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Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VII Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, s.1 Organization, Article 35 第二部分保护手段，第七章，美洲人权委员会，第5段组织，第三十五条
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0035
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VII Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, s.1 Organization, Article 35","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0035","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter evaluates Article 35 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). Article 35 of the ACHR is the same provision as Article 2-2 of the Statute of the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights and is also found in Article 1-2 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission. In requiring that the Commission must represent “all the member countries” of the Organization of American States (OAS), Article 35 of the Convention underlines the independence of the members toward their own State. Given that there are only seven members and thirty-five States members of the OAS, this clarification was required. This provision must be read in conjunction with Article 36 that indicates that the members of the Commission are elected in their personal capacity and not as representatives of their government. Overall, “these provisions at once isolate the commissioners from their governments and legitimize the actions of the Commission as actions of the OAS itself.”","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"287 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75634293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part II Means of Protection, Ch.IX Common Provisions, Article 71 第二部分保护手段，第九章共同规定，第71条
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0071
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part II Means of Protection, Ch.IX Common Provisions, Article 71","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0071","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores Article 71 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). After the question of immunities and privileges (Article 70), the issue of incompatibilities is dealt with in Article 71. The link with the previous provision is obvious. The aim is to ensure proper, fair, and independent functioning of the organs. Immunities and privileges are intended to protect them from any pressure when they are engaged on business with their mandates, while Article 71 addresses more directly the institutional independence of experts. Further in the ACHR, this independence is consolidated by Article 73 (disciplinary regime). Moreover, the incompatibilities are linked to the issue addressed by Article 72 of the “remuneration” (“emoluments”) of the tasks carried out by the two bodies (the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court).","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"148 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78495814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.IV Suspension of Guarantees, Interpretation, and Application, Art.30: Scope of Restrictions 第一部分国家义务和受保护的权利，第四章担保的中止、解释和适用，第三十条:限制范围
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0030
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.IV Suspension of Guarantees, Interpretation, and Application, Art.30: Scope of Restrictions","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0030","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews Article 30, which contains the general rules applicable to restrictions of rights and freedoms enshrined in the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). The provision must be read and understood in light of the restriction rules provided by specific articles of the Convention, such as Article 11 (Right to Privacy) or Article 13 (Freedom of Thought and Expression). The Inter-American Court has considered that Article 30 cannot be understood as “a kind of general authorization to establish new restrictions to the rights protected by the Convention, additional to those permitted under the rules governing each one of these.” Instead, Article 30 aims at imposing “additional requirement to legitimize individually authorized restrictions.” Ultimately, conditions of legality, legitimacy, and necessity shall be met to restrict a right or a freedom protected by the ACHR.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75390421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VII Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, s.4 Procedure, Article 48 第二部分保护手段，第七章，美洲人权委员会，第5段程序第48条
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0048
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VII Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, s.4 Procedure, Article 48","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0048","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter investigates Article 48 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). Article 48 of the ACHR is dedicated to the procedural aspects of litigation of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Article 48 spells out some aspects of the procedural sequences for processing petitions and communications before the Inter-American Commission, particularly when, after its initial review, it considers the complaint to be pre-admissible. Indeed, Article 48 applies to “petition or communication admissible,” given that under Article 47 of the Convention, the Commission has the procedural duty to screen out the complaints that do not meet the admissibility requirements. In litigation proceedings, the Inter-American Commission is responsible for determining and verifying the positions of the parties and the factual elements of the case.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86291870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.II Civil and Political Rights, Art.14: Right of Reply 第一部分国家义务和受保护的权利，第ii章公民权利和政治权利，第14条:答辩权
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0014
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.II Civil and Political Rights, Art.14: Right of Reply","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explains Article 14 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), which protects the right to reply. It provides for the possibility for anyone who has been injured by inaccurate or offensive statements or even by ideas disseminated to reply or to make a correction by using the same medium. This article must be understood as counterbalancing the broad scope of protection of freedom of expression. It is also a means to compensate the prohibition of prior censorship. Thus, the right to reply is intrinsically related to the freedom of thought and expression, and in particular to the “respect of the rights and reputations of others” mentioned in Article 13-2 of the ACHR. It is also connected to the right of honor protected by Article 11 of the ACHR.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86860909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VIII Inter-American Court of Human Rights, s.1 Organization, Article 57 第二部分保护手段，第八章美洲人权法院，第1段组织，第五十七条
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0057
