Nature & Society eJournal最新文献_第2页

Land Reform and Child Health in the Kyrgyz Republic 吉尔吉斯共和国的土地改革和儿童健康

Nature & Society eJournal Pub Date : 2019-12-30 DOI: 10.2499/P15738COLL2.133567

K. Kosec, Olga N. Shemyakina

{"title":"Land Reform and Child Health in the Kyrgyz Republic","authors":"K. Kosec, Olga N. Shemyakina","doi":"10.2499/P15738COLL2.133567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2499/P15738COLL2.133567","url":null,"abstract":"Does privatizing land improve child health and nutrition outcomes? We exploit a natural experiment in The Kyrgyz Republic following the collapse of socialism whereby the government rapidly liquidated state and collective farms containing 75 percent of agricultural land and distributed it to individuals, providing 99-year transferrable use rights. We use household surveys collected before, during, and after the reform and data on the spatial variation in the timing of privatization to identify its health and nutrition impacts. We find that children exposed to land privatization for longer periods of time accumulated significantly greater gains in height and weight, both critical measures of long-term health and nutrition. Children who benefited most from privatization were between the ages of 1 and 1.5 possibly due to protective effects of breastfeeding for children younger than a year old, and reduced vulnerability to health shocks at older ages. We find no evidence of significant gender differences in the effects of privatization. Acknowledgement : We thank both the Georgia Institute of Technology and IFPRI s Central Asia Program for financial support. We are also grateful to the Life in The Kyrgyz Republic (LIKS) team for their support, which included adding questions on the timing of land reform to round 5 of that survey, explicitly for the purposes of this study. The authors may be contacted at: Katrina Kosec, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI, 2033 K Street, NW Washington, DC 20006, USA, , (323) 229 3180.","PeriodicalId":225744,"journal":{"name":"Nature & Society eJournal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132040693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Balıkesir Şehrinde Su Tüketimi: Coğrafi Bir Yaklaşım (Water Consumption in Balıkesir City: A Geographical Approach)

Nature & Society eJournal Pub Date : 2019-10-31 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3503524

Alpaslan Aliağaoğlu, Güldane Mirioğlu

{"title":"Balıkesir Şehrinde Su Tüketimi: Coğrafi Bir Yaklaşım (Water Consumption in Balıkesir City: A Geographical Approach)","authors":"Alpaslan Aliağaoğlu, Güldane Mirioğlu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3503524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3503524","url":null,"abstract":"Turkish Abstract: Su az bulunan bir doğal kaynaktır. Şehirsel yaşanabilirlik diğer nedenler yanında suyun varlığına bağlıdır. Şehirler farklı ölçekte su tüketen yerleşmelerdir. Şehirsel mekânda su tüketimi farklılaşmaktadır. Bu çalışmada su tüketiminin coğrafi dağılışı Balıkesir şehri için ele alınmaktadır. Veriler Balıkesir Büyükşehir Belediyesi ile ilçe belediyelerinden alınmıştır. Çalışmada Balıkesir’in şehirsel mahallelerinde, mahallelerin nüfus miktarı, iş yeri sayısı, gelir düzeyi, eğitim düzeyi ve kuyu suyu aboneliği değişkenlerinin su tüketimi ile ilişkisi korelasyon analizi ile incelenmiştir. Sonuçta görülmektedir ki nüfus miktarı, işyeri sayısı, gelir düzeyi, eğitim düzeyi ve kuyu suyu aboneliği ile su tüketimi arasında anlamlı bir ilişki vardır. İşyeri sayısı özellikle kişi başına su tüketimini etkileyen önemli bir faktördür. Kişi başına su tüketimi merkezi iş alanında bu nedenle artmaktadır. English Abstract: Water is a rare natural resource. Urban viability depends on the presence of water, among other reasons. Cities are settlements that consume water at different scales. Water consumption varies in urban areas. In this study, geographical distribution of water consumption is discussed for Balıkesir city. Data were taken from Balıkesir Metropolitan Municipality and district municipalities. In this study, the relationship between the variables of population, number of workplaces, income level, education level and well water subscription with water consumption in urban neighborhoods of Balıkesir was investigated by correlation analysis. As a result, it can be seen that there is a significiant relation between water consumption and the amount of population, number of establishments, income level, education level and well water subscription. The number of establishments is an important factor affecting water consumption per capita. Per capita water consumption is therefore increasing in the central business district.","PeriodicalId":225744,"journal":{"name":"Nature & Society eJournal","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130316473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Are Women More Likely Venture Funders? Theory and Evidence from Migrants Remitting to Developing Countries 女性更有可能成为风险投资者吗?发展中国家移民汇款的理论与证据

