{"title":"Lawfulness of mass processing personal data to train large language models in China","authors":"Lu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span>With the rapid rise of large language models<span> (LLMs), the lawfulness of training them on massive datasets has come under increasing scrutiny. This article examines the issue under Personal Information Protection law (PIPL) of China, focusing on whether a valid legal basis exists for such processing. In particular, it analyzes Article 13(1), which permits the use of publicly available </span></span>personal data<span> or nonpublic data with the consent of the subject of data. This work asserts that, in practice, LLMs developers face challenges in meeting the consent and purpose limitation requirements of the PIPL leaving limited room for lawful data use. To address this gap, it proposes a “broad input, strict output” approach, easing restrictions during the training stage while enforcing stricter controls at the application phase, and it calls for a more precise allocation of roles among stakeholders to ensure responsible AI development.</span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"49 8","pages":"Article 103023"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jordi Serra-Simón , Mònica Puntí-Brun , Sílvia Espinosa-Mirabet , Maria Alice de Faria Nogueira , Ramón Martín-Guart , Sandro Tôrres de Azevedo
{"title":"Generative artificial intelligence in advertising. Field applications in Rio de Janeiro and Catalonia","authors":"Jordi Serra-Simón , Mònica Puntí-Brun , Sílvia Espinosa-Mirabet , Maria Alice de Faria Nogueira , Ramón Martín-Guart , Sandro Tôrres de Azevedo","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The emergence of Artificial Intelligence has revolutionized industries in various productive sectors on an international level. Advertising agencies are not immune to this reality and have also experienced the effects of AI through the advent and widespread use of technologies that enable the design, creation, editing, and writing of content for the advertising industry. This article allows us to measure the impact of the arrival of AI in several advertising agencies, independent and holding companies (such as McCann and Havas Media) in Rio de Janeiro and Catalonia. The research analyses the use and integration of these programs in creative and productive processes based on 25 in-depth interviews with 13 directors and 12 creatives in both regions. The results show that agencies are using generative AI tools, but for different purposes, and that in some cases, AI is related to the advertising creation process, while in others, it is used for tasks related to the design of strategic communication plans or even the design of prototypes and models. Although there is unanimous agreement on the benefits of AI, there are concerns about ethical issues and its use in the finalists' work. This article allows us to glimpse new lines of research related to the implementation of generative AI tools in advertising creativity, customer relationship management, and advertising production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"49 8","pages":"Article 103033"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Establishment of mobile money corridors and Burkina Faso's intra-WAEMU trade","authors":"Lamoussa Seydou Lankoande","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103000","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103000","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intra-African trade remains low, constituting an obstacle to the socio-economic development of the continent. This research looks at the potential influence of mobile money in West Africa on the region's internal trade, focusing specifically on the WAEMU. It thus examines the effect of the establishment of mobile money corridors between Burkina Faso and WAEMU countries on Burkina Faso's trade within the union. The research is based on the gravity model and on data relating to six partners of Burkina Faso in the WAEMU over the period 2000 to 2022. Results obtained using Hausman-Taylor (HT) and generalized least squares (GLS) methods argue that the establishment of mobile money corridors between WAEMU countries increases Burkina Faso's intra-WAEMU exports. The inclusion of political stability in the analyses and the use of the Poisson pseudo-maximum-likelihood (PPML) and propensity score matching (PSM) method corroborate the results. From a broad perspective, these results suggest that the development of mobile money corridors between African countries could play a key role in increasing intra-African trade.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"49 7","pages":"Article 103000"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144810220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Beyond infrastructure: Internet ecosystem resilience and the public good","authors":"Bronwyn Howell","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102998","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102998","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Telecommunications networks have become one of modern society's critical infrastructures (CIs): things required for everyday life and without which widespread disruption can be expected. Historically, the responsibility for ensuring the resilience of their own infrastructures has lain with the individual network operators. However, the complex ways in which economic and social systems now depend crucially on the efficient functioning of an internet system comprised of multiple different operators across the three internet layers creates an additional value of network resilience that will not be adequately captured in the incentives facing any single operator alone. In these circumstances, society benefits from some collective co-ordination to address the externalities.</div><div>As befits a complex nexus of interacting systems, this paper provides a multidisciplinary exploratory examination of the concept of internet ecosystem resilience and its relationship to (foundations in) telecommunications resilience given the challenges posed by increasing systemic complexity. It finds existing arrangements addressing both physical infrastructure and cybersecurity resilience leave important gaps in internet ecosystem resilience, particularly when addressing the wider social and economic consequences of ecosystem interruption. More research into these consequences is indicated, and attention should also be given to addressing the gaps in funding network infrastructure resilience to address continuity in service and benefits accruing from application layer resilience when this is left to network infrastructure providers alone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"49 7","pages":"Article 102998"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144810218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Social media access and purposeful use in China: Geospatial patterns and socioeconomic and COVID-19 influences","authors":"James B. Pick, Fang Ren, Avijit Sarkar","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"49 7","pages":"Article 103002"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144810271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Safeguarding media freedom from infrastructural reliance on AI companies: The role of EU law","authors":"M.Z. van Drunen","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102990","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102990","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An emerging body of journalism studies research has shown how media organizations are growing dependent on external companies to provide AI tools used to inform the public, and the infrastructure needed to develop and deploy these tools. Concurrently, EU lawmakers and legal scholars have developed new regulatory and normative frameworks to safeguard media freedom from large technology companies. However, this work focuses on platforms' control over access to large audiences; it remains unclear how AI companies' power over infrastructure inside