Nature & Society eJournal最新文献_第3页

Understanding the Development Implications of Online Outsourcing: A Study of Digital Labour Platforms in Pakistan 理解在线外包对发展的影响:巴基斯坦数字劳动力平台的研究

Nature & Society eJournal Pub Date : 2018-07-26 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3427264

Fareesa Malik, B. Nicholson, Richard Heeks

{"title":"Understanding the Development Implications of Online Outsourcing: A Study of Digital Labour Platforms in Pakistan","authors":"Fareesa Malik, B. Nicholson, Richard Heeks","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3427264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3427264","url":null,"abstract":"Online outsourcing involves outsourcing of tasks from clients to workers all over the world via digital platforms like Upwork, Freelancer and Fiverr. Millions of workers in developing countries are already involved, and governments and donor agencies are starting online outsourcing initiatives that try to offer access to these digital livelihoods to marginalised groups such as unemployed youth and women. However, little is yet known about these initiatives and, to address that gap, the research reported here undertook case study analysis of online outsourcing projects in Pakistan. \u0000 \u0000Supported by the sustainable livelihoods framework, the analysis showed a context of politico-economic vulnerability to push unemployed individuals into this field. Those involved then divided into four groups: sinkers, strugglers, survivors and swimmers. Many do not succeed but some – more entrepreneurial individuals pulled by the motivation of earnings potential – do, and are able to generate reasonable earnings; for example, enough to fund educational studies. Contrary to an image of de-institutionalised work, this form of digital labour involves a substantial institutional ecosystem. This means not just the online platforms but formal interventions from NGOs and other development agencies, and the creation of less formal social relations of support. These are needed in order to overcome barriers including technical infrastructure, knowledge and skills, and financial systems.","PeriodicalId":225744,"journal":{"name":"Nature & Society eJournal","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115511148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Exploring Big Data for Development: An Electricity Sector Case Study from India 探索大数据促进发展:印度电力行业案例研究

Nature & Society eJournal Pub Date : 2017-08-03 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3431737

Ritam Sengupta, Richard Heeks, Sumandro Chattapadhyay, C. Foster

{"title":"Exploring Big Data for Development: An Electricity Sector Case Study from India","authors":"Ritam Sengupta, Richard Heeks, Sumandro Chattapadhyay, C. Foster","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3431737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3431737","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents exploratory research into “data-intensive development” that seeks to inductively identify issues and conceptual frameworks of relevance to big data in developing countries. It presents a case study of big data innovations in “Stelcorp”; a state electricity corporation in India. In an attempt to address losses in electricity distribution, Stelcorp has introduced new digital meters throughout the distribution network to capture big data, and organisation-wide information systems that store and process and disseminate big data. \u0000 \u0000Emergent issues are identified across three domains: implementation, value and outcome. Implementation of big data has worked relatively well but technical and human challenges remain. The advent of big data has enabled some – albeit constrained – value addition in all areas of organisational operation: customer billing, fault and loss detection, performance measurement, and planning. Yet US$ tens of millions of investment in big data has brought no aggregate improvement in distribution losses or revenue collection. This can be explained by the wider outcome, with big data faltering in the face of external politics; in this case the electoral politics of electrification. Alongside this reproduction of power, the paper also reflects on the way in which big data has enabled shifts in the locus of power: from public to private sector; from labour to management; and from lower to higher levels of management. \u0000 \u0000A number of conceptual frameworks emerge as having analytical power in studying big data and global development. The information value chain model helps track both implementation and value-creation of big data projects. The design-reality gap model can be used to analyse the nature and extent of barriers facing big data projects in developing countries. And models of power – resource dependency, epistemic models, and wider frameworks – are all shown as helping understand the politics of big data.","PeriodicalId":225744,"journal":{"name":"Nature & Society eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130139568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services or the Framing of Scientific Knowledge within the Law of Sustainable Development 生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台或在可持续发展规律框架内构建科学知识

Nature & Society eJournal Pub Date : 2017-06-14 DOI: 10.1163/18719732-12341355

Leslie Anne Duvic Paoli

引用次数: 3

Major Determinant of Physical Development on Urban Residential Land: The Case of Kalulushi Municipality in Zambia 城市居住用地物质发展的主要决定因素——以赞比亚Kalulushi市为例

