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Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VIII Inter-American Court of Human Rights, s.1 Organization, Article 54 第二部分保护手段，第八章美洲人权法院，第1段组织机构第五十四条
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0054
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VIII Inter-American Court of Human Rights, s.1 Organization, Article 54","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0054","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses Article 54 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). Article 54 of the ACHR lays down the rules applicable to the conduct, duration, and renewal of a judge's term of office. Elected for a six-year term with the possibility of renewal once, the judges of the Inter-American Court enjoy a certain stability in their functions. Article 54 is divided into three paragraphs, which establish a fairly simple framework. In addition to the duration (six years), and the number of possible re-elections (one), the first paragraph includes a part which concerns the first formation of the court and which, therefore, has only an historical value. The second paragraph deals with the situation of the election of a judge to replace a fellow who has ceased to hold office before the end of their mandate. The third paragraph reflects a procedural continuity principle. Its purpose is to maintain a certain stability and permanence in the composition of the Court, which is necessarily modified at each election.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78841584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.II Civil and Political Rights, Art.3: Right to Juridical Personality 第一部分国家义务和受保护的权利，第三章公民权利和政治权利，第三条:法人资格
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0003
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.II Civil and Political Rights, Art.3: Right to Juridical Personality","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter investigates Article 3 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), which protects the right to recognition of every person as a person before the law. Such recognition is of importance to operate the legal distinction between a legal object and a legal subject. The importance of the right can be deduced from the fact that Article 3 is located at the opening of the ACHR, just before the protection of the right to life (Article 4) and the right to human treatment (Article 5). Moreover, Article 3 is protected against suspension in the event of emergencies, as stipulated in Article 27 of the ACHR. The right to juridical personality is therefore non-derogable under the American Convention. In addition, Article 3 has a close relationship with other rights enshrined by the Convention, such as the prohibition of slavery (Article 6), equality before the law (Article 24), and, more generally, the non-discrimination guaranteed by Article 1-1 of the ACHR. Though non-derogable, the inter-American case law regarding Article 3 is rather modest.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88292244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.II Civil and Political Rights, Art.24: Right to Equal Protection 第一部分国家的义务和受保护的权利，第三章公民权利和政治权利，第二十四条:平等受保护的权利
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0024
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.II Civil and Political Rights, Art.24: Right to Equal Protection","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0024","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter assesses the provision on equality before the law laid down in Article 24 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), which at the same time draws the main logical consequence, namely, that the law must protect individuals without discrimination. On the basis of Article 1-1 of the ACHR, one can only claim to be a victim of discrimination if the right whose exercise or enjoyment that has been infringed is guaranteed by the ACHR. Nevertheless, Article 24 provides autonomous and much broader protection against discriminatory treatment, since equality must be recognized before the “law” in the domestic sense, so that in order to invoke it, it is not necessary to establish that what has been deprived of constitutes a right guaranteed by the ACHR. It is not even necessary to establish that it is a human right at all. The value protected by Article 24, which has its source in the dignity and “unity of the human family,” is that of equality to be respected by the State when it produces and applies law in the broad sense.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80489013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.IV Suspension of Guarantees, Interpretation, and Application, Art.31: Recognition of Other Rights 第一部分国家的义务和受保护的权利，第四章担保的中止、解释和适用，第三十一条:承认其他权利
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0031
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.IV Suspension of Guarantees, Interpretation, and Application, Art.31: Recognition of Other Rights","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0031","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses Article 31 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). The purpose of Article 31 of the ACHR is to allow the incorporation into the inter-American human rights conventional protection system other rights and freedoms that were not set forth in the original text of the ACHR. Article 31 can be understood as a closing article of the part of the ACHR devoted to the enunciation of rights and freedoms and to the determination of the legal regime of the rights and liberties. The list of these rights and freedoms is not an exhaustive list and at the end of the first 30 Articles, the drafters of the ACHR chose to add this Article 31 in order to open up the possibility of adding new ones. The amendments must comply with procedures, those set out respectively in Article 76 and Article 77. The purpose of Articles 76 and 77 is the same: to enable a convention negotiated and drafted in the late 1960s to adapt and transform treaty relations between States.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"25 10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82690501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VIII Inter-American Court of Human Rights, s.1 Organization, Article 53 第二部分保护手段，第八章美洲人权法院，第1段组织机构第五十三条
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0053
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VIII Inter-American Court of Human Rights, s.1 Organization, Article 53","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0053","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter assesses Article 53 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). The purpose of Article 53 of the ACHR is to clarify the voting procedure for the election of judges to the Inter-American Court. The provision is therefore intrinsically linked to Article 52, which sets out the objective conditions for eligibility. It is also related to Article 54 dedicated to the mandate per se. The provision is further supplemented by Articles 6 to 9 of the Statute of the Inter-American Court. Article 53 illustrates the fact that as with other international courts and bodies, the questions of elections of judges and voting are mainly state-centric issues, exclusively controlled by the States Parties to the ACHR.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73041317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.II Civil and Political Rights, Art.20: Right to Nationality 第1部分国家义务和受保护的权利，第2章公民权利和政治权利，第20条:国籍权利
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0020
