{"title":"Design of experiments in BDD variable ordering: lessons learned","authors":"J. Harlow, F. Brglez","doi":"10.1145/288548.289103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/288548.289103","url":null,"abstract":"Applying the design of experiments methodology to the evaluation of BDD variable ordering algorithms has yielded a number of conclusive results. The methodology relies on the equivalence classes of functionally perturbed circuits that maintain logic invariance, or are within (1, 2, ...)-minterms of the original reference circuit function, also maintaining entropy-invariance. For some of the current variable ordering algorithms and tools, the negative results include: statistically significant sensitivity to naming of variables; confirmation that a number of variable ordering algorithms are statistically equivalent to a random variable order assignment; and observation of a statistically anomalous variable ordering behavior of a well known benchmark circuit isomorphic class when analyzed under single and multiple outputs. On the positive side, the methodology supports a statistically significant merit evaluation of any newly introduced variable ordering algorithm, including the one briefly introduced in this paper.","PeriodicalId":224802,"journal":{"name":"1998 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design. Digest of Technical Papers (IEEE Cat. No.98CB36287)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132675279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Ashar, S. Bhattacharya, A. Raghunathan, A. Mukaiyama
{"title":"Verification of RTL generated from scheduled behavior in a high-level synthesis flow","authors":"P. Ashar, S. Bhattacharya, A. Raghunathan, A. Mukaiyama","doi":"10.1145/288548.289080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/288548.289080","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a complete procedure for verifying register transfer logic against its scheduled behavior in a high level synthesis environment. Our proposal advances the state of the art because it is the first such verification procedure that is both complete and practical. Hardware verification is known to be a hard problem and the proposed verification technique leverages off the fact that high level synthesis-performed manually or by means of high level synthesis software-proceeds from the algorithmic description of the design to structural RTL through a sequence of very well defined steps, each limited in its scope. The major contribution is the partitioning of the equivalence checking task into two simpler subtasks, verifying the validity of register sharing, and verifying correct synthesis of the RTL interconnect and control. While state space traversal is unavoidable for verifying validity of the register sharing, we automatically abstract out irrelevant portions of the design, significantly simplifying the task that must be performed by a back end model checker. The second task of verifying the RTL is not only shown to reduce to a combinational equivalence check, we present a novel and fast RTL technique for combinational equivalence check instead of using slower gate level techniques. The verification procedure has been applied to several large circuits, and is illustrated on the implementation of a sort algorithm.","PeriodicalId":224802,"journal":{"name":"1998 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design. Digest of Technical Papers (IEEE Cat. No.98CB36287)","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116160829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CMOS analog circuit stack generation with matching constraints","authors":"R. Naiknaware, T. Fiez","doi":"10.1145/288548.289056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/288548.289056","url":null,"abstract":"An efficient CMOS transistor stack generation procedure for analog circuits is described. The matching requirements are used as the primary constraint on the analog layout, however, parasitic capacitances and area considerations are also included. A designer chosen arbitrary circuit partition from the schematic can be used to generate the corresponding layout as an optimum stack of transistors with complete intra-module connectivity. The port structures are considered as part of the module area and parasitic optimization procedure. The results are demonstrated through an example and a complete chip layout of a high-resolution delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter.","PeriodicalId":224802,"journal":{"name":"1998 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design. Digest of Technical Papers (IEEE Cat. No.98CB36287)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127930975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In-Ho Moon, Jae-Young Jang, G. Hachtel, F. Somenzi, Jun Yuan, C. Pixley
{"title":"Approximate Reachability Don't Cares for CTL model checking","authors":"In-Ho Moon, Jae-Young Jang, G. Hachtel, F. Somenzi, Jun Yuan, C. Pixley","doi":"10.1145/288548.289053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/288548.289053","url":null,"abstract":"RDCs (Reachability Don't Cares) can have a dramatic impact on the cost of CTL model checking (J. Yuan et al., 1997). Unfortunately, RDCs, being a global property, are often much more difficult to compute than the satisfying set of typical CTL formulas. We address this problem through the use of Approximate Reachability Don't Cares (ARDCs), computed with the algorithms developed for the VERITAS sequential synthesis package (H. ho et al., 1990; 1996). Approximate reachable states represent an upper bound on the set of true reachable states, and thus a lower bound on the set of unreachable (Don't Care) states. ARDCs can be 10X to 100X (or much more for very large circuits) cheaper to compute than RDCs, and in some cases have the same dramatic effect on CTL model checking as the real RDCs. We also discuss the application of ARDCs to the problem of exact computation of the RDCs themselves. Experiments on industrial benchmarks show that order of magnitude speedups are possible, and occur frequently. The experimental results presented strongly support our claim that ARDCs play a safe and important way out of a serious dilemma: RDCs are necessary for tractable model checking of many large circuits, but the computation of the RDCs themselves is often intractable. We include, and theoretically justify, significant extensions of the VERITAS algorithms, and show that they can be up to an order of magnitude faster, while computing a virtually identical upper bound.","PeriodicalId":224802,"journal":{"name":"1998 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design. Digest of Technical Papers (IEEE Cat. No.98CB36287)","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121185897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Accurate calculation of bit-level transition activity using word-level statistics and entropy function","authors":"E. Kyriakis-Bitzaros, S. Nikolaidis, A. Tatsaki","doi":"10.1145/288548.289095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/288548.289095","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate models for the calculation of bit level switching activity in data path operators, by combining the