Toxicology Reports最新文献

{"title":"ADME/Tox study and the effect of β-Caryophyllene on the resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus carrying the QacA/B efflux pump gene","authors":"José Weverton Almeida-Bezerra ,&nbsp;José Thyálisson da Costa Silva ,&nbsp;Maria Flaviana Bezerra Morais-Braga ,&nbsp;Rafael Pereira da Cruz ,&nbsp;Gabriel Gonçalves Alencar ,&nbsp;Daniel Sampaio Alves ,&nbsp;Ewerton Yago de Sousa Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Simone Galdino de Sousa ,&nbsp;Irwin Rose Alencar de Menezes ,&nbsp;Janaína Esmeraldo Rocha ,&nbsp;José Maria Barbosa Filho ,&nbsp;Carlos Alonso Leite dos Santos ,&nbsp;Adrielle Rodrigues Costa ,&nbsp;Carolina Bandeira Domiciano ,&nbsp;Lucia Raquel de Lima ,&nbsp;Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101929","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101929","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Gram-positive bacterium <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> is responsible for causing both community-acquired and healthcare-associated infections, and it exhibits high antibiotic resistance due to the presence of efflux pumps. These pumps, such as QacA and QacB, are proteins that expel toxic substances, including antibiotics, making infection treatment more difficult. Among the alternatives to combat this resistance are terpenes, like β-caryophyllene, which have the potential to inhibit these efflux pumps due to their nonpolar nature. Considering this, the objective of this work is to investigate the ability of the mentioned terpene to act as an inhibitor of the QacA/B pump in <em>S. aureus</em>, as well as to analyze its pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties in silico. Initially, a molecular docking simulation was performed using the CryoEM structure of the QacA protein with the software AutoDock VINA to evaluate the interactions between β-caryophyllene and the target protein. Subsequently, <em>in vitro</em> assays were conducted to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of β-caryophyllene and its ability to inhibit the efflux pump in combination with ampicillin in resistant strains of <em>S. aureus</em>. Additionally, <em>in silico</em> ADMET predictions were performed using the SwissADME platform. The results showed that the terpene enhanced the action of ampicillin, reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by 50 %. However, it was not able to reduce the MIC of ethidium bromide. The <em>in silico</em> analysis indicated that β-caryophyllene has good bioavailability and drug-likeness characteristics, but with limitations in its gastrointestinal absorption and brain permeability. The study concludes that β-caryophyllene is a promising candidate as an adjuvant in the treatment of antibiotic-resistant infections, especially due to its ability to partially inhibit efflux pumps.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101929"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143104082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cilostazol protective effect on nedaplatin-induced genotoxicity in cultured human lymphocytes","authors":"Karem H. Alzoubi ,&nbsp;Abeer M. Rababa’h ,&nbsp;Omar F. Khabour ,&nbsp;Fian Nuseir","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101928","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101928","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Nedaplatin has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in combating various malignancies. However, the administration of nedaplatin has been associated with the induction of DNA damage within normal cells. Cilostazol is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor with an antioxidant mechanism that could protect cells from genotoxicity. We aimed to evaluate the genotoxic effect of nedaplatin on cultured human lymphocytes and the potential protective effect of cilostazol on chromosomal damage induced by nedaplatin.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The proposed nedaplatin’s genotoxic effect was studied <em>in vitro</em> by evaluating the frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in human cultured lymphocytes. Both the mitotic and proliferative indices (MI and PI, respectively) were used to assess the cytotoxic effects of nedaplatin.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Nedaplatin significantly increased the frequency of SCEs compared to control and cilostazol-treated cells. The chromosomal injury induced by nedaplatin was significantly reduced by pretreatment of cells with cilostazol (P &lt; 0.0001). Treating with cilostazol alone also reduced the frequency of SCEs, MI, and PI compared to the control group. Nedaplatin induced significant decreases in the MI and PI compared to the control group. Pretreatment with cilostazol partially debilitated the nedaplatin-induced changes in MI but not PI.