Nature & Society eJournal Pub Date : 2017-05-22 DOI: 10.11114/IJSSS.V5I6.2434

E. Munshifwa, Wilson Ngoma, Ikugile Makenja

{"title":"Major Determinant of Physical Development on Urban Residential Land: The Case of Kalulushi Municipality in Zambia","authors":"E. Munshifwa, Wilson Ngoma, Ikugile Makenja","doi":"10.11114/IJSSS.V5I6.2434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11114/IJSSS.V5I6.2434","url":null,"abstract":"The debate on \"property\" as opposed to \"possession\" has grown in institutional economics literature. In the real estate development context this can be extended to examining the question on what the major determinant of commencement of physical development (or 'house starts') is between 'property' and 'possession' in the minds of residential allotees on urban land. For land acquired through extra-legal mechanisms, economists, such as Hermandode Soto, have argued that lack of title impedes physical development in urban areas. What about on land acquired through legal means? This study examined this question by conceptualising land grants through the public land allocation system as having two distinct parts, possession, that is grants still at offer letter stage and property, constituting grants where legal title in the form of certificates of title have been registered. The observation in Zambia is that physical development commences with or without certificates of title, that is, mostly at possession stage. This study finds that contrary to conventional literature, titling is not the immediate concern for most allotees on public land. The first concern is development of the plot then followed by title. A number of reasons account for this and are explained in this paper. Thus the study hypothesised that although in the long run legal title is essential, possession is more important for the commencement of physical development in most developing countries such as Zambia.","PeriodicalId":225744,"journal":{"name":"Nature & Society eJournal","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133084008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Le Droit De L’Eau Face Aux Déluges Bibliques Et Aux Sécheresses Millénaires: La Gestion Des Conflits D’Usages Causés Par La Variabilité Hydrologique (Quebec Water Law Facing Biblical Downpours and Millennial Droughts: Managing Usage Conflicts in the Context of Hydrological Variability) 面对圣经洪水和千年干旱的水法:管理由水文变化引起的使用冲突(魁北克水法面对圣经洪水和千年干旱:在水文变化的背景下管理使用冲突)

Nature & Society eJournal Pub Date : 2016-08-26 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2875476

Hugo Tremblay

{"title":"Le Droit De L’Eau Face Aux Déluges Bibliques Et Aux Sécheresses Millénaires: La Gestion Des Conflits D’Usages Causés Par La Variabilité Hydrologique (Quebec Water Law Facing Biblical Downpours and Millennial Droughts: Managing Usage Conflicts in the Context of Hydrological Variability)","authors":"Hugo Tremblay","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2875476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2875476","url":null,"abstract":"French Abstract: La variabilite hydrologique impose les contraintes les plus importantes pour la gestion des ressources hydriques. Elle implique que le volume d’eau disponible en un lieu donne varie constamment, souvent de facon imprevisible, ce qui oblige a composer avec des incertitudes importantes. Le rechauffement planetaire augmente les variations climatiques de meme que les evenements meteorologiques extremes, et multiplie les incertitudes liees aux projections hydrologiques. Les caracteristiques de la variabilite hydrologique induisent une problematique particulierement aigue pour le droit, qui constitue un ensemble de regles generales capables de guider et d’encadrer de facon previsible, stables et securitaires la conduite des personnes. Cet article etudie la facon dont le droit gere les conflits d’usages de l’eau qui se manifestent dans un contexte de fluctuations des regimes hydriques. L’exercice permet d’identifier certaines contraintes inherentes que le droit impose a la gestion des ressources hydriques ainsi qu’a l’adaptation aux changements climatiques.English Abstract: Hydrological variability imposes significant constraints on water management. Water volumes vary constantly and unpredictably. The resulting uncertainties are enhanced by global warming, which is expected to increase the frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events. In this context, hydrological variability creates issues that are particularly difficult to solve for the law as a system of prospective rules designed to provide stability, certainty and predictability. This article studies how water law in Quebec (Canada) manages users conflicts caused by variations in flow regimes. In doing so, the article reveals inherent characteristics of the legal system that constrain water management and climate change adaptation.","PeriodicalId":225744,"journal":{"name":"Nature & Society eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126432304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Anthropocene Agricultural Law 人类世农业法