Nature & Society eJournal Pub Date : 2019-08-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3434076

Michael E. Cummings, Paul M. Vaaler

引用次数: 1

Impact of Rural and Urban Hospital Closures on Inpatient Mortality 城乡医院关闭对住院病人死亡率的影响

Nature & Society eJournal Pub Date : 2019-08-01 DOI: 10.3386/w26182

Kritee Gujral, A. Basu

{"title":"Impact of Rural and Urban Hospital Closures on Inpatient Mortality","authors":"Kritee Gujral, A. Basu","doi":"10.3386/w26182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26182","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the impact of California's hospital closures occurring from 1995-2011 on adjusted inpatient mortality for time-sensitive conditions: sepsis, stroke, asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Using a difference- in-difference approach on California's Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) data, the impact of hospital closures on inpatient mortality is estimated. Outcomes of admissions in hospital service areas (HSAs) with and without closure(s) are compared before and after the closure year. The paper aims to fill gaps in prior work by using a reconciled list of California's hospital closures and by studying differential impacts of rural and urban hospital closures. To our best knowledge, this is also the first paper explicitly studying patient outcomes of California's rural closures. Results suggest that when treatment groups are not differentiated by hospital rurality, closures appear to have no measurable impact. However, estimating differential impacts of rural and urban closures shows that rural closures increase inpatient mortality by 0.46% points (an increase of 5.9%), whereas urban closures have no impact. Results differ across diagnostic conditions; the general effect of closures is to increase mortality for stroke patients by 3.1% and for AMI patients by 4.5%, and decrease mortality for asthma/COPD patients by 8.8%.","PeriodicalId":225744,"journal":{"name":"Nature & Society eJournal","volume":"40 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126798590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 48

Overview of Contemporary Women’s Issues in North-Eastern Nigeria 尼日利亚东北部当代妇女问题概述

Nature & Society eJournal Pub Date : 2019-08-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3462363

Yunusa Hassan, Deepika Varshney

引用次数: 1

Implementation of Strategic Environmental Assessment in Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction 在国家管辖范围以外的海洋区域实施战略环境评估

Nature & Society eJournal Pub Date : 2019-07-17 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3421525

A. N. Craik, Kristine Gu

引用次数: 2

Machine Performance and Human Failure: How Shall We Regulate Autonomous Machines? 机器性能与人为失误:我们该如何规范自动机器?

Nature & Society eJournal Pub Date : 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3414602

Horst Eidenmueller

{"title":"Machine Performance and Human Failure: How Shall We Regulate Autonomous Machines?","authors":"Horst Eidenmueller","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3414602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3414602","url":null,"abstract":"Machines powered by artificial intelligence (AI) are on the rise. In many use cases, their performance today already exceeds human capabilities. In this essay, I explore fundamental regulatory issues related to such “autonomous machines”. I adopt an analytical perspective that highlights the importance of what I call the “deep normative structure” of a particular society for crucial policy choices with respect to autonomous machines. I make two principal claims. First, the jargon of welfare economics appears well-suited to analyse the chances and risks of innovative new technologies, and it is also reflected in legal doctrine on risk, responsibility and regulation. A pure welfarist conception of “the good” will tend to move a society into a direction in which autonomous systems eventually will take a super-prominent role. However, such a conception assumes more than the welfarist calculus can yield, and it also ignores the categorical difference between machines and humans characteristic of Western legal systems. Second, taking the “deep normative structure” of Western legal systems seriously leads to policy conclusions regarding the regulation of autonomous machines that emphasize this categorical difference. Such a humanistic approach acknowledges human weaknesses and failures and protects humans, and it is characterized by fundamental human rights and by the desire to achieve some level of distributive justice. Welfaristic pursuits are constrained by these humanistic features, and the severity of these constraints differs from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. I illustrate my argument with legal applications taken from various issues in the field of contract and tort.","PeriodicalId":225744,"journal":{"name":"Nature & Society eJournal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127872910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Expropriating Habitat 没收的栖息地

