Progress in Photovoltaics最新文献

{"title":"Optimized Three-Layer Carbon Electrode Architecture for High-Performance CsPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"T. D. Subash,&nbsp;Devi Arumugam,&nbsp;S. Vijayalakshmi,&nbsp;T. D. Subha,&nbsp;Yun Gao","doi":"10.1002/pip.70117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.70117","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Perovskite solar cells (PSCs), particularly cesium lead iodide (CsPbI₃)–based ones, offer low fabrication costs, high efficiency, and potential for scalable production. However, a significant drawback is their instability, especially under moisture and high-temperature conditions, which can lead to degradation and reduced long-term performance. To overcome these issues, this paper presents a novel approach for optimized three-layer carbon electrode (CE) architecture for high-performance CsPbI₃ PSCs. The proposed method integrates the capabilities of leaf in wind optimization (LWO) algorithm and progressive graph convolutional networks (PGCNs), forming a model termed LWO–PGCN. The main goals of the proposed technique are to develop the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of PSCs. The LWO algorithm performs global optimization of structural parameters, while the PGCN model predicts photovoltaic performance by capturing complex relationships between device parameters, enabling efficient identification of high-performance device configurations. The LWO algorithm is employed to optimize perovskite layer thickness, hole transport material (HTM) layer thickness. The PGCN is used to predict the PCE with high accuracy. The proposed method demonstrates better performance than existing techniques, including deep neural network (DNN), probabilistic neural networks (PNN), and artificial neural network (ANN), as evaluated and compared using the MATLAB platform. The proposed method achieves a higher PCE of 29.9%, short-circuit current density (<i>J</i>_<i>sc</i>) of 25.84 mA/cm², open-circuit voltage (<i>V</i>_<i>oc</i>) of 1.32 V, and fill factor (FF) of 74.89%, indicating superior photovoltaic performance compared with existing methods. The proposed LWO-PGCN model significantly enhances the stability and efficiency of CsPbI₃-based PSCs, outperforming existing methods in photovoltaic performance.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"34 9","pages":"1173-1188"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical Modeling of PID Leakage Current of PV Modules: Steady-State Current, Transient Current, and RC-Equivalent Circuit","authors":"GovindaSamy TamizhMani,&nbsp;Fang Li,&nbsp;Cécile Molto,&nbsp;Hubert Seigneur,&nbsp;Peter Hacke,&nbsp;Jaewon Oh","doi":"10.1002/pip.70113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.70113","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Potential-induced degradation (PID) remains a significant reliability concern for photovoltaic (PV) modules, arising when a voltage difference between the module frame and the solar cells drives unintended leakage current through the glass–encapsulant stack. Although PID ultimately manifests as PID-s, PID-p, or PID-c, the underlying behavior of the leakage current—its magnitude and time dependence—requires clearer electrochemical interpretation. Traditional explanations attribute the initial transient current to bulk capacitive elements of the glass, encapsulant, and antireflection coatings, and the steady-state current according to their effective ohmic resistance. More recent studies, however, indicate that electrochemical charge-transfer processes at the encapsulant–metallization interface can play a dominant role in defining the leakage-current path. This paper develops a unified electrochemical framework for modeling PID leakage current. First, an RC-equivalent circuit is formulated by combining conventional RC elements with a Randles-type interface to capture transient leakage current through double-layer capacitance and faradaic processes at ionic–electronic boundaries. Second, the steady-state current–voltage behavior is explained using a linearized Butler–Volmer relationship, showing that the measured ohmic response corresponds to the low-overpotential limit of charge-transfer kinetics. Analytical results demonstrate that, for typical module materials—3.2-mm soda-lime glass and 0.45-mm encapsulant—the dominant modulators to PID leakage current are the glass surface resistance (under dry-surface conditions), the glass bulk capacitance, and the encapsulant resistance (under wet-surface conditions), with soda lime glass surface and EVA/POE encapsulant resistances primarily governing steady-state current. The proposed electrochemical model is validated against measured leakage-current data, showing good agreement in both the magnitude and the time-dependent evolution of PID leakage current.