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VIII Inter-American Court of Human Rights, s.1 Organization, Article 57","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0057","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter studies Article 57 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). Article 57 of the ACHR deals with the procedural status of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights before the Inter-American Court. It addresses the crucial question of the procedural role of the Commission in the judicial litigation procedure. Therefore, Article 57 is closely linked to Article 61 of the ACHR, which designates the entities—States Parties and the Commission—entitled to refer cases to the Court. One of the differences between the two articles is that Article 61 provides to the Commission an option to refer the matter to the Commission, while Article 57 imposes a procedural obligation to the Commission. The Commission cannot choose not to appear before the Court.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89604287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VIII Inter-American Court of Human Rights, s.2 Jurisdiction and Functions, Article 65 第二部分保护手段，第八章美洲人权法院，第2段管辖权和职能，第六十五条
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0065
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VIII Inter-American Court of Human Rights, s.2 Jurisdiction and Functions, Article 65","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0065","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter details Article 65 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), which holds a special place in the inter-American human rights system. The provision does not formally establish a procedure for monitoring the judgments of the Inter-American Court. It establishes relations between the Court and the General Assembly of the Organization of American States (OAS), which is the recipient of the Court's annual reports (first sentence) and its possible recommendations when a State does not comply with its judgments. However, practice has shown that Article 65 is actually modest. It only requires the Court to send its report to the General Assembly and to draw its attention to recalcitrant States. The provision does not confer any particular role on the General Assembly, and the inter-American litigation illustrates that the main organ of the OAS has remained largely passive in this area of monitoring the compliance with its of judgments.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83605474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VIII Inter-American Court of Human Rights, s.2 Jurisdiction and Functions, Article 64 第二部分保护手段，第八章美洲人权法院，第2段管辖权和职能，第六十四条
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0064
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VIII Inter-American Court of Human Rights, s.2 Jurisdiction and Functions, Article 64","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0064","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter evaluates Article 64 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). Article 64 of the ACHR confers on the Inter-American Court, under certain personal and material conditions, the competence to render advisory opinions. This is therefore outside the realm of litigation, in that it is not a matter of deciding a dispute relating to the application or interpretation of the Convention but rather of answering a question in abstracto relating to human rights. Article 64 creates a particularly ambitious and original mechanism, bringing together both classical and innovative aspects. The advantage of this mechanism is that it can play a role in preventing violations of the Convention, if it is actually used. From its first opinion, the Inter-American Court laid down the purposes of this particular procedure. It is aimed to assist States in their implementation of the ACHR, and to assist other Organization of American States (OAS) member States not bound by the Convention and OAS organs. The advisory procedure before the Inter-American Court has, actually, no equivalent in comparison with other international courts and tribunals.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81559916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.II Civil and Political Rights, Art.7: Right to Personal Liberty 第一部分国家的义务和受保护的权利，第ii章公民权利和政治权利，第7条:人身自由权
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0007
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.II Civil and Political Rights, Art.7: Right to Personal Liberty","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter looks at Article 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), which refers to the core human value of individual liberty and is based on a dual structure. As highlighted by the Inter-American Court, it contains two types of rules. The first type is general and provides for the right to personal liberty and security. The second type is specific and composed of a set of rights and guarantees aiming at protecting the right not to be deprived of liberty unlawfully (Article 7-2) or arbitrarily (Article 7-3), including for debt (Article 7-7), to be informed of the reasons of the detention and to be notified of the charges brought against the detainee (Article 7-4), to judicial control of the deprivation of liberty (Article 7-5), and to contest the lawfulness of the arrest (Article 7-6). Article 7 is also invoked in many cases of enforced disappearances, which by their very nature involve an arbitrary denial of physical liberty of the victims; incommunicado detentions; deprivation of liberty in the context of migration or extradition; deprivation of liberty of juveniles, or institutionalization of children; and arbitrary detention in situations of enslavement and human trafficking, even when caused by a private person or paramilitary forces. This provision may also play a role in cases dealing with the broader concept of individual autonomy and self-determination.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74908065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.II Civil and Political Rights, Art.11: Right to Privacy 第一部分国家义务和受保护的权利，第ii章公民权利和政治权利，第11条:隐私权
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0011
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.II Civil and Political Rights, Art.11: Right to Privacy","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores Article 11 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), which protects the right to privacy, honor, dignity, and private and family life. The provision is fundamental, as it recognizes that the dignity of the human being is not only a moral value but also an individual right that shall be respected and protected by the law (Article 11-3). The provision is divided into three paragraphs. Under the first paragraph, the holder is entitled to the respect of their honor and the recognition of their dignity. The second paragraph is worded negatively and affirms the right of everyone not to be arbitrarily or abusively attacked or interfered with in one's private life, family, home, correspondence, honor, and reputation. Paragraph 3 reinforces the protection against “interference or attacks,” but again, the interference referred to are those mentioned in Paragraph 2 that leaves aside the issue of dignity.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"184 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75066933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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