Nature & Society eJournal Pub Date : 2019-04-24 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3377664

K. Bradshaw

{"title":"Expropriating Habitat","authors":"K. Bradshaw","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3377664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3377664","url":null,"abstract":"This Article identifies a disturbing trend: wildlife management agencies permitting landowners to shift threatened and endangered species from their native habitat on commercially valuable land to public land, land in foreign countries, and even captive breeding facilities. Surprisingly, this occurs under the auspices of the Endangered Species Act. Certainly, there are many instances of translocation that serve goals of species preservation. But, in practice, political pressures sometimes cause agencies to shift endangered wildlife populations from higher-value lands to lands with less commercial value. Analyzing the political economy of species translocation suggests that the continuous shift of wildlife to public and foreign land appears to be an almost inevitable outcome given the social, economic, ecological, and political context of the Endangered Species Act. To illustrate this phenomenon, I present a detailed case study of the U.S. Fish and Wild- life Service paying Mexico to provide habitat for the endangered thick-billed parrot rather than re-establishing a population in the United States. This is not an isolated phenomenon; any one of the individual examples that I provide may seem relatively small. In aggregate, however, the long-term effects of shifting wildlife populations to make way for development or industrial activity may prove devastating. Moreover, translocations are a small part of the much broader trend of humans expropriating land from wildlife bit-by-bit, species-by-species. This reality, coupled with the current political climate, suggests that the Endangered Species Act, as applied, is insufficiently protective of wildlife habitat. I analyze the potential of an animal property rights regime—a new, habitat-preservation-focused solution to species preservation—as a new tool for stemming systemic habitat loss and related extinctions.","PeriodicalId":225744,"journal":{"name":"Nature & Society eJournal","volume":"46 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114122501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Perspectives of Distributed and Grid Connected Large PV Power Generation in India 印度分布式和并网大型光伏发电的前景

Nature & Society eJournal Pub Date : 2019-04-08 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3368202

Phadke B N

{"title":"Perspectives of Distributed and Grid Connected Large PV Power Generation in India","authors":"Phadke B N","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3368202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3368202","url":null,"abstract":"Solar energy which comes from the sun in the form of solar irradiance can be directly converted to electricity using Photovoltaic (PV) technology. PV technology uses solar cells made up of semiconductors to absorb the irradiance from the sun and convert it into electrical energy. Currently, solar energy has drawn worldwide attention and is playing an essential role in providing clean and sustainable energy. However, the nature of semiconductors which are used in solar cells has limited the efficiency of PV systems to 15–20%. Thus, in order to increase the efficiency of the PV system, some improvements such as using sun trackers and maximum power point tracking controllers have been added to the PV system installation. Large research efforts are in progress to improve the basic conversion efficiencies, reducing losses in captured solar energy and use of new semiconductor materials. India is endowed with a very vast solar energy potential. Most parts of the country have about 300 sunny days. Average solar radiation incident over the land in India is in the range of 4.7 kWh per day per square meter. Solar energy can be harnessed through solar photovoltaic technology which enables direct conversion of sunlight into Electrical Energy. Research and development efforts have also helped in better efficiency, affordability and quality of the products. As a result many solar energy systems and devices are commercially available with affordable cost in the market. Currently the International community is racing hard to reduce Global Warming by reducing use of fossil fuels for energy generation. Semiconductor based PV Solar Systems are covering the planet’s surface at an unprecedented rate, and India is leading in this race. The article is focused to highlight the complex technical issues in harnessing this omnipresent energy source in India.","PeriodicalId":225744,"journal":{"name":"Nature & Society eJournal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122017357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abandoned Spaces and Technology Displacement by Labour: The Case of Hand Car Washes 被遗弃的空间和技术被劳动力取代:以手洗车行为例

Nature & Society eJournal Pub Date : 2018-10-17 DOI: 10.1111/ntwe.12123

I. Clark

引用次数: 4