Nature & Society eJournal Pub Date : 2016-04-09 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2761568

J. Chen

{"title":"Anthropocene Agricultural Law","authors":"J. Chen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2761568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2761568","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural controversies in affluent, comfortably fed countries increasingly emphasize the esthetic or expressive elements of food. Consumer advocates can indulge in litigation over foie gras, for instance, or coffee production certification. This expressive turn elevates the ornamental aspects of food at the expense of agriculture's utilitarian purposes. The modernist principles articulated in Adolf Loos's \"Ornament und Verbrechung\" urge the subordination of agriculture's ornamental aspects in favor of its original instrumentalist underpinnings.Meanwhile, ecological disaster looms. Human ecological impacts are so severe that geological history has arguably entered a new epoch, the Anthropocene. Exhaustion of vital inputs (petroleum, phosphorus) and evolutionary calamity (mass extinctions, herbicide and pesticide resistance) threatens future agricultural productivity. Food security and the economic foundations of civilization hang precariously in the balance.Human beings, however, follow their own rules of risk perception and evaluation. Humans actively prefer hybrid risk management strategies that blend a commitment to securing at least minimal subsistence with high upside potential. The simultaneous pursuit of subsistence and symbolic beauty through food affirms both agrarian tradition and human risk-taking preferences. By the same token, these preferences cast doubt on the agricultural system's preparedness for the challenges of the Anthropocene.","PeriodicalId":225744,"journal":{"name":"Nature & Society eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125333153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How Could Obligation Chain Be Structured along Cross-Border Gas Supply for Gas Security? 3-Tier Legal Interactions (Presentation Slides) 如何构建跨境供气义务链保障燃气安全?三层法律互动(幻灯片)

Nature & Society eJournal Pub Date : 2013-06-24 DOI: 10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.7435397.V1

Polina Lemenkova

引用次数: 0

Agri-Environmental Management During EU Integration of Bulgaria 保加利亚融入欧盟期间的农业环境管理

Nature & Society eJournal Pub Date : 2012-10-20 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2164732

Hrabrin Bachev Храбрин Башев

{"title":"Agri-Environmental Management During EU Integration of Bulgaria","authors":"Hrabrin Bachev Храбрин Башев","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2164732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2164732","url":null,"abstract":"This paper suggests a holistic framework for analyzing the forms and efficiency of agri-environmental management; assesses evolution of market, private, public and hybrid modes of agri-eco-governance during transition and EU integration in Bulgarian; evaluates the impacts of EU CAP on environmental sustainability of Bulgarian farms; specifies major environmental challenges in Bulgarian agriculture, and suggests recommendations for improvement of public policies for effective environmental management. First, it incorporates interdisciplinary New Institutional Economics and suggests a comprehensive framework of analyzing the eco-management in agriculture. Second, it presents the evolutions of diverse forms of eco-management during post-communist transition and EU integration of Bulgarian agriculture, and analyzes their impact(s) on agents’ behaviour and efficiency. Third, it assesses the impact(s) of dominating system of management and the new public (EU, national) measures on the state of environment, and identifies major eco-challenges, conflicts and risks. Forth, it evaluates the impacts of EU CAP implementation on eco-performance of Bulgarian farms. Finally, it suggests recommendations for institutional modernization and for improvement of public policies for effective environmental management.","PeriodicalId":225744,"journal":{"name":"Nature & Society eJournal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121238937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

ICT Initiatives, Women and Work in Developing Countries: Reinforcing or Changing Gender Inequalities in South India? 发展中国家的信息通信技术倡议、妇女和工作:南印度性别不平等加剧或改变?

Nature & Society eJournal Pub Date : 2004-10-30 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3477749

S. Arun, Richard Heeks, S. Morgan

引用次数: 40

Water Management in Agriculture: Issues and Strategies in India 农业用水管理:印度的问题和战略

Nature & Society eJournal Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.3072421

V. Hans

引用次数: 10