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"34 9","pages":"1100-1112"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultra-Thin Bipoly Solar Cells With Front Selective \u0000\u0000 n-Type TOPCon and Rear Blanket \u0000\u0000 p-Type TOPCon Layers","authors":"Yuchi Lan,&nbsp;John Derek Arcebal,&nbsp;Gabby De Luna,&nbsp;Pradeep Padhamnath,&nbsp;Armin Gerhard Aberle,&nbsp;Aaron Danner","doi":"10.1002/pip.70114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.70114","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates ultra-thin silicon solar cells with polysilicon (poly-Si) passivated contacts on both sides (biPoly cells). Low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) was used for the deposition of front and rear poly-Si layers along with a complete passivation structure. Patterning of the top \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>n</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>+</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup></math> poly-Si layer was used to restrict it to the metal-finger regions, thereby improving carrier lifetime and useful light absorption. A saw damage etching (SDE) process with varied time was used for thinning down the silicon (Si) substrates. The thinnest bendable cell achieved is 80 \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <mi>μ</mi></math>m thick, with an efficiency of 19.7%. Because cell mass per area approximately scales with silicon thickness, the efficiency-to-thickness ratio is a practical proxy for specific power in lightweight/flexible use-cases. Our devices reach 0.25% per \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <mi>μ</mi></math>m, to our knowledge among the highest reported for TOPCon cells at comparable thickness. The results highlight the potential of selective biPoly passivated ultra-thin silicon solar cells for high-performance photovoltaic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"34 9","pages":"1113-1124"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.70114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Passivation of Magnetron-Sputtered SnO2 Via Ammonium Paratungstate for Enhanced Open-Circuit Voltage in Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Shina Li,&nbsp;Jiong Dong,&nbsp;Wenlong Ji","doi":"10.1002/pip.70101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.70101","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Magnetron sputtering is a highly promising method for fabricating all functional layers in perovskite solar cells. However, magnetron-sputtered SnO₂ (sp-SnO₂) films exhibit high defect density, leading to lower open-circuit voltage (<i>V</i>_<i>OC</i>), fill factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (PCE) compared to spin-coated films. Here, ammonium paratungstate (APT) is introduced on the surface of sp-SnO₂ to passivate defects. The APT modification effectively passivates nonstoichiometric oxygen defects, suppresses nonradiative recombination, and improves heterojunction contact. Consequently, APT-treated devices achieve significantly enhanced performance and stability, with a <i>V</i>_<i>OC</i> of 1.041 V, FF of 77.78%, PCE of 20.54%, and retention of 80.98% initial efficiency after 1440 h of natural aging. This work demonstrates that APT passivation of sp-SnO₂ enables high-performance PSCs and provides a straightforward solution to improve the performance of sp-SnO₂ electron transfer layer.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"34 8","pages":"994-1002"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148522792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anisotropic Diffuse Radiation Model of Photovoltaic Systems","authors":"Joseph Appelbaum,&nbsp;Assaf Peled","doi":"10.1002/pip.70095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.70095","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The diffuse solar radiation is a component of the global solar radiation and may contribute a significant percentage (50% and above in some locations) of the electric output energy of Photovoltaic (PV) systems. Therefore, it is important to improve the diffuse radiation models to obtain accurate values of the incident diffuse radiation. Solar diffuse radiation models are based on isotropic and anisotropic models. The anisotropic models take into account also the circumsolar and horizon brightening. Both types of models are developed in the literature for single rows. As photovoltaic fields are deployed in multiple collector rows, the second and subsequent collector rows are partially obscured by the rows in front and thus, affecting the incident diffuse radiation on the collectors. The present article modifies an anisotropic model by two factors: (a) sky view factor of the second (and subsequent rows) collector row and (b) correction to circumsolar brightening (correction to horizon brightening in negligible, at the site of the study, and is not considered). The modified model is demonstrated on Klucher model for diffuse radiation. The study shows that the anisotropic model provides higher annual diffuse radiation by 20% than the isotropic model, higher incident global energies of about 5.5%, and the difference in the incident diffuse radiation for collectors with azimuth angles in range \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>γ</mi>\u0000 <mi>C</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <mo>=</mo>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mn>0</mn>\u0000 <mn>0</mn>\u0000 </msup></math> to \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>γ</mi>\u0000 <mi>C</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <mo>=</mo>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mn>30</mn>\u0000 <mn>0</mn>\u0000 </msup></math>, is negligible. The use of the modified anisotropic model allows to asses more accurately the contribution of the diffuse radiation to the generated electric energy.