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Cilostazol ameliorated the genotoxicity of nedaplatin in cultured human lymphocytes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101928"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143104078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patulin induced neuronal cell damage in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells","authors":"G.V. Jayashree ,&nbsp;P. Rachitha ,&nbsp;Vinay B. Raghavendra ,&nbsp;Hemanth Kumar Kandikattu","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101886","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101886","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Patulin, a mycotoxin produced by fungal species, is found in fruits and their derivatives. Exposure to it can lead to cognitive deficits and neurodegenerative disorders. Understanding its mechanisms is crucial for assessing risks in food, emphasizing the need for strict food safety regulations to protect public health. In this study SH-SY5Y, a human neuroblastoma cell line was challenged with the mycotoxin patulin. Patulin was treated to the cells for 24 h at 25–2000 nM, concentrations respectively. The results obtained demonstrate the cytotoxicity as assessed by the MTT and LDH leakage assays with an IC50 at a dose of 500 nM. The light microscope images showed a decreased in neurites size with increase in doses of patulin. The patulin treatment showed a decrease in antioxidant enzymes SOD and catalase levels and an increase in ROS and lipid peroxidation levels. Patulin treatment also showed a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial damage, with vacuolation of mitochondria visualized by transmission electron microscope. Patulin treatment also showed DNA damage observed by comet assay. The study demonstrates that patulin induces cellular damage, and induces oxidative stress, apoptosis, mitochondrial and DNA damage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101886"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143511087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk assessment for non-carcinogenic effect posed by sulfates in water on the health of residents around The Sumpur River, West Sumatra-Indonesia","authors":"Sukarjo ,&nbsp;Rahmah Dewi Yustika ,&nbsp;Cicik Oktasari Handayani ,&nbsp;Triyani Dewi ,&nbsp;Yustiawati ,&nbsp;Delvi Yanti ,&nbsp;Ai Dariah","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101921","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101921","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The extensive agricultural activity contributes to runoff and plays a significant role in elevated sulfate concentrations in many global water bodies. In tropical regions, sulfate pollution and its associated health hazards have intensified, emerging as an international concern. However, these issues are often overlooked despite their potential impact on water and citizen safety. Present study intends to assess the risks posed by sulfate contamination to human health, given its critical implications for water quality in the area. The assessment was conducted through observations in seven water sampling stations established along the Sumpur River and its estuary in Lake Singkarak. The analysis of the collected samples reveals that sulfate concentrations at all locations remain within permissible limits, confirming the water's suitability for consumption. The Sulfate Pollution Index (SPI) values at all sampling locations are below 1, classifying them as unpolluted with respect to sulfate content. Additionally, the Hazard Index (HI) values at all locations were below 1, indicating no significant non-carcinogenic health risks to the public. However, location S5 recorded the highest average HI value, nearing 1 (0.95). One of sampling observations at S5, located near rice fields and settlement areas along the riverbanks, showed a value exceeding 1, which requires attention. Sustainable management of agricultural is crucial for mitigating potential health and dangers sulfate contamination and ensuring the safety of water for consumption in this region. Mitigating sulfate pollution from agriculture and residential areas requires a combination of technology, education, and regulatory enforcement. This approach should actively involve the community to create a healthier and more sustainable environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101921"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143170453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic effects of NAC and CoQ10 on aluminium phosphide poisoning as an adjuvant therapy: A Pilot study","authors":"Maii Farag Henaidy ,&nbsp;Maha Ghanem ,&nbsp;Shehata Farag Shehata ,&nbsp;Amal M. Shouair ,&nbsp;Reda R. Mabrouk","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101907","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101907","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In aluminium phosphide (AlP) poisoning, death is mainly due to acute heart failure. There is some evidence showing that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and coenzyme Q10 have antioxidant and cardioprotective effects. This study investigated a new approach for treating acute AlP poisoning by using NAC and Co-Q10 as adjuvant therapy.</div></div><div><h3>Subjects and methods</h3><div>The study design was a retrospective-prospective study. It was conducted in the poisoning unit of Kafer Eldwar General Hospital. Sixty patients with acute aluminium phosphide poisoning were included. The patients were divided into two groups. The first group (standard protocol) considered the control group received the standard supportive care, and their data were collected from the medical records. The second group (new protocol) in addition to the standard supportive care received the NAC and CoQ10 regimen, and all data were collected in a specially designed sheet.