The Open Virology Journal最新文献

{"title":"Exosome Biogenesis and Biological Function in Response to Viral Infections.","authors":"Brennetta J Crenshaw,&nbsp;Linlin Gu,&nbsp;Brian Sims,&nbsp;Qiana L Matthews","doi":"10.2174/1874357901812010134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874357901812010134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that originate as intraluminal vesicles during the process of multivescular body formation. Exosomes mediate intercellular transfer of functional proteins, lipids, and RNAs. The investigation into the formation and role of exosomes in viral infections is still being elucidated. Exosomes and several viruses share similar structural and molecular characteristics.</p><p><strong>Explanation: </strong>It has been documented that viral hijacking exploits the exosomal pathway and mimics cellular protein trafficking. Exosomes released from virus-infected cells contain a variety of viral and host cellular factors that are able to modify recipient host cell responses. Recent studies have demonstrated that exosomes are crucial components in the pathogenesis of virus infection. Exosomes also allow the host to produce effective immunity against pathogens by activating antiviral mechanisms and transporting antiviral factors between adjacent cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Given the ever-growing roles and importance of exosomes in both host and pathogen response, this review will address the impact role of exosome biogenesis and composition after DNA, RNA virus, on Retrovirus infections. This review also will also address how exosomes can be used as therapeutic agents as well as a vaccine vehicles.</p>","PeriodicalId":23111,"journal":{"name":"The Open Virology Journal","volume":"12 ","pages":"134-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2174/1874357901812010134","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36713994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptation of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) in Feral Birds and their Potential Role in Interspecies Transmission.","authors":"Aziz-Ul- Rahman,&nbsp;Momena Habib,&nbsp;Muhammad Zubair Shabbir","doi":"10.2174/1874357901812010052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874357901812010052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Newcastle Disease (ND), caused by Avian avulavirus 1 (AAvV 1, avulaviruses), is a notifiable disease throughout the world due to the economic impact on trading restrictions and its embargoes placed in endemic regions. The feral birds including aquatic/migratory birds and other wild birds may act as natural reservoir hosts of ND Viruses (NDVs) and may play a remarkable role in the spread of the virus in environment. In addition, other 19 avulaviruses namely: AAvV 2 to 20, have been potentially recognized from feral avian species.</p><p><strong>Expalantion: </strong>Many previous studies have investigated the field prevailing NDVs to adapt a wide range of susceptible host. Still the available data is not enough to declare the potential role of feral birds in transmission of the virus to poultry and/or other avian birds. In view of the latest evidence related to incidences of AAvVs in susceptible avian species, it is increasingly important to understand the potential of viruses to transmit within the domestic poultry and other avian hosts. Genomic and phylogenomic analysis of several investigations has shown the same (RK/RQRR↓F) motif cleavage site among NDV isolates with same genotypes from domestic poultry and other wild hosts. So, the insight of this, various semi-captive/free-ranging wild avian species could play a vital role in the dissemination of the virus, which is an important consideration to control the disease outbreaks. Insufficient data on AAvV 1 transmission from wild birds to poultry and vice versa is the main constraint to understand about its molecular biology and genomic potential to cause infection in all susceptible hosts.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The current review details the pertinent features of several historical and contemporary aspects of NDVs and the vital role of feral birds in its molecular epidemiology and ecology.</p>","PeriodicalId":23111,"journal":{"name":"The Open Virology Journal","volume":"12 ","pages":"52-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2174/1874357901812010052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36600013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence of BVDV in Pigs from North Eastern Part of India- Genetic Profiling and Characterisation.","authors":"Amit Kr Chakraborty,&nbsp;Priyanka Mukherjee,&nbsp;Amarjit Karam,&nbsp;Samir Das,&nbsp;Luit Barkalita,&nbsp;Kekungo Puro,&nbsp;Rajkumari Sanjukta,&nbsp;Sandeep Ghatak,&nbsp;Ingudam Sakuntala,&nbsp;Ram Gopal Laha,&nbsp;Prabodh Borah,&nbsp;S V Ngachan,&nbsp;Indu Sharma,&nbsp;Arnab Sen","doi":"10.2174/1874357901812010110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874357901812010110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The work has been attempted to detect and genetically characterise the nature of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) isolates from the porcine population of the north east.