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.II Civil and Political Rights, Art.20: Right to Nationality","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0020","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter evaluates Article 20 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), which enshrines the right to a nationality. It affirms that everyone has the right to a nationality, while specifying that, in the absence of another nationality, everyone has the right to the nationality of the State in whose territory they were born. Moreover, Article 20-3 prohibits arbitrary deprivation of nationality. The provision echoes other norms previously set forth in international human rights law, but it is silent on the right to be protected against statelessness, which is the other face of the right to a nationality. Article 20 must be read in conjunction with other ACHR rights, including Articles 1-1 and 24 relating to non-discrimination and equality before the law, the right to legal personality (Article 3), the right to fair trial and access to justice (Articles 8 and 25), the right to a name (Article 18), the right to identity (Article 11), and the right of children to special protection (Article 19). The State also has an obligation under Article 2 of the ACHR to bring its domestic law into conformity with Article 20 when it is not fully compatible with the Convention.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74156214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VII Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, s.3 Competence, Article 47 第二部分保护手段，第七章，美洲人权委员会，第3节权限，第四十七条
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0047
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VII Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, s.3 Competence, Article 47","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0047","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines Article 47 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). Article 47 of the ACHR determines additional conditions of admissibility of individual petitions lodged in accordance with Article 44 or inter-States communications under Article 45 of the ACHR. The provision contains four rules of a different nature. Article 47-a is not an additional condition of admissibility. Rather, it indicates the procedural consequence of the non-fulfillment of the Article 46 requirements, that is, the non-admissibility of the petition or communication. Article 47-b refers to the facts at the basis of the action. They must establish a prima facie violation of the ACHR. This condition is very close to “groundless” or “obviously out of order” condition laid down by Article 47-c. In practice, the Inter-American Commission does not distinguish rigorously the two requirements. Last, Article 47-d imposes to the petitioners to respect the res judicata, as named by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the Inter-American Court.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"43 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75086956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part III General and Transitory Provisions, Ch.X Signature, Ratification, Reservations, Amendments, Protocols, and Denunciation, Article 76 第三部分一般和临时规定，第六章签署、批准、保留、修正、议定书和退出，第76条
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0076
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part III General and Transitory Provisions, Ch.X Signature, Ratification, Reservations, Amendments, Protocols, and Denunciation, Article 76","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0076","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter analyzes Article 76 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), which is an “adaptation clause.” Its aim is to enable the text of the ACHR adopted in the specific context in 1969 to be adapted to changes in mentalities and perceptions of human rights. Indeed, it organizes the procedure for amending the instrument and, in this respect, the ACHR is one of the treaties which explicitly provide for their amendment regime. Article 76 of the ACHR refers to a specific modality of modification of the Convention, namely, the amendment. It must be read in conjunction with Article 77 of the ACHR, which refers to another explicit modality of modification of the Convention text, that is, the addition of protocols. In order to adapt the treaty to moving societal, political, or otherwise realities, the States Parties have, therefore, two different paths at their disposal, which do not have the same scope.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"165 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83531200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.II Civil and Political Rights, Art.12: Freedom of Conscience and Religion 第一部分受保护的国家义务和权利，第三部分公民权利和政治权利，第12条:信仰和宗教自由
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0012
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.II Civil and Political Rights, Art.12: Freedom of Conscience and Religion","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter studies Article 12 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), which protects the freedom of conscience and of religion. The freedom of conscience and of religion is considered as one of the foundations of a democratic society and therefore occupies a key position in the international human rights law norms. Article 12-1 of the ACHR affirms the right of everyone to freedom of conscience and of religion, and specifies that this includes the freedom to maintain or to change one's religion or beliefs. Moreover, that freedom covers also the freedom to profess or disseminate one's religion or beliefs, in public or in private, individually or collectively. Article 12-2 provides that the freedom to maintain or to change one's religion or beliefs cannot be restricted. However, according to Article 12-3, the freedom to manifest one's religion and beliefs may be subject to limitations prescribed by law and necessary to protect goals such as public safety, order, health or morals, or the rights or freedoms of others. Finally, Article 12-4 protects the right of the parents or guardians to give the religious and moral education of their choice to their children or wards.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82090143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VIII Inter-American Court of Human Rights, s.1 Organization, Article 56 第二部分保护手段，第八章美洲人权法院，第1段组织机构第五十六条
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0056
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VIII Inter-American Court of Human Rights, s.1 Organization, Article 56","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0056","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores Article 56 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), which deals with an important procedural question. It establishes the quorum required for the Inter-American Court's deliberation, that is, the required number of judges taking physically part in the deliberation, for the decision to be legally valid. This rule is crucial. If the quorum is not met, the decisions taken during a meeting cannot be considered as adopted by the Court. The threshold laid down in Article 56 applies both when the Court exercises its contentious jurisdiction under Articles 61 and 62 and when it is requested to deliver an advisory opinion in accordance with Article 64 of the ACHR. The provision is closely linked to Article 55 of the ACHR relating to the national judge and the ad hoc judge.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83485827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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