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results showed that the highest percentage of patients in both groups were aged 18–25, followed by those under 18, and females outnumbered the males. The systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure showed significant improvement in the new protocol group. A significant statistical difference was found between the two groups regarding mechanical ventilation (p = 0.015), where mechanical ventilation was used in 20 % of patients in the new protocol group and 50 % in the standard group. Regarding the outcome of patients, the survival rate reached 73.3 % upon using the new protocol, compared to 50 % who received the standard protocol.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The data imply that further investigation in using the NAC and CoQ10 regimen is warranted. It gave an improvement of the survival rate and decrease the need for mechanical ventilation in AlP</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101907"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143104081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of lead and cadmium exposure through olive and corn oil consumption in Gonbad-Kavus, north of Iran: A public health risk analysis","authors":"Janan Tayeb ,&nbsp;Mohammadhosein Movassaghghazani","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101922","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101922","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lead and cadmium are common heavy metals in oils. This study assessed their levels in commercial and traditional olive and corn oils from Gonbad-Kavus City using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after microwave digestion. Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) were calculated. The results from 60 oil samples showed quantifiable levels of lead and cadmium in all samples. Lead concentrations in commercial olive oil, traditional olive oil, commercial corn oil, and traditional corn oil were 13.27 ± 3.37, 17.48 ± 4.82, 19.27 ± 8.12, and 32.40 ± 6.13 μg/kg, respectively. Cadmium concentrations were 4.14 ± 0.53, 3.50 ± 0.72, 4.48 ± 1.80, and 5.77 ± 1.34 µg/kg, respectively. All lead levels were below the 80 µg/kg limit set by the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI). For a 70 kg person consuming 0.147 g of corn oil and 0.328 g of olive oil daily, the metals pose no risk to health over a lifetime. No health concerns were found for oils except traditional olive oil. Corn oil showed significant lead contamination. HI values for lead and cadmium in oils were below 1, indicating no non-carcinogenic health risk. MOE values for lead in traditional olive oil were below 10,000, while other oils were above, indicating no significant risk to consumers. These findings call for a review of national standards and increased monitoring of heavy metals in vegetable oils in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101922"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143104143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Sub-chronic toxicity of the active fraction of a modified Huang-Lian-Jie-Du Decoction” [Toxicol. Rep. 13 (2024) 101682]","authors":"Lan Wang ,&nbsp;Wen Yang ,&nbsp;Jia-Qian Zhu ,&nbsp;Yan-Feng Huang ,&nbsp;Mei Zhong ,&nbsp;Steven King Fan Loo ,&nbsp;Siu-Po Ip ,&nbsp;Yan-Fang Xian ,&nbsp;Zhi-Xiu Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101916","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101916","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101916"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11787664/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143080321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liver morphometry and histopathology effects in Astyanax lacustris exposed to lambda-cyhalothrin pyrethroid insecticide","authors":"Tiago Venancio da Silva ,&nbsp;André Luiz do Nascimento Silva ,&nbsp;Karine Nathiele Nogueira Farias ,&nbsp;Carla Leticia Gediel Rivero Wendt ,&nbsp;Lucas de Oliveira Brasileiro ,&nbsp;Edilaine Fogaça ,&nbsp;Sabrina Fuzer Gonçalves ,&nbsp;Brenda de Oliveira Martins ,&nbsp;Maria Eduarda Corona Garcia ,&nbsp;Lilian Franco-Belussi ,&nbsp;Carlos Eurico S. Fernandes","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101919","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101919","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lambda-cyhalothrin (LC) is a pyrethroid insecticide employed to manage various arthropods as an alternative to persistent insecticides with minimized toxic effects on birds and mammals. However, LC causes oxidative and neurotoxic damages in fish <em>Danio rerio</em>. Effects of LC in morphology of liver of fishes are scare. We aimed to establish the lethal concentration (LC₅₀ 96 h) of pyrethroid LC for <em>Astianax lacustris</em>. Then, we compare liver responses of sublethal doses of LC (i.e. 10.30 µg/L) for acute (i.e 1- and 3-days post-exposure - <em>dpe</em>) and chronic (i.e 6 and 12 <em>dpe</em>). We sought to identify pathological changes and compare liver histometric remodeling in fish subjected to acute and chronic toxicity tests. For this, liver histological changes were evaluated using the degree of tissue changes (DTC), followed by histomorphometric techniques determining structural volumetric density, glycogen cell density, and morphometry of hepatic tissue. We observed high hepatocellular injuries in exposed fishes. The main injuries included leukocyte infiltration, hyperemia, and pyknotic