newsrooms challenges media freedom. This paper therefore explores how European law should address the challenges to media freedom posed by the media's dependence on the infrastructure controlled by AI companies. It does so in two steps. First, it evaluates why the media's dependence on AI companies poses a challenge to the fundamental right to media freedom. It finds that media organizations' loss of control over the values embedded in the AI tools they use to inform the public poses the most pressing challenge. Second, it explores the suitability of existing EU law to address three conditions (algorithmic opacity, lock-in effects, and resource disparities) for the media's infrastructural reliance on AI companies. It finds that existing EU law does not adequately address these conditions. However, especially horizontal regulation targeting AI tools and the underlying cloud infrastructure do offer regulatory tools that can be applied or adapted to safeguard media freedom from infrastructural reliance on AI companies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"49 7","pages":"Article 102990"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144810223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The phenomena of spatial spillovers of digitalization and competitiveness inside European regions","authors":"Félix Hernández de Rojas, Pilar Rodríguez Pita, Jorge Emiliano Pérez Martínez","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102989","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102989","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the spatial spillovers of digitalization and competitiveness across 240 NUTS2 regions in the EU-27, addressing concerns about the widening digital divide and competitiveness challenges in the European Digital Single Market. Using Eurostat regional digitalization indicators and the EU Regional Competitiveness Index, we employ global and local spatial autocorrelation analysis to identify variables with significant spatial spillover effects. We then apply K-means clustering to determine regional susceptibility to digital and competitiveness spillovers. Our novel approach combines digitalization and competitiveness analyses at a granular NUTS2 level, revealing heterogeneous digitalization patterns across European regions. The research identifies regions where digital spatial spillovers are most effective and those at risk of being left behind. Additionally, both competitiveness and digitalization show a relevant nationalization effect, where the spatial spillover between regions appears inside each country with limited effect on neighbouring Member States. This comprehensive spatial analysis offers valuable insights for policymakers aiming to enhance open strategic autonomy, regional digital competitiveness and reduce disparities within the EU, aligning with the objectives of the <em>Digital Decade programme</em> and the <em>Competitiveness Compass</em> initiative.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"49 7","pages":"Article 102989"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144810273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Are we there yet? The persistent digital marginalization of remote rural communities: A mixed-method longitudinal study (2014–2023)","authors":"Isabel Pavez , Teresa Correa , Catalina Farías , Nicolás Tobar","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102994","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102994","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the past decade, mobile internet access has been the main public policy approach for connecting rural areas in several countries. Although it has been a central policy, gaps remain in understanding the factors that predict connectivity among these communities. Evidence indicates that rural communities face unique challenges shaped by geographical and socioeconomic contexts, as well as accelerated digitalization due to COVID-19, reshaping access for many underserved areas. This study investigates how connectivity in marginalized rural communities has evolved over time in Chile. We conducted a mixed-method longitudinal study in rural towns across northern, central, and southern Chile, applying a relational and resource-based model for digital inclusion. We compared survey data and interviews collected in 2014–2015 and 2023. In particular, we explored data from 2014 to 2015 to analyze internet adoption levels through face-to-face surveys in 11 rural villages (N = 598) and in-depth interviews (N = 21) in three of them, revealing the importance of personal, social, and material resources for adoption. In 2023, we revisited the same communities (survey N = 449, interviews N = 15). Data comparison shows that while some predictors of Internet adoption became non-relevant over time, others, such as age and education, remain the strongest connectivity predictors. In addition, contextual factors—such as younger populations, generational expectations, and shifting attitudes and demands toward digital availability—contribute to persistent discourses of digital marginalization despite infrastructure improvements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"49 7","pages":"Article 102994"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144810173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IT investment and labor displacement: Evidence from Korea","authors":"Joonbae Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102999","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102999","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is widespread concern that many companies heavily invest in IT, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and cloud technologies, in order to replace human labor. Using novel Korean data, we verify whether such an effect is present in the cross-sectional variation among firms’ IT investment and workforce size. At the firm level, the economy-wide effect of doubling IT investment per worker is associated with a reduction of over 60 workers in total workforce size. Meanwhile, IT investment seems to be enhancing productivity, as reflected in its positive association with both the total salary bill and the average wage per capita. The overall effect of IT investment appears to be a decrease in the labor share. Despite the strong government-led push for the adoption of new IT technologies during the same period, the analysis suggests that this effort should be complemented by additional policy measures to mitigate the potential impacts of reduced human involvement in production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"49 7","pages":"Article 102999"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144810219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"E-commerce in Spain: Trends, growth, and market dynamics (2018–2021)","authors":"Mona Farid Badran , Rafael López , Angel Valarezo , Teodosio Pérez-Amaral","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In 2006, only 10 % of individuals in Spain engaged in e-commerce, while the period from 2018 to 2021 has seen a significant rise, with the proportion of people aged 16 to 74 making online purchases in the last three months increasing from 43.5 % to 55.2 %. This study utilizes a comprehensive panel dataset derived from the Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) surveys, analyzing 65,386 observations to track these changes. This research identifies the principal drivers and barriers influencing e-commerce adoption through descriptive and advanced longitudinal analysis. We hypothesize and confirm key control variables' signs and statistical significance, including income levels, gender, educational attainment, and digital skills. Our findings provide critical insights into the evolving digital commerce landscape, offering valuable implications for policymakers and business strategists aiming to enhance digital inclusivity and market reach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"49 7","pages":"Article 103003"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144810222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}