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"34 8","pages":"987-993"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.70095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148522786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grid Optimization of Tunnel Oxide Passivated Back Contact Silicon Solar Cells","authors":"Pei-Chieh Hsiao,&nbsp;Kangping Zhang,&nbsp;Zibo Zhou,&nbsp;Jessica Yajie Jiang,&nbsp;Lingzhi Li,&nbsp;Jianfang Dai,&nbsp;Yimin Ji,&nbsp;Jiadong Li,&nbsp;Dengyuan Song,&nbsp;Renate Egan,&nbsp;Martin Green","doi":"10.1002/pip.70109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.70109","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Integration of passivating contacts and back contact technologies is the prospective roadmap of crystalline silicon solar cells exceeding 27% efficiency. Allocating both polarities of metal electrodes to the rear surface increases design complexity and manufacturing challenges. While maximizing conversion efficiency, reducing Ag paste consumption is crucial for cost-effectiveness at scale. A systematic methodology is presented for the optimization of metal grid design of silicon back contact solar cells applying tunnel oxide passivated contact (TBC) at the rear surface. Width, thickness, and pitch of fingers, busbars, and contact pads are taken into consideration for the estimation of cell efficiency and Ag paste consumption. The correlation between cell efficiency and Ag paste consumption of TBC solar cells using pad-based or zero-busbar (ZBB) design is analyzed and compared. The ray tracing simulation shows that decreasing finger pitch improves light-generated current density. In pad-based grid design, cell efficiency is enhanced by increasing busbar width, busbar number, and pad number, whereas a large busbar number is essential in zero-busbar design. ZBB TBC cells are estimated to have at least 0.1% absolute efficiency higher than pad-based counterparts. Greater efficiency gain is expected if the Ag paste consumption is limited to below 10 mg W⁻¹.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"34 8","pages":"1037-1051"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.70109","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148533463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation Insights Into Enhanced Emitter Contact Passivation via LECO on Industrial TOPCon Solar Cells","authors":"Jiayu Xu,&nbsp;Yun Qin,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Zhang,&nbsp;Wei Fan,&nbsp;Wu Zhang,&nbsp;Qun Liu,&nbsp;Jiaji Lin,&nbsp;Yuhao Cheng,&nbsp;Ning Song,&nbsp;Bram Hoex,&nbsp;Lang Zhou,&nbsp;Fa-Jun Ma","doi":"10.1002/pip.70104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.70104","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent progress in industrial tunneling oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) solar cells has demonstrated that laser-enhanced contact optimization (LECO) technology substantially reduces the emitter contact recombination current density (<i>J</i>_0e,metal), leading to a remarkable enhancement in cell efficiency. However, the physical mechanisms underlying this suppression remain insufficiently explored. This study employs advanced numerical simulations to systematically decode the interactions between firing conditions, LECO treatment, and doping dynamics. A process simulation reveals that the boron profile exhibits negligible deviation after a typical firing step, ruling out thermal redistribution as a contributor to <i>J</i>_0e,metal suppression. Instead, lower peak firing temperatures promote localized, non-continuous contact morphologies. In a baseline 25.5% TOPCon solar cell, this partial metal contact ratio is quantified at 37.27%, directly correlating with diminished recombination losses. To mitigate contact resistivity (<i>ρ</i>_c), LECO complementarily rectifies underfired contacts by forming excellent Ag/Si contacts. These insights motivate a dual optimization strategy: (1) <i>dopant engineering</i> via selective emitter technology to maximize contact passivation while minimizing <i>ρ</i>_c and (2) <i>partial metal contact ratio reduction</i> by tuning firing parameters, Ag paste composition, LECO energy density, etc., aiming for a 1% partial contact ratio without compromising <i>ρ</i>_c. Implementing this approach, the simulated cell efficiency improves from 25.5% to 26.07%, offering actionable guidelines for industrial TOPCon optimization. The strategy also suggests an alternative route for <i>J</i>_0e,metal suppression, paving a viable path to elevate the efficiency of conventional TOPCon solar cells, enabling them to compete with more advanced double-sided and back-contact solar cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"34 8","pages":"1010-1022"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.70104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148532738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PV Design Façade Element: Combining a PV Module With Aluminum Façade Elements","authors":"Kevin Meyer,&nbsp;Wiebke Wirtz,&nbsp;Iris Kunze,&nbsp;Susanne Blankemeyer,&nbsp;Danny Lorenz,&nbsp;Fynn Klopp,&nbsp;Henning Schulte-Huxel","doi":"10.1002/pip.70111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.70111","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The integration of PV modules into the building envelope requires new module concepts in order to increase their acceptance and their integrability into standard processes of the building industry. In this work, we develop prototypes of