The Open Virology Journal最新文献

{"title":"Hepatitis C Virus and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Impact of Direct-Acting Antivirals.","authors":"Ivan Schietroma, Giuseppe Corano Scheri, Claudia Pinacchio, Maura Statzu, Arnolfo Petruzziello, Vincenzo Vullo","doi":"10.2174/1874357901812010016","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1874357901812010016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Globally, between 64 and 103 million people are chronically infected with Hepatitis C virus (HCV), with more than 4.6 million people in the United States and is associated with more than 15.000 deaths annually. Chronic infection can result in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.</p><p><strong>Explanation: </strong>Epidemiological studies have indicated that persistent infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major risk for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), mainly through chronic inflammation, cell deaths, and proliferation. Despite the new direct-acting antiviral drugs (DAA's) being able to clear the HCV, HCC recurrence rate in these patients is still observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this review we highlighted some aspects that could be involved in the onset of HCV-induced HCC such as immune system, viral factors and host genetics factors.Moreover, we focused on some of the last reports about the effects of DAA's on the HCV clearance and their potential implications in HCC recurrence.</p>","PeriodicalId":23111,"journal":{"name":"The Open Virology Journal","volume":"12 ","pages":"16-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2174/1874357901812010016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35914942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protection Efficacy of C5A Against Vaginal and Rectal HIV Challenges in Humanized Mice.","authors":"Philippe A Gallay, Udayan Chatterji, Aaron Kirchhoff, Angel Gandarilla, Richard B Pyles, Marc M Baum, John A Moss","doi":"10.2174/1874357901812010001","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1874357901812010001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In the absence of a vaccine, there is an urgent need for the identification of effective agents that prevent HIV transmission in uninfected individuals. Non-vaccine Biomedical Prevention (nBP) methods, such as topical or systemic pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), are promising strategies to slow down the spread of AIDS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we investigated the microbicidal efficacy of the viral membrane-disrupting amphipathic SWLRDIWDWICEVLSDFK peptide called C5A. We chose the bone marrow/liver/thymus (BLT) humanized mouse model as vaginal and rectal HIV transmission models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that the topical administration of C5A offers complete protection against vaginal and rectal HIV challenges in humanized mice. After demonstrating that C5A blocks genital HIV transmission in humanized mice, we examined the molecular requirements for its microbicidal property. We found that the removal of four amino acids on either end of C5A does not diminish its microbicidal efficacy. However, the removal of four amino acids at both the ends, abolishes its capacity to prevent vaginal or rectal HIV transmission, suggesting that the length of the peptide is a critical parameter for the microbicidal activity of C5A. Moreover, we demonstrated that the amphipathicity of the helical peptide as well as its hydrophobic surface represents key factors for the microbicidal activity of C5A in humanized mice.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>With its noncellular cytotoxic activity, its property of neutralizing both HSV and HIV, and its unique mechanism of action that disrupts the stability of the viral membrane, C5A represents an attractive multipurpose microbicidal candidate to be combined with other anti-HIV agents including antiretrovirals.</p>","PeriodicalId":23111,"journal":{"name":"The Open Virology Journal","volume":"12 ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5842390/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35914940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma.","authors":"Arnolfo Petruzziello","doi":"10.2174/1874357901812010026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874357901812010026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent primary malignant tumors and accounts for about 90% of all primary liver cancers. Its distribution varies greatly according to geographic location and it is more common in middle and low- income countries than in developed ones especially in Eastern Asia and Sub Saharan Africa (70% of all new HCCs worldwide), with incidence rates of over 20 per 100,000 individuals.</p><p><strong>Explanation: </strong>The most important risk factors for HCC are Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection, Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection, excessive consumption of alcohol and exposition to aflatoxin B1. Its geographic variability and heterogeneity have been widely associated with the different distribution of HBV and HCV infections worldwide.Chronic HBV infection is one of the leading risk factors for HCC globally accounting for at least 50% cases of primary liver tumors worldwide. Generally, while HBV is the main causative agent in the high incidence HCC areas, HCV is the major etiological factor in low incidence HCC areas, like Western Europe and North America.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>HBV-induced HCC is a complex, stepwise process that includes integration of HBV DNA into host DNA at multiple or single sites. On the contrary, the cancerogenesis mechanism of HCV is not completely known and it still remains controversial as to whether HCV itself plays a direct role in the development of tumorigenic progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":23111,"journal":{"name":"The Open Virology Journal","volume":"12 ","pages":"26-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2174/1874357901812010026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35914943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining the Actual Prevalence of Hepatitis B in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan: A Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Najeeb Ullah Khan,&nbsp;Ali Zalan,&nbsp;Arnolfo Petruzziello,&nbsp;Iftikhar Ud Din,&nbsp;Fazle Haq,&nbsp;Yousaf Hayat","doi":"10.2174/1874357901812010033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874357901812010033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hepatitis B is considered the most dangerous among the five types of Hepatitis, as it is clinically asymptomatic. It can silently damage the liver over many years without being diagnosed. Hepatitis B is one of the top risks of liver complications in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), a province of Pakistan, with an average prevalence rate of 2.70%.