Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry最新文献_第10页

All That Glitter is not Gold: Computed Tomography-Kidney Ureter Bladder (CT-KUB) is not necessary for a Safe Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy 所有闪光的都不是金子:计算机断层扫描-肾输尿管膀胱(CT-KUB)对于安全的经皮肾镜取石术是不必要的

Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry Pub Date : 2022-04-14 DOI: 10.36283/pjmd11-2/007

{"title":"All That Glitter is not Gold: Computed Tomography-Kidney Ureter Bladder (CT-KUB) is not necessary for a Safe Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy","authors":"","doi":"10.36283/pjmd11-2/007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36283/pjmd11-2/007","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Diagnosis of renal stones is tricky and appropriate diagnosis requires exact location and size identification of renal stones along with the degree of obstruction and hydronephrosis. This study aimed to compare the difference between Ultrasound and Computed tomography Kidney ureter Bladder (CT KUB) groups for stone clearance, diagnostic accuracy, laboratory parameters, and complications.\u0000\u0000Methods: This is a cross-sectional, comparative effectiveness trial; patients (n=100) with suspected renal stones were randomly assigned with a 1:1 ratio in two different imaging groups, Group A (n=50) participants had ultrasonography and group B (n=50) patients had Computed tomography as a diagnostic imaging modality. The complications and operative differences were compared with the help of student t-test and chi-square tests, a p-value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u0000\u0000Results: The mean age of the patients was 37.3 ± 17 years and 45.8 ± 14.7 years in group A and group B, respectively. The study found no difference (0.3 and 0.1) between pre-operative stone size measurements of the renal unit by ultrasound and CT [(2.4±0.9 cm and 2.7±1.8cm (right) 1.8±1.0 cm and 1.9±0.7 cm (left)]. The sensitivity and specificity of USG for renal stone diagnosis was 84.8%, while CT indicated 86% accuracy, X-Ray KUB was used for radiopaque stones only and showed 78.6% sensitivity and specificity.\u0000\u0000Conclusion: The pre-operative stone sizes indicated in ultrasonography and CT were similar in intra-operative, retrograde pyelogram (RPG) measurements, referred to the accuracy of stone size prediction. Simple x-ray and ultrasonography are cost-effective, easily available in hospitals, with minimal radiation exposure.\u0000\u0000Keywords: Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy; Ultrasonography; Kidney Stones.","PeriodicalId":231166,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123350445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Biochemical Action of Anesthesia Revealed 麻醉的生化作用揭示

Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI: 10.36283/pjmd11-1/001

引用次数: 0

Emergency Management Readiness of Pakistani Dentists at Public Sector Teaching Hospitals 巴基斯坦公立教学医院牙医的应急管理准备

Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry Pub Date : 2022-01-25 DOI: 10.36283/pjmd11-1/013

{"title":"Emergency Management Readiness of Pakistani Dentists at Public Sector Teaching Hospitals","authors":"","doi":"10.36283/pjmd11-1/013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36283/pjmd11-1/013","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000Background: Medical emergencies during dental treatment need to be appropriately equipped to deal with multiple chronic diseases in medically compromised patients. A well-prepared dental team can prevent stress-related medical emergencies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the readiness of dentists in managing medical emergencies, while comparing between postgraduate interns and registered dental graduates, working at a public sector hospital. \u0000\u0000Methods: The study was conducted in three constituent dental colleges and affiliated hospitals of Dow University of Health Sciences situated in Karachi from January-March 2021. A 28-item validated questionnaire was piloted and designed to assess 250 dentists and interns in managing medical emergencies. For data analysis, responses of a three-point Likert scale related to knowledge was used, while a dichotomous scale was used for diagnosis and management and a p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant.\u0000\u0000Results: Out of 250 dentists, 208(83%) responded to the questionnaire. Most of the participants 200(96%) of the participants were taking medical histories and 149(87%) were routinely taking vital signs before dental treatment. We found that 62(42%) lacked adequate training for managing medical emergencies. Dental interns had more experience to deal with medical emergencies and were better prepared than general dentists. \u0000\u0000Conclusion: Most of the participants lacked training in medical emergencies encountered in dental clinics. Concrete measures are needed to address this issue at a national level. Evidence-based recommendations, regular training, drills, and certification are needed to prepare the future dentist to deal with medical emergencies.\u0000Keywords: Emergencies; Dental Clinics; Hospitals.","PeriodicalId":231166,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry","volume":"9 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120844305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Comparing the Effects of Choline with Clozapine and Fluoxetine for Improving Cognitive Behavior in Rats 胆碱与氯氮平、氟西汀对大鼠认知行为改善作用的比较

Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry Pub Date : 2022-01-25 DOI: 10.36283/pjmd11-1/006

{"title":"Comparing the Effects of Choline with Clozapine and Fluoxetine for Improving Cognitive Behavior in Rats","authors":"","doi":"10.36283/pjmd11-1/006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36283/pjmd11-1/006","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000Background: Cognitive behavior therapy is an important treatment for various psychiatric and psychological problems. Different psychotherapeutic treatments are used for improvement in patients. The study aimed to compare Clozapine and Fluoxetine with Choline on the progress of cognition and cognitive behavior in rats.\u0000\u0000Methods: This experimental study was conducted in the pharmacology department of Karachi University on locally bred male albino rats (n=24). These were divided into four treatment groups (Saline, Fluoxetine, Clozapine, and Choline) and measured the output at the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th weeks. Familiar and Novel object recognition test and Passive avoidance test was used to observe learning and memory as well as the mechanism of cognition. One way-ANOVA and post-hoc analysis was done between groups. The p-value <0.05 and < 0.001 were considered statistically significant and highly significant respectively.\u0000 \u0000Results: The comparative mean preference index percentage between saline, choline, clozapine, and fluoxetine at week one was non–significant (p>0.05) in the Novel and Familiar Object Recognition test. However, at week three it was highest for Fluoxetine (58.15±3.35) compared to Choline, Clozapine and Saline for the novel object. However, in Familiar objects, it was found highest for Clozapine (58.88±3.05) (p <0.05). Furthermore, the mean step-through latency time of the Passive Avoidance test was significant (p<0.05) at weeks three, five and seven. It was highest for choline (92.5±1.36) than fluoxetine and clozapine.\u0000\u0000Conclusion: Fluoxetine has a significant effect (p<0.001) on memory and learning compared to Clozapine. Clozapine and choline showed statistically same results on cognitive behavior. \u0000Keywords: Cognitive Behavior; Choline; Clozapine; Fluoxetine; Effect; Compare.","PeriodicalId":231166,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124251089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessment of 1 α-Hydroxylase in Vitamin D- Deficient Premenopausal Pakistani Females 1 α-羟化酶在维生素D缺乏的绝经前巴基斯坦女性中的作用

Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry Pub Date : 2022-01-25 DOI: 10.36283/pjmd11-1/005