</p><p><strong>Methods and material: </strong>The samples have been collected over a two year period and are from areas where there is a mixed and integrated rearing of livestock in close proximity. The isolates were identified, cloned and sequenced using BVD specific genomic primers for two important domains viz., E-2 and 5' UTR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Porcine BVD Sequences were analysed phylogenetically. Divergence in 3 sequences is noted in the 5' UTR region that are forming a clear outlier group while E-2 sequences are coming close to BVDV group but forming a separate cluster.</p>","PeriodicalId":23111,"journal":{"name":"The Open Virology Journal","volume":"12 ","pages":"110-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6142659/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36600017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Emerging, Re-Emerging and Zoonotic Viral Infectious Diseases, in a Virologist's Perspective.","authors":"Nobumichi Kobayashi","doi":"10.2174/1874357901812010131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874357901812010131","url":null,"abstract":"Emerging and re-emerging viral infections have been a major threat to public health worldwide, since their recognition in the late 20th century [1]. These infectious diseases include those caused by newly identified viruses, previously known viruses that acquired additional virulence traits, and those showing spread to unaffected regions. In the last ten years, re-emergence has been noted for Zika, Ebola, MERS, Dengue, Chikungunya and avian influenza, while SFTS (severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome) was recognized to be caused by a novel virus. These diseases are free to move across national borders according to rapid human mobility via global airline network. With this background, any novel infectious disease anywhere in the world may have the potential for global spread.","PeriodicalId":23111,"journal":{"name":"The Open Virology Journal","volume":"12 ","pages":"131-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6142664/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36600019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging and Zoonotic Virus Challenges of Developing Nations.","authors":"Yashpal Singh Malik,&nbsp;Kuldeep Dhama,&nbsp;Raj Kumar Singh","doi":"10.2174/1874357901812010042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874357901812010042","url":null,"abstract":"The word “Emerging Diseases” encompasses the potential threat posed by infectious pathogens to humans and animals. In the recent times, several epidemics and few pandemics of viral origin have haunted the global population. Majorly, the transboundary and zoonotic pathogens are of concerns to the public health. Most recently, Zika virus has been found with confounding situation in Asian countries. Correspondingly, other infectious viruses like Ebola virus, SARS, MERS, Dengue, Chicken Guinea, West Nile and Japanese encephalitis have created panic owing to their severe life-threatening consequences, affecting larger population globally with a high toll of human deaths, gaining potential of rapid spread across borders of many countries, and creating economic impacts and high sufferings to the mankind. Of note, nearly two-thirds of these viral pathogens have been of zoonotic nature having significant public health concerns. Predisposing factors such as deforestation, urbanization, ecotourism, fast population movement, changing climatic issues (global warming), and ecological alterations with the evolution of newer viral pathogens /strains and jumping the host species barriers, etc, altogether they have increased the human and animals interface including wildlife, which has lured up a number of infectious viral diseases. Generally, viral pathogens remain under-diagnosed under the limited health services, lack of awareness and poorly coordinated health efforts, especially in the developing and underdeveloped countries. The research advances made during the last two decades are paving novel and effective ways to tackle such infectious agents in a better way. Additionally, enhanced disease surveillance and monitoring, rapid diagnostics, inventing effective prophylactics, and adapting appropriate public health measures would certainly help in combating the emerging viral threats.","PeriodicalId":23111,"journal":{"name":"The Open Virology Journal","volume":"12 ","pages":"42-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2174/1874357901812010042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36601701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chandipura Viral Encephalitis: A Brief Review.","authors":"Gajanan N Sapkal,&nbsp;Pradeep M Sawant,&nbsp;Devendra T Mourya","doi":"10.2174/1874357901812010044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874357901812010044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In recent years, the Chandipura virus (CHPV) has emerged as an encephalitic pathogen and found associated with a number of outbreaks in different parts of India. Children under 15 years of age are most susceptible to natural infection. CHPV is emerging as a significant encephalitis, causing virus in the Indian subcontinent. Severe outbreaks caused by the virus have been reported from several parts of India.