dual bit type model with the entropy based calculation are presented. Given the input statistics, the conditional entropy per bit is estimated by means of a sigmoidal model. A polynomial approximation to the entropy of the sign bits has been developed. Entropy and switching activity of primary inputs are used to estimate the output activity. The Triple-Bit Type (TBT) model is introduced to describe the behavior of the LSBs of the multiplier output, which do not behave as white noise. The error between the results of the proposed models and the measurements of entropy and switching activity is about 1% for signals with correlation factor less than 0.8.","PeriodicalId":224802,"journal":{"name":"1998 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design. Digest of Technical Papers (IEEE Cat. No.98CB36287)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123906503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dynamic fault collapsing and diagnostic test pattern generation for sequential circuits","authors":"Colin E. Wood","doi":"10.1145/288548.288593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/288548.288593","url":null,"abstract":"We present results for significantly improving the performance of sequential circuit diagnostic test pattern generation (DATPG). Our improvements are achieved by developing results that permit dynamic, fully functional collapsing of candidate faults. Fault collapsing permits the organization of faults into disjoint partitions based on the indistinguishability relation. These results are used to develop a diagnostic test pattern generation algorithm that has the same order of complexity as that of detection oriented test generation (ATPG). Techniques to identify untestable faults, based on exploiting indistinguishability identification, are also presented. Experimental results are presented on the ISCAS 89 benchmark circuits.","PeriodicalId":224802,"journal":{"name":"1998 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design. Digest of Technical Papers (IEEE Cat. No.98CB36287)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116601486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Getting to the bottom of deep submicron","authors":"D. Sylvester, K. Keutzer","doi":"10.1145/288548.288614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/288548.288614","url":null,"abstract":"We take a fresh look at the problems posed by deep submicron (DSM) geometries and re-open the investigation into how DSM effects are most likely to affect future design methodologies. We describe a comprehensive approach to accurately characterize the device and interconnect characteristics of present and future process generations. This approach results in the generation of a representative strawman technology that is used in conjunction with analytical model simulation tools and empirical design data to obtain a realistic picture of the future of circuit design. We then proceed to quantify the precise impact of interconnect, including delay degradation due to noise, on high performance ASIC designs. Having determined the role of interconnect in performance, we then reconsider the impact of future processes on ASIC design methodology.","PeriodicalId":224802,"journal":{"name":"1998 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design. Digest of Technical Papers (IEEE Cat. No.98CB36287)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115676582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Estimating noise in RF systems","authors":"J. Roychowdhury, A. Demir","doi":"10.1145/288548.288612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/288548.288612","url":null,"abstract":"Predicting the noise performance of RF systems is much more complex than for linear ones. The common practice of retrofitting linear noise concepts often leads to wrong answers. For a proper understanding of RF noise, nonlinearities and synchronization, i.e. phase noise in oscillators, have to be accounted for correctly, using stochastic processes. In this tutorial, we outline how to do so for non-oscillatory and oscillatory RF systems. We emphasize basic concepts and important results, while providing sufficient details to maintain rigour. Our presentation covers: basic stochastic concepts for noise analysis; nonstationarity, cyclostationarity and frequency correlation of noise; mixing noise in driven (non-oscillatory) systems; phase noise in oscillators; and computational techniques. Our goal is to enable designers and CAD engineers to understand the basic flow of RF noise analysis and the current literature.","PeriodicalId":224802,"journal":{"name":"1998 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design. Digest of Technical Papers (IEEE Cat. No.98CB36287)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124865024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A simultaneous routing tree construction and fanout optimization algorithm","authors":"Amir H. Salek, J. Lou, Massoud Pedram","doi":"10.1145/288548.289098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/288548.289098","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an optimal algorithm for solving the problem of simultaneous fanout optimization and routing tree construction for an ordered set of critical sinks. The algorithm, which is based on dynamic programming, generates a rectilinear Steiner tree routing solution containing appropriately sized and placed buffers. The resulting solution, which inherits the topology of LT-trees and the detailed structure of P-trees, maximizes the signal required time at the driver of the given set of sinks. Experimental results on benchmark circuits demonstrate the effectiveness of this simultaneous approach compared to the sequential methods.","PeriodicalId":224802,"journal":{"name":"1998 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design. Digest of Technical Papers (IEEE Cat. No.98CB36287)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129622663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Node sampling: a robust RTL power modeling approach","authors":"A. Bogliolo, L. Benini","doi":"10.1145/288548.289071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/288548.289071","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a robust RTL power modeling methodology for functional units. Our models are consistently accurate over a wide range of input statistics, they are automatically constructed and can provide pattern-by-pattern power estimates. An additional desirable feature of our modeling methodology is the capability of accounting for the impact of technology variations, library changes and synthesis tools. Our methodology is based on the concept of node sampling, as opposed to more traditional approaches based on input sampling. We analyze the theoretical properties of node sampling and we formally show that it is a statistically sound approach. The superior robustness of our method is due to its limited dependency on pattern based characterization.","PeriodicalId":224802,"journal":{"name":"1998 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design. Digest of Technical Papers (IEEE Cat. No.98CB36287)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128808056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}