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>We aimed to carefully review the previously published data on prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) in KP-Pakistan and use the statistical approach to obtain more precise estimate of the prevalence of HBV in KP-Pakistan. This study on one hand will provide a more reliable and consolidated estimate (pooled estimate) of HBV in the stated region, on the other hand, it enabled us to judge the heterogeneity among the estimates found from these studies. The study is intended to provide more authentic prevalence record and help government/ non-government organizations and health professionals, which plan to initiate HBV prevention programs in KP-Pakistan.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A meta-analysis was performed based on studies found in literature search from electronic databases and bibliography on the prevalence of HBV in KP-Pakistan from 2007 to 2017. Abstracts and results of twenty papers were thoroughly studied and the data were extracted. The findings from these studies were distributed in two groups (general and population at high risk) constituting 15 and 5 studies respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The combined prevalence by considering random model for the general population of KP-Pakistan was observed to be 2.71%, while population at high risk was reasonably high <i>i.e</i>. 5.64%. By comparing this prevalence rate to the highest global prevalence of HBV in the adult population of Western Pacific Region (6.2%), significant (<i>p</i>-value= 0.000) heterogeneity was observed among the estimates in each group. However, the funnel plot provides a symmetric look, eliminating the effect of publication bias. We can say that HBV has an alarming prevalence rate in KP-Pakistan. However, HBV is thrice more prevalent in male population of KP-Pakistan than the female population.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The above results lead that HBV infection has reached an alarming state in KP-Pakistan, though projects like Prime Minister's Program for Prevention & Control of Hepatitis which are contributing in improving the health of the people of KP by trying to prevent and control the incidence of HBV. More massive vaccination and awareness programs should be initiated to prevent the spread of HBV on urgent basis. Provision of diagnostics and treatment facilities against HBV in healthcare units of KP-Pakistan should be assured.</p>","PeriodicalId":23111,"journal":{"name":"The Open Virology Journal","volume":"12 ","pages":"33-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2174/1874357901812010033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35945551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Viral Replication and Progression of Cancer.","authors":"Guest Editor S,&nbsp;Arnolfo Petruzziello","doi":"10.2174/1874357901812010014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874357901812010014","url":null,"abstract":"AIMS & SCOPE It has been widely established that several virus infections are strictly correlated to cancerogenesis and may induce, through their reactivation, severe damages during chemotherapy treatments. For example, the direct role that Hepatitis B virus (HBV), plays in the development of liver cancer is well known. Nevertheless, in other cases, as Hepatitis C virus (HCV) or Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) the direct role of viral replication in cancer progression is still controversial, especially in some areas, like Italy, where these infections are endemic. The aim of this project is to update the epidemiological status of the incidence of HCC in Europe and HCV and HDV infection , with special attention to the changes during the time of route of transmission, and also investigate the interaction between viral reactivations and tumors.","PeriodicalId":23111,"journal":{"name":"The Open Virology Journal","volume":"12 ","pages":"14-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5842385/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35914941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Diagnostic Laboratory-Based Study on Frequency and Distribution of Viral Hepatitis B and C Among Sudanese.","authors":"Marwan M Badawi,&nbsp;Alshaimaa A Mohammed,&nbsp;Mohammed S Mohammed,&nbsp;Mohammed M Saeed,&nbsp;Elmoez Y Ali,&nbsp;Ashraf Khalil","doi":"10.2174/1874357901711010098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874357901711010098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hepatitis B infection is an alarming public health problem. Almost two billion people of the population alive today, would have been infected at some time in their lives by hepatitis B. Hepatitis C virus is another life threatening condition, and about 425,000 deaths occur each year due to its complications.The current study was carried out to provide care givers and health planners basic epidemiological data regarding the frequency and distribution of HBV and HCV based on age and sex during a time period of more than 5 years.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>A total of 2109 different patients were found to be infected by HBV during the study period; 1641 (77.81%) were males and 468 (22.19%) were females with the age group of 20-39 years predominating (64%). In addition,16% of patients tested for HBeAg were found reactive.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There were significant correlations observed between the levels of HBV DNA and ALT, AST and AFP. Regarding HCV, 70 males (54.9%) and 63 females (45.1%) were found to be infected, with preponderance of the age group 41 - 60 years and the genotype 4. Designing knowledge raising campaigns is appreciated as well as repetition of similar studies among larger populations in the following few years will help track a way to improvement.