{"title":"Assessment of 1 α-Hydroxylase in Vitamin D- Deficient Premenopausal Pakistani Females","authors":"","doi":"10.36283/pjmd11-1/005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36283/pjmd11-1/005","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000Background: 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1-α-hydroxylase is a key enzyme for conversion of 25-(OH)-D to 1,25-(OH)2-D and is extra renally produced in various tissues. The objective of the study was to determine the levels of enzyme 1-α-hydroxylase in response to supplementation with vitamin D in premenopausal women.\u0000\u0000Methods: This single-arm pre-post interventional study, included premenopausal females (n=82) and their 1-α hydroxylase levels were measured from peripheral blood. Vitamin D supplements were given and vitamin D levels and α-1 hydroxylase levels were measured through ELISA. The serum vitamin D levels below 30ng/ml (75nmol/L), were considered vitamin D deficient. The correlation between serum vitamin D levels and 1-α-OHase levels was determined using Spearman’s Rank Correlation test, Wessa P Spearman Rank Correlation in Free Statistics Software. Relationships between variables were done through paired t-test and p<0.05 was considered significant.\u0000\u0000Results: The levels of 1-α (OH)ase varied in response to supplementation, with most values observed between 10-20ng/ml. The average increase in serum vitamin D and 1-α-(OH)ase levels was 9.49ng/mL and 4.66ng/mL respectively. In total 50(60.9%) samples revealed a decrease in 1-α (OH)ase levels, and 32(39.1%) samples increased. Data analysis showed t (84) = 1.214, p=0.228 for serum 1- α (OH)ase. For post-supplementation the results showed no association between (rs = 0.04982, p = 0.65671) the two variables.\u0000\u0000Conclusion: Serum levels of 1-α-hydroxylase in premenopausal Pakistani females indicated variation when vitamin D was supplemented, highlighting a non-linear relationship. This shows involvement of other unknown factors in Vitamin D metabolism, which requires to be investigated in future research.\u0000Keywords: Biopsy; Inflammation; Hydroxylase.","PeriodicalId":231166,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120963246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Association of Blood Groups with the Extent and Severity of Coronary Lesions in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction 急性心肌梗死患者冠状动脉病变程度与血型的关系

Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry Pub Date : 2022-01-25 DOI: 10.36283/pjmd11-1/004

{"title":"Association of Blood Groups with the Extent and Severity of Coronary Lesions in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction","authors":"","doi":"10.36283/pjmd11-1/004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36283/pjmd11-1/004","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000Background: Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a complex interaction of genetic and multifactorial environmental factors. This study was conducted to evaluate the association of blood groups with the severity of coronary artery lesions in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).\u0000\u0000Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary cardiac care center in Karachi, Pakistan. Consecutive adult patients of either gender diagnosed with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergone primary PCI during the study period of November 2020 to February 2021 were included. Based on blood grouping patients were stratified into two groups, non-O and O. comparative analysis of clinical and angiographic findings was performed and Chi-square test was used with p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u0000\u0000Results: A total of 398 patients were included in this study out of which 296(74.4%) were males (mean age: 57.15±10.95 years) and 102(25.6%) females. Type O blood group distribution was 107(26.9%) and non-O blood groups were 291(73.1%). The non-O blood group included A=110(27.6%), AB=43(10.8%), and B=138(34.7%). Significant results in type O and non-O group were seen among single vessel diseases (41.1%, 29.6%) (p=0.029) and circumflex artery as culprit (16.8%,9.6%) (p=0.046), whereas in post-procedure complication no significant results were found (p=0.554) with in-hospital mortality rate (p=0.642).\u0000\u0000Conclusion: Blood group type O was found to be associated with single-vessel coronary artery diseases. However, no association of blood groups was observed with lesion complexity, post-procedure complications and mortality.\u0000Keywords: Ischemic Heart Diseases; Coronary Artery Diseases; Myocardial Infarction; Blood Group.","PeriodicalId":231166,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry","volume":"139 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128900852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparing Holmium (Ho): YAG Laser with Pneumatic Lithoclast for Treatment Efficacy of Ureteric Stones 钬激光与气动碎石治疗输尿管结石疗效比较

Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry Pub Date : 2022-01-25 DOI: 10.36283/pjmd11-1/002