a PV-activated design façade element with aluminum as base material. We investigate various designs, ranging from flat aluminum sheets to folded sheets and façade elements with a design structure. The PV module is always laminated directly onto the aluminum sheets and façade elements. The large difference in thermal expansion coefficients of glass and aluminum is a challenge for the production of such PV-activated façade elements. It leads to bending of the modules after lamination. However, PV-modules built on the design structures do not bend. We therefore focus on that type of façade elements for developing the prototype. The electrical insulation between the current-carrying solar cell strings and the aluminum façade element is another challenge. The use of anodized aluminum and using an additional polyvinyl fluoride layer resolves this issue. The measurement of the insulation resistance both in dry and wet conditions results in insulation resistances similar to that of standard glass-backsheet PV modules, when measured according to IEC 61215. We show different design variants of our PV-activated design façade element, which demonstrates the variability in appearance and will thus hopefully support a wider spread of building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV).</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"34 8","pages":"1052-1058"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148534421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achieving High-Efficiency in Tunnelling Oxide Passivated Contact Solar Cells via an Extra Secondary Laser-Enhanced Contact Optimization","authors":"Tongcheng Zuo,&nbsp;Tong Wang,&nbsp;Tao Shen,&nbsp;Zhiyong Li,&nbsp;Mohamed M. Hilali,&nbsp;Hui Yang","doi":"10.1002/pip.70096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.70096","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Laser-enhanced contact optimization (LECO) technology has attracted growing attention to further improve the photovoltaic conversion efficiency (PCE) of tunnelling oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) solar cells. Although LECO is known to improve metallization via current-induced firing, the specific interaction between interfacial microstructure evolution, contact resistance, and carrier recombination remains not fully understood. Herein, we clarify the underlying mechanisms of silver-silicon contact formation on the p⁺ emitter during fast firing and subsequent LECO processing. We identify that a relatively low peak firing temperature followed by a secondary LECO treatment is more promising than increasing the firing temperature. Specifically, while the secondary LECO process leads to a slight increase in localized specific contact resistivity, it significantly increases the areal density of effective Ag–Si contact points, including Ag–Si alloy. This increased contact density compensates for the local resistivity rise through a parallel resistance network mechanism, ensuring efficient carrier extraction. Furthermore, unlike high-temperature firing, which aggravates passivation damage, the secondary LECO acts as a localized annealing process, simultaneously minimizing metal-induced recombination. Consequently, this optimized strategy endows the champion cell achieving a PCE of 26.69%. This work provides critical insight into balancing carrier transport and recombination, offering a promising route toward the development of high-efficiency TOPCon solar cells.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"34 8","pages":"959-968"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148534317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maximizing Net Present Value of Bifacial PV Systems: Improved Optical Modeling and Parameter Optimization","authors":"Bin Wang,&nbsp;Jianbo Bai,&nbsp;Yi Zhang,&nbsp;Muhammad Waqar Akram,&nbsp;Chengcheng Cui,&nbsp;Gavin Conibeer,&nbsp;Shuang Zheng","doi":"10.1002/pip.70091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.70091","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Many studies have investigated the performance simulation of bifacial PV power stations, but existing models generally suffer from performance overestimation. Furthermore, some models often fail to converge when calculating rear-side irradiance under sparse layout conditions. This work presents an improved discretized analytical integration strategy for optical calculations. Unlike available research relying on short-term data, this work uses full-year, minute-level data from the Taizhou demonstration base to validate the model. The results show that the model possesses high calculation accuracy and robustness, with a power <i>R</i>² of 0.9929, an MAE of less than 5%, and an annual power generation deviation of less than 2%. An intelligent optimization framework aimed at maximizing net present value (NPV) is established. Coupled analysis of the installation parameters facilitates a global optimum for the power station design. Test cases indicate that, compared with traditional empirical schemes, this optimization strategy increases NPV by 4.1% and 3.1% in different scenarios, providing practical guidelines for the refined design and cost-efficiency improvement of bifacial PV power stations.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"34 8","pages":"969-986"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148522762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}