</p><p><strong>Expalanation: </strong>In the recent past, the noticeable association of CHPV with pediatric sporadic encephalitis cases as well as a number of outbreaks in Andhra Pradesh (2004, 2005, 2007 and 2008), Gujarat in (2005, 2009-12) and Vidarbha region of Maharashtra (2007, 2009-12) have been documented. Prevalence and seasonal activity of the virus in these regions are established by NIV through outbreak investigations, sero-survey and diagnosis of the referred clinical specimens. Recently CHPV has been isolated from pools of sand flies collected during outbreak investigations in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. Since its discovery from India and above-mentioned activity of CHPV, it was suspected to be restricted only to India.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>However, CHPV has also been isolated from human cases during 1971-72 in Nigeria, and hedgehogs (<i>Atelerix spiculus</i>) during entomological surveillance in Senegal, Africa (1990-96) and recently referred samples from Bhutan and Nepal and from wild toque macaques (<i>Macaca sinica</i>) at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka during 1993 suggest its circulation in many tropical countries. Based on the limited study on vector related report, it appears that sandflies may be the principle vector.</p>","PeriodicalId":23111,"journal":{"name":"The Open Virology Journal","volume":"12 ","pages":"44-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6142667/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36601703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Quest for Materials-Based Hydrogels with Antimicrobial and Antiviral Potentialities.","authors":"Hafiz M N Iqbal","doi":"10.2174/1874357901812010069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874357901812010069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, the Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) or Multidrug Resistance (MDR) and viral infections have become serious health issues, globally. Finally, after decades of negligence, the AMR/MDR and viral infection issues have now captured a worldwide attention of the global leaders, public health community, legalization authorities, academia, research-based organizations, and medicinal sector of the modern world, alike. Aiming to resolve these issues, various methodological approaches have been exploited, in the past several years. Among them, biomaterials-based therapeutic hydrogels are of supreme interests for an enhanced and efficient delivery in the current biomedical sector. Depending on the regulatory authorities and practices, the antibiotics consumption was expedited than ever before driven by rising and increasing access, across the globe. Though the emergence of AMR/MDR in microorganisms and emergence/reemergence of viral infections are considered as a natural phenomenon, however, these concerning issues have been driven by those mentioned above faulty human behavior. In this context, many scientists, around the globe, are working at wider spectrum to resolve this problematic issue, efficiently. A proper understanding of biological mechanisms is essential to combat this global threat to the living beings. In this review, an effort has been made to highlight the potent features of materials based hydrogels possessing antimicrobial and antiviral potentialities. The information is also given on the potential research activities, and possible mechanisms of actions of hydrogels are discussed with a closeup look at the future recommendations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23111,"journal":{"name":"The Open Virology Journal","volume":"12 ","pages":"69-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2174/1874357901812010069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36600014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiologic Status of Picobirnavirus in India, A Less Explored Viral Disease.","authors":"Yashpal Singh Malik,&nbsp;Shubhankar Sircar,&nbsp;Sharad Saurabh,&nbsp;Jobin Jose Kattoor,&nbsp;Rashmi Singh,&nbsp;Balasubramanian Ganesh,&nbsp;Souvik Ghosh,&nbsp;Kuldeep Dhama,&nbsp;Raj Kumar Singh","doi":"10.2174/1874357901812010099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874357901812010099","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the unexpected discovery of picobirnaviruses (PBV) in 1988, they have been reported in many animals including mammals and birds, which comprises both terrestrial and marine species. Due to their divergent characteristics to other viral taxa they are classified into a new family <i>Picobirnaviridae</i>. Although their pathogenicity and role in causing diarrhea still remains a question since they have been discovered in symptomatic and asymptomatic cases both. Recent studies employing state-of-art molecular tools have described their presence in various clinical samples, like stool samples from different mammals and birds, respiratory tracts of pigs and humans, sewage water, different foods, <i>etc</i>. Furthermore, their epidemiological status from different parts of the world in different hosts has also increased. Due to their diverse host and irregular host pattern their role in causing diarrhea remains alien. The heterogeneity nature can be ascribed to segmented genome of PBV, which renders them prone to continuous reassortment. Studies have been hampered on PBVs due to their non-adaptability to cell culture system. Here, we describe the molecular epidemiological data on PBVs in India and discusses the overall status of surveillance studies carried out till date in India.