S. Khalid, W. Memon, A. Haider, Adnan Siddiq Awan, Muhammad Bilal Quddus

{"title":"Comparing Holmium (Ho): YAG Laser with Pneumatic Lithoclast for Treatment Efficacy of Ureteric Stones","authors":"S. Khalid, W. Memon, A. Haider, Adnan Siddiq Awan, Muhammad Bilal Quddus","doi":"10.36283/pjmd11-1/002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36283/pjmd11-1/002","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000Background: Holmium YAG (yttrium-aluminum-garnet) laser, a comparatively new technique, can clear all types and sizes of stones and is only being used in two institutes of Karachi, Pakistan. The study aimed to compare pneumatic lithoclast and holmium YAG laser, to evaluate stone-free rate (SFR), postoperative complications, operative duration, and effectiveness.\u0000\u0000Methods: This cross-sectional research included 60 patients with age 16-65 years having ureteric stones, reporting to kidney center, Urology Department, Karachi, Pakistan. CT Scan of Kidneys, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) were used to record stone size, laterality, and location within the ureter. Patients were divided into two clusters of 30 each, group A (Ho: YAG laser) and group B (pneumatic Lithoclast) having 0.5 to 02 cm of size ureteric stones. An Independent two-sample “t” test was used to assess the difference for the continuous variables. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u0000\u0000Results: Stone sizes distribution was 1.3±0.3cms and 1.4±0.3cms for A and B groups respectively (p=0.8). The insignificance of the p-value demonstrated no substantial divergence between both groups and stone sizes. Clearance from the proximal ureter was noted 26(84.6%) in group A and 41.7% in group B with (p<0.05). A reduced lithotripsy activation period of 30.8±3.7mins was associated with stone size (p<0.05).\u0000\u0000Conclusion: Holmium: YAG Laser had better stone-free rate (SFR), with 84% clearance than pneumatic. Improved and effective clearance reduces the risk of residual stones within a lesser time, required for getting back to normal life routines.\u0000Keywords: Lasers; Ureteric Stones; Ho: YAG Laser; Pneumatic Lithoclast; Kidney Stones.","PeriodicalId":231166,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134250428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Depression, Anxiety and Stress in Young Female Doctors is Associated with High Sexual Harassment Scores 年轻女医生抑郁、焦虑和压力与高性骚扰得分相关

Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry Pub Date : 2022-01-25 DOI: 10.36283/pjmd11-1/012

{"title":"Depression, Anxiety and Stress in Young Female Doctors is Associated with High Sexual Harassment Scores","authors":"","doi":"10.36283/pjmd11-1/012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36283/pjmd11-1/012","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000Background: Sexual harassment, a known cause of stress in females, makes them vulnerable to mental health issues and affects their professional performance. The objectives of the study were to assess the frequency of sexual harassment among female doctors based on age, designation, marital status, and household income, and to find out the association between sexual harassment and depression, anxiety, and stress in female doctors.\u0000\u0000Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at three tertiary care hospitals of Rawalpindi. on n=328 female doctors including House officers, Post Graduate Trainees, Senior Registrars, Assistants, Associates and Full Professors. We used the Sexual Harassment Experience Questionnaire and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale to assess sexual harassment and depression, anxiety and stress scores, p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u0000\u0000Results: The mean age of 301 female doctors was 30.12±7.8 years, equally represented from public and private hospitals. Mostly were married 154 (51.2%), working as House Officers 126(41.9%), The mean score on the Sexual Harassment Experience Questionnaire was 48.23±14.84, with higher scores (52.83±16.2) in unmarried females (≤30 years), working in junior levels in public sector hospitals (p=0.001). A significant positive correlation (0.471) between the Sexual Harassment Experience Questionnaire and Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale scores was observed.\u0000\u0000Conclusion: The incidences of sexual harassment were seen more in younger, unmarried junior female doctors. Higher Depression, Anxiety and Stress were found positively associated with higher Sexual Harassment scores. Hospitals should develop policies to protect female healthcare workers especially junior doctors, to minimize workplace sexual harassment negativity on mental health.\u0000Keywords: Sexual Harassment; Depression; Anxiety; Female; Hospitals.","PeriodicalId":231166,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115494700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Learning Environment of Basic Health Sciences in Private (Integrated) versus Public (Traditional Curriculum) Medical Schools during COVID-19 新冠肺炎期间私立(综合)医学院与公立(传统课程)医学院基础健康科学学习环境比较

Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry Pub Date : 2022-01-25 DOI: 10.36283/pjmd11-1/016

{"title":"Learning Environment of Basic Health Sciences in Private (Integrated) versus Public (Traditional Curriculum) Medical Schools during COVID-19","authors":"","doi":"10.36283/pjmd11-1/016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36283/pjmd11-1/016","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000Background: Educational environment (EE) plays a pivotal role in the academic growth of a medical student. The objective of the study was to compare the perception of a learning environment in Basic Health Sciences by first and second-year MBBS students of private and public medical colleges in Lahore, Pakistan during Covid-19 using a questionnaire. \u0000\u0000Methods: Data was collected from students (146) through a self-reported questionnaire via Google. dox after obtaining consent. A total score between 151 and 200 was considered excellent. A score between 101 and 150 indicated a positive approach while less than 100 was considered problematic. A score >3.5 for individual items indicate the presence of the specific aspect of the educational environment, whereas, <3 score requires attention. The t-test was used for analysis and p<0.05 was considered significant.\u0000\u0000Results: Out of 146 students 84(51.21%) were from private medical colleges while 62(42.46%) were from public medical colleges. The students of private medical colleges who follow the integrated curriculum found the learning sessions (27.84±7.40) were more student-centered with supporting online classes (2.75 ± 1.01) (p<0.05). Multiple softwares found that the tutorial sessions improved their problem-solving skills (>2.5). Teachers were helpful in stress management during the pandemic (>3). Proper counselors were employed by the private medical schools to cater to the needs of students who required assistance. \u0000\u0000Conclusion: A significantly high mean score was obtained from private-sector medical students regarding students’ perception of learning (SPL), students’ perception of teachers (SPT), and students’ academic self-perception (SASP), compared to public medical colleges. \u0000Keywords: Learning Environment; Questionnaire; Medical Students; Perception; Integrated.","PeriodicalId":231166,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127806656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Beta-Adrenergic Blockers’ Supportive and Adverse Role in Hypertension: A Review of Three Generations -肾上腺素能阻滞剂对高血压的支持和不良作用:三代综述

Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry Pub Date : 2022-01-25 DOI: 10.36283/pjmd11-1/011

{"title":"Beta-Adrenergic Blockers’ Supportive and Adverse Role in Hypertension: A Review of Three Generations","authors":"","doi":"10.36283/pjmd11-1/011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36283/pjmd11-1/011","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000Hypertension causes significant mortality and morbidity around the world. The β-adrenergic blockers are one of the most commonly prescribed hypertension medications. Several β-adrenergic blockers with different pharmacological qualities have been developed, which may be grouped into three generations based on the differences in pharmacological properties. In this narrative review, we addressed evidence-based literature about the role of various types of β-blockers and related adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in hypertension. PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and MEDLINE are used for articles search. The title was examined first, followed by the abstract, and then the entire study. We concluded that the first-generation β-blockers are non-selective and used as antihypertensive however, not recommended for diabetic, asthmatic, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. The second-generation β-blockers are β1 receptor-selective which are the effective pharmacological option for the treatment of hypertension, with a lower risk of adverse effects associated with antagonism of β2-receptor. Third-generation β-blockers showed improved effects on patients as compared to the previous two generations. This class of β-blockers (labetalol, carvedilol, and nebivolol) has vasodilatory abilities and has an extra beneficial influence with fewer ADRs. However, the effectiveness and benefit of β-blockers as first‐line therapy for hypertension is still controversial. As a result, further accurate screenings, as well as large randomized control clinical trials (RCTs), are needed to investigate the role of all β-blockers in hypertension. \u0000Keywords: Hypertension; Beta-Adrenergic Blockers; Blood Pressure; Literature Review.","PeriodicalId":231166,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121567565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0