nuclei, especially 6 dpe. Hepatic glycogen storage decreases at 6 and 12 <em>dpe</em> showing metabolic damage. Both, density and volume of decreases after LC exposure in all exposure time. However, sinusoidal density increases after LC exposure, suggesting vascular hyperemia. These results show morphophysiological effects of LC at 10.30 µg/L in acute and chronic exposure represented by decreased glycogen storage, structural density, and volume of hepatocytes, in addition to a higher degree of histological changes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101919"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of oral ciprofloxacin-induced depressive-like behavior and the potential benefit of lactulose: A correlation analysis","authors":"Havizur Rahman ,&nbsp;Kusnandar Anggadiredja ,&nbsp;Lucy Sasongko","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101920","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101920","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Prolonged administration of antibiotics may be associated with depression due to the potential risk of dysbiosis. Thus, the restoration of microbial balance, through administration of prebiotics, might overcome the problem. This study investigated the mechanisms of antibiotic-induced depression, which were explored through statistical correlation analysis. The potential benefit of lactulose, a prebiotic, on this behavioral disorder was further assessed. The rats were assigned to groups receiving 102.8 mg/kg ciprofloxacin daily for 1, 8, 15, or 22 days. A different group of rat was given the same regimen for 8 days accompanied with lactulose at 2056 mg/kg. Upon completion of ciprofloxacin administration, the rats were tested for depression-like behavior (forced swimming test, FST; and sucrose preference test, SPT). They were then sacrificed for biochemical assessment in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. The mechanism studies revealed significant correlation between SPT vs. serotonin in the hippocampus, and SPT vs. serotonin, cortisol, NF-κB in the prefrontal cortex. Meanwhile, FST was significantly correlated with serotonin in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex, while in the prefrontal cortex it was significantly correlated with cortisol, NF-κB, and IL-6. Based on the afore-mentioned results, it was found that lactulose improved FST by targeting serotonin in the hippocampus. This study indicate that ciprofloxacin induce depression-like behavior via modulation of several neurotransmitter system as well as proinflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. The results further suggest the potential of lactulose to improve this behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101920"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143104142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicological assessment of citral and geraniol: Efflux pump inhibition in Staphylococcus aureus and invertebrate toxicity","authors":"Gildênia Alves de Araújo ,&nbsp;Cícera Datiane de Morais Oliveira Tintino ,&nbsp;Raimundo Luíz Silva Pereira ,&nbsp;Isaac Moura Araújo ,&nbsp;Cícera Laura Roque Paulo ,&nbsp;João Arthur de Oliveira Borges ,&nbsp;Ewerton Yago de Sousa Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Ângella Eduarda da Silva ,&nbsp;Francisco Assis Bezerra da Cunha ,&nbsp;Zildene de Sousa Silveira ,&nbsp;Nair Silva Macedo ,&nbsp;Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho ,&nbsp;José Maria Barbosa Filho ,&nbsp;Daniela Maria do Amaral Ferraz Navarro ,&nbsp;Francisco Roberto de Azevedo ,&nbsp;Saulo Relison Tintino","doi":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101917","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101917","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity against multi-drug-resistant strains carrying efflux pumps and assess their toxicity on <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> and <em>Aedes aegypti</em> models. Microdilution tests in broth were performed to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The efflux pump inhibition was evaluated by analyzing the reduction in antibiotic MIC and Ethidium Bromide (EtBr) MIC when combined with the products. Mortality assay and negative geotaxis were conducted on <em>D. melanogaster</em> specimens, and insecticidal activity assays were performed on <em>A. aegypti</em> larvae. Only geraniol reduced the antibiotic MIC when combined, reducing from 64 µg/mL to 16 µg/mL in the 1199B strain of <em>S. aureus</em>. When combined with EtBr, both geraniol and citral reduced EtBr MIC, with geraniol decreasing from 64 µg/mL to 16 µg/mL and citral decreasing from 64 µg/mL to 32 µg/mL. Regarding the <em>S. aureus</em> K2068 strain, geraniol reduced the antibiotic MIC from 16 µg/mL to 8 µg/mL, and citral reduced it from 16 µg/mL to 4 µg/mL. In combination with EtBr, all monoterpenes reduced MIC from 64 µg/mL to 32 µg/mL. Both products exhibited toxicity in <em>D. melanogaster</em>; however, citral showed higher toxicity with a precisely determined LC50 of 2.478 μL. As for the insecticidal action on <em>A. aegypti</em>, both products demonstrated toxicity with cumulative effects and dose-dependent mortality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23129,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101917"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143104141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}