mechanisms involved. Diagnostic challenges and treatment options, particularly the efficacy of antiparasitic drugs like ivermectin, are also discussed. Understanding these interactions is essential for developing improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to combat strongyloidiasis, especially among vulnerable populations, highlighting areas for future study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101754"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extreme bradycardia in a case of benzodiazepine intoxication in a “body stuffer” (Bradicardia extrema en un caso de intoxicación por benzodiacepinas en un “body stuffer”)","authors":"Jaime La Rota ,&nbsp;Camilo Nemeguén ,&nbsp;Laura Narváez ,&nbsp;Jose Motta ,&nbsp;Juan Calderón","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101738","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101738","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transport intoxication in the form of body stuffing, a dangerous practice involving the ingestion or insertion of psychoactive substances into the body to evade detection during drug trafficking, represents a major medical problem that requires immediate attention in the emergency department. Unlike body packing, where substances are encapsulated and swallowed for later extraction, body stuffing involves direct ingestion without wrapping, which greatly increases the risk of serious intoxication and even death. Benzodiazepines, due to their high demand on the black market, are among the most common drugs used in body stuffing. The management of this type of poisoning in the emergency department presents a significant clinical challenge due to the variability in clinical presentation, which can range from drowsiness and confusion to respiratory depression and coma.Rapid and accurate assessment is critical for effective management.The initial focus is on patient stabilization and life support as needed, which may include administration of naloxone to reverse opioid effects, mechanical ventilation for respiratory depression, and management of seizures if they occur.An appropriate approach in the emergency department is crucial to improve the prognosis and quality of life of patients affected by this type of poisoning. Timely intervention and expert management can prevent serious complications and even death. We present the case of a patient with benzodiazepine intoxication with an atypical presentation due to clonazepam transport with bradycardia and its management in an institution in Bogotá-Colombia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101738"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An oral developmental toxicity study of generic pesticide pinoxaden in rabbits","authors":"Inna Rashkivska ,&nbsp;Yana Kolianchuk ,&nbsp;Mykola Prodanchuk ,&nbsp;Nadiia Nedopytanska ,&nbsp;Natalia Bubalo ,&nbsp;Mojmir Mach","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The safety assessment of pinoxaden by the Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) established a NOAEL of 30 mg/kg bw/day for maternal and embryo/fetal toxicity from a rabbit developmental toxicity study. However, the Pesticide Peer Review Expert meeting (EFSA) lowered the NOAEL to 10 mg/kg bw/day due to observed diaphragm malformations in one developmental toxicity study in rabbits, proposing a classification for developmental effects as Category 2 R63 or H361d. Both JMPR and EFSA set the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) at 0.1 mg/kg bw/day, derived from a 2-year rat study NOAEL with a safety factor of 100, but EFSA also supported ADI by teratology study in rabbits. The current prenatal developmental toxicity study on pinoxaden aimed to elucidate and clarify the potential teratogenic effects and could provide supplementary data for determining the ADI for pinoxaden. The study design exceeded the OECD TG 414 by including an assessment of internal organs. The test item was orally administered by gavage daily from day 6 to day 28 of gestation to three groups of animals, each composed of 21 females, in dose levels of 0, 10 and 30 mg/kg/bw/day. One female from the 30 mg/kg/bw/day dose group was euthanized in extremis on Day 27 <em>post-coitum</em> due to premature delivery, likely induced by poor general condition and was therefore considered to be an indirect effect of the test item. One female at 30 mg/kg/bw/day had entirely dead litters except for one live male pup (9 non-live implants vs 1 live fetus). Since the incidence of post-implantation loss or mean number of the dead pups within the remaining dams at 30 mg/kg/ bw/day that survived to necropsy was not significantly increased, we assume that the toxic effect was on the dam, rather than on the conceptus. No pinoxaden-related skeletal or visceral variations or malformations were observed. No evidence of developmental toxicity was observed. Under the conditions of the study, the pinoxaden produced maternal toxicity at a high dose tested; thus, NOAEL for maternal toxicity was determined to be 10 mg/kg bw/day. NOAEL for developmental toxicity was established at 30 mg/kg bw/day. The obtained results may supplement the overall safety and toxicity profile of pinoxaden. Nevertheless, the NOAEL determined in this study does not affect the previously established ADI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101747"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategies to reduce neurotoxic acrylamide in biscuits, a systematic review","authors":"Kiandokht Ghanati ,&nbsp;Hamed Shafaroodi ,&nbsp;Burhan Basaran ,&nbsp;Amirhossein Moslemizadeh ,&nbsp;Vahideh Mahdavi ,&nbsp;Melina Sadighara ,&nbsp;Vahide Oskoei ,&nbsp;Parisa Sadighara","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101751","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101751","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this systematic review, considering the wide consumption of biscuits, the research that has been designed so far to reduce acrylamide in biscuits is discussed. Some methods were the use of antioxidants, some food additives, optimization of baking methods, suppression of acrolein production, and suppression of Maillard reaction. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these methods are discussed in this systematic review. The most important possible mechanism in the formation of acrylamide is the Maillard reaction.The greatest influence of the intervention effects was seen in the studies in which the Maillard reaction was suppressed. In some studies, this efficiency was observed above 90 %. It has also been observed in some studies that acrylamide is significantly reduced by using some antioxidants in the biscuit formulation. In this condition, a decrease in the amount of acrylamide was observed in the range of 50–90 % depending on the type of antioxidant. In this regard, the greatest reduction effect was reported with the use of tropical fruits and bamboo leaves in the formulation of biscuits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101751"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142323301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Severity of scorpion envenomation in Saudi Arabia: A systematic review","authors":"Mohammed Alhelail ,&nbsp;Areej Albelali ,&nbsp;Raghad Alkanhal ,&nbsp;Mahmoud Salam","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101749","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101749","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the course of five years, 72,168 scorpion stings were recorded in Saudi Arabia. Though a number of articles have been published on scorpion stings in the country, no review studies have sought to determine the severity of scorpion envenomation using a standardized scale. The purpose of this systematic review is, thus, to explore the signs and symptoms of scorpion envenomation victims in Saudi Arabia and classify them using the Abroug's severity scale. This review identified 49 articles published between January 1953 and September 2024 on scorpion sting incidents in Saudi Arabia. Out of this total, 26 (53.1 %) articles met the systematic review criteria. The selected articles were reviewed by an emergency physician, a pediatrician, an assistant professor, and a consultant in toxicology, knowing that all examined articles were published in peer reviewed journals indexed in PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of science and CINAHL. Preset keywords and medical subject headings (MeSH terms) were used for the review. Three reviewed studies reported that 20–52 % of scorpion victims are asymptomatic. Other studies confirmed that Class I local manifestations, such as pain, erythema, swelling, and burning are present in the majority of scorpion sting victims (47.4–100 %). Class II systemic symptoms, such as hypertension, tachycardia, restlessness, cold extremities, gastrointestinal abnormalities and priapism, were reported in 15 studies, while bleeding was recorded in 2 patients in the same study. More complicated Class III cases manifested neurological deteriorations (seizures, neurotoxicity and unconsciousness), pulmonary edema, and pulmonary/cardiac arrest. Jointly, the studies revealed that a total of 16,745 scorpion sting victims were admitted and hospitalized for more than 24 h, and hospital stay duration varied, for all patients, between 3 h and 4 weeks. Around 1371 cases in six studies refused treatment and were discharged against medical advice. Fifteen victims across ten studies died from the scorpion stings. Children and patients with pre-existing clinical conditions generally reported more severe signs and symptoms. Study findings showed that practitioners should be aware of the early warning signs of pulmonary edema, cardiac toxicity and myocarditis, which are not uncommon post scorpion envenomation. Practitioners should also take into consideration that electrolyte imbalances might occur, but they do not usually pose serious clinical problems. Hemorrhages might happen, but they are mostly treatable. In conclusion, it is advised that practitioners utilize the standardized Abroug’s classification for grading signs and symptoms of scorpion stings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101749"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurotoxicity associated with the medicinal mushroom product-Diamond Shruumz: A case report","authors":"Elizabeth F. Ebbens ,&nbsp;Saralyn R. Williams ,&nbsp;Rebecca E. Bruccoleri ,&nbsp;S. Barron Frazier","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101748","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101748","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Medicinal mushrooms are widely available as health supplements, and the federal government does not currently require these products to be examined for quality and contents. This places consumers at risk for unintentional ingestion of other substances, including toxic mushroom species. We describe a case report of an ingestion of an edible medicinal mushroom product likely contaminated with muscimol, the primary toxin of <em>Amanita muscaria</em>. A 17-year-old female presented with altered mental status, mydriasis, salivation, and myoclonic jerks that were refractory to benzodiazepines. She was intubated for airway protection and had spontaneous improvement of all her symptoms with return to baseline within 8 hours of presentation. She disclosed ingestion of the chocolate bar brand “Diamond Shruumz” that has been recalled for muscimol contamination. She was discharged home the day after presentation without symptom recurrence. This case displays the toxidrome of muscimol ingestion consistent with prior reports in the literature from muscimol containing mushroom ingestion. To our knowledge, this is among the first reports of <em>Amanita muscaria</em> ingestion from a commercially available medicinal mushroom product.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101748"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214750024001318/pdfft?md5=1c208873328e71b854462372f925e41e&pid=1-s2.0-S2214750024001318-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142315224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myco-remediation of chromium heavy metal from industrial wastewater: A review","authors":"Shruthi. S,&nbsp;Hemavathy. R.V","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101740","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101740","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chromium a heavy metal present in the effluent of the industries causes accumulation of toxicity in water. Chromium commonly has Cr (III) and Cr (VI), two oxidation states, in which hexavalent form causes more health issues to human, other species and environment. The increased anthropogenic effects, especially tannery industrial effluent contributes the higher percentage of chromium accumulation. Removal of heavy metal can be attributed to many aspects, conventionally the physio-chemical methods which superseded by biological means of remediation. Chromium resistant microbes can be used to remove metal ions of chromium from the effluent, as this can be considered an eco-friendly approach. The microbial accession of nanoparticles synthesis is being focused, due to its accuracy and specificity in results. Mycoremediation grabbed attention as fungal absorbance efficiency and the surface-mechanism of heavy metal ions correlates each other. Current study in-depth indulges the base to core mechanism of mycoremediation of chromium ions from different effluents. Fungal-assisted mechanism of chromium ions have insists to be fewer, which may gain attention by enhancing the methodology of removal of chromium ions. This study focuses on improvement of fungal strain and pave-way, to improvise the study with immobilization technique which renders usage of the adsorbents redundant usage and applications, substantially with the low-cost polymeric material alginate is given more importance for immobilization technique. Alginate apart from low-cost adsorbent, is an excellent support for fungal producing nanoparticles which would provide wide-cast and an extraordinary adsorbent material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101740"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}