</p>","PeriodicalId":23111,"journal":{"name":"The Open Virology Journal","volume":"11 ","pages":"98-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5769029/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35792786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NADC30-Like Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome in China.","authors":"Kegong Tian","doi":"10.2174/1874357901711010059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874357901711010059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>NADC30-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has widely spread in China and become locally dominant virus strain in some provinces. Although they are not pathogenic as highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-RRRSV) that outbreaks since 2006, NADC30-like PRRSVs distinguished themselves by high incidence of recombination with other virus strains which lead to change of virulence. The outbreaks of NADC30-like PRRSV in the vaccinated pig herds suggested that current commercial PRRSV vaccines cannot provide complete protection to the infection. In this review, we have described in detail the current situation of NADC30 PRRSV including epidemiology, genomic characterization, pathogenicity, and efficacy of current commercial vaccines in China.</p>","PeriodicalId":23111,"journal":{"name":"The Open Virology Journal","volume":"11 ","pages":"59-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5543618/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35344023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergence and Reemergence of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV).","authors":"Kegong Tian,&nbsp;Xiangdong Li","doi":"10.2174/1874357901711010048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874357901711010048","url":null,"abstract":"PRRSV has obsessed world pig industry for decades though the commercial vaccines and stamping-out policy have been widely used in many countries. So far, PRRSV is still prevalent in North America and most Asian countries and leads to huge economic losses. PRRSV is notorious for its quick rate of mutation and recombination that may lead to the change of virulence. A good example is the emergence of highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) in 2006 that led to huge amount of economic losses in Chinese pig industry.","PeriodicalId":23111,"journal":{"name":"The Open Virology Journal","volume":"11 ","pages":"48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5543620/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35344021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Application of an RT-PCR to Differentiate the Prevalent NA-PRRSV Strains in China.","authors":"Yanlin Li,&nbsp;Guobiao Ji,&nbsp;Xiaodong Xu,&nbsp;Juan Wang,&nbsp;Yingying Li,&nbsp;Feifei Tan,&nbsp;Xiangdong Li","doi":"10.2174/1874357901711010066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874357901711010066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>PRRSV features with genetic diversity and high mutation which leads to the emergence of a multiple of circulating virus strains with different virulence. North American (genotype 2) PRRSV (NA-PRRSV) can be divided into classical PRRSV (C-PRRSV), highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV), and NADC30-like PRRSV (NL-PRRSV) according to their genomic characteristics and pathogenicity. So far, the above three subtypes of NA-PRRSV are now circulating in China.</p><p><strong>Objective and method: </strong>In this study, a reverse transcript polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was established to simultaneously differentiate three subtypes of NA-PRRSV. The established RT-PCR can be applied to PRRSV-infected samples originated from both supernatant of cell culture and pig tissues and showed specificity exclusively to PRRSV. The sensitivity of RT-PCR showed the minimum RNA detection was 0.04ng/µl.</p><p><strong>Result and conclusion: </strong>The established RT-PCR was next used to differentiate the subtypes of 29 NA-PRRSV isolated in 2016 and the results showed that HP-PRRSV is still the dominant circulating virus strain in the presence of NADC30-like PRRSV in Henan province.</p>","PeriodicalId":23111,"journal":{"name":"The Open Virology Journal","volume":"11 ","pages":"66-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5543690/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35344024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Immune Responses in Pigs Infected with Chinese Highly Pathogenic PRRS Virus Strain HV and North American Strain NADC-20.","authors":"X Li,&nbsp;A Galliher-Beckley,&nbsp;L Wang,&nbsp;J Nietfeld,&nbsp;W Feng,&nbsp;J Shi","doi":"10.2174/1874357901711010073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874357901711010073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Chinese HP-PRRSV characterized by high morbidity and mortality of all ages of pigs emerged since 2006 in China. The immune response of HP-PRRSV was never compared with conventional low pathogenic PRRSV strain.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>In this study, we compared the immune responses elicited by a Chinese HP-PRRSV strain HV and a North American RRSV strain NADC20 infections.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Pigs infected with NADC-20 showed significantly higher Ab titers than HV-PRRSV infected pigs at 9 DPI. Infection with HV-PRRSV induced a significantly higher levels of TNF-α and IL-10 in both sera and lung tissues and higher IFN-α and IFN-γ in the serum. Flow cytometry analysis showed that HV-PRRSV infected pigs generated significantly higher frequencies of NK cells in the peripheral blood and Th/memory, CTLs, and T-reg cells in the lung as compared with NADC-20 infected pigs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrates that different immunity profiles were elicited by HV-PRRSV and NADC-20, and these differences may contribute to the distinct pathogenesis of HV-PRRSV and NADC-20.</p>","PeriodicalId":23111,"journal":{"name":"The Open Virology Journal","volume":"11 ","pages":"73-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5543616/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35344025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}