</p>","PeriodicalId":23111,"journal":{"name":"The Open Virology Journal","volume":"12 ","pages":"99-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2174/1874357901812010099","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36600015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Japanese Encephalitis: A Brief Review on Indian Perspectives.","authors":"Reshma Kulkarni,&nbsp;Gajanan N Sapkal,&nbsp;Himanshu Kaushal,&nbsp;Devendra T Mourya","doi":"10.2174/1874357901812010121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874357901812010121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Japanese encephalitis (JE) is recently declared as a notifiable disease in India due to its expanding geographical distribution. The disease notification facilitates effective implementation of preventive measures and case management.</p><p><strong>Expalantion: </strong>JE is a vector-borne disease that can be prevented by vaccine administration. It is caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), belonging to family <i>Flaviviridae</i>. Amongst the known etiological viral encephalitis agents, it is one of the leading viral agents of acute encephalitis syndrome in many Asian countries where it is identified to cause substantial morbidity and mortality as well as disability. Globally, it is responsible for approximately 68,000 clinical cases every year.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In the absence of antivirals, patients are given supportive treatment to relieve and stabilize. Amongst available control strategies; vector control is resource intensive while animal and human vaccination are the most effective tool against the disease. This review highlights recent progress focusing challenges with diagnosis and prophylactic interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23111,"journal":{"name":"The Open Virology Journal","volume":"12 ","pages":"121-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2174/1874357901812010121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36600018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zoonotic Viral Diseases of Equines and Their Impact on Human and Animal Health.","authors":"Balvinder Kumar,&nbsp;Anju Manuja,&nbsp;B R Gulati,&nbsp;Nitin Virmani,&nbsp;B N Tripathi","doi":"10.2174/1874357901812010080","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1874357901812010080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Zoonotic diseases are the infectious diseases that can be transmitted to human beings and vice versa from animals either directly or indirectly. These diseases can be caused by a range of organisms including bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi. Viral diseases are highly infectious and capable of causing pandemics as evidenced by outbreaks of diseases like Ebola, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, West Nile, SARS-Corona, Nipah, Hendra, Avian influenza and Swine influenza.</p><p><strong>Expalantion: </strong>Many viruses affecting equines are also important human pathogens. Diseases like Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Western equine encephalitis (WEE), and Venezuelan-equine encephalitis (VEE) are highly infectious and can be disseminated as aerosols. A large number of horses and human cases of VEE with fatal encephalitis have continuously occurred in Venezuela and Colombia. Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is prevalent in horses in North America and has zoonotic potential causing encephalitis in children. Hendra virus (HeV) causes respiratory and neurological disease and death in man and horses. Since its first outbreak in 1994, 53 disease incidents <i>have been reported in</i> Australia. West Nile fever has spread to many newer territories across continents during recent years.It has been described in Africa, Europe, South Asia, Oceania and North America. Japanese encephalitis has expanded horizons from Asia to western Pacific region including the eastern Indonesian archipelago, Papua New Guinea and Australia. Rabies is rare in horses but still a public health concern being a fatal disease. Equine influenza is historically not known to affect humans but many scientists have mixed opinions. Equine viral diseases of zoonotic importance and their impact on animal and human health have been elaborated in this article.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Equine viral diseases though restricted to certain geographical areas have huge impact on equine and human health. Diseases like West Nile fever, Hendra, VS, VEE, EEE, JE, Rabies have the potential for spread and ability to cause disease in human. Equine influenza is historically not known to affect humans but some experimental and observational evidence show that H3N8 influenza virus has infected man. Despite our pursuit of understanding the complexity of the vector-host-pathogen mediating disease transmission, it is not possible to make generalized predictions concerning the degree of impact of disease emergence. A targeted, multidisciplinary effort is required to understand the risk factors for zoonosis and apply the interventions necessary to control it.</p>","PeriodicalId":23111,"journal":{"name":"The Open Virology Journal","volume":"12 ","pages":"80-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2174/1874357901812010080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36600016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}