{"title":"Economic contribution to the debate on cost sharing policy","authors":"Edmond Baranes , Cuong Hung Vuong","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102611","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This policy paper aims to contribute to understanding the recent debate on fair cost sharing between Big Techs and European telecommunication operators who offer complementary services: content and access to the Internet. We take stock from recent economic literature and empirical evidences to show the differences in business models and regulatory constraints have led to unequal net benefits from growing European digital economy. In particular, because the telecommunication operators have to bear the costs of delivering content to end-users, their business can be strongly affected due to the sharp increase in traffic generation. This negative externality should be internalized to correct the related market failure and to restore incentives to invest in the network infrastructure to meet the ambitious Europe's Digital Decade targets. Furthermore, we assess the interplay between access and content, and demonstrate how a fair cost sharing policy can impact investment, consumer surplus and social welfare. In particular, content providers that are efficient in monetizing consumers are incentivized to lower the cost of content to consumers, which positively impacts the consumer surplus and social welfare. Also, because cost sharing can even encourage digital platforms to better optimize the demand, this could have potentially positive effect on the environment. Finally, we give some recommendations to effectively implement the policy in practice.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"47 9","pages":"Article 102611"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49730321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Petri Ahokangas , Oxana Gisca , Marja Matinmikko-Blue , Seppo Yrjölä , Jillian Gordon
{"title":"Toward an integrated framework for developing European 6G innovation","authors":"Petri Ahokangas , Oxana Gisca , Marja Matinmikko-Blue , Seppo Yrjölä , Jillian Gordon","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102641","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article contributes to the discussion on 6G and European policy development, outlining an integrated framework for Europe to benefit from 6G innovation in the future, both as a developer and user of 6G technologies. As 6G is envisioned as a general-purpose technology that can transform the whole of society, there is a need to adopt a broader perspective to innovation compared to earlier technology generations. This proposed framework comprises five elements: national and European sovereignty, triple bottom line sustainability, a competitive transformational innovation policy, European values-based anticipatory regulation, and trustworthy networks that addresses the privacy, security, and safety of users and resilience of 6G at the systems level. It is argued that Europe needs both <em>ex ante</em> and <em>ex post</em> actions to competitively develop and deploy future 6G technologies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"47 9","pages":"Article 102641"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49730318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What drives broadband traffic?","authors":"Robert Kenny , Charles Kenny , Zack Gehan","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Worldwide there is an ongoing policy and regulatory push to make very high speed broadband available as widely as possible. Underlying the policy interventions to support higher speeds is an implicit assumption that higher speeds will enable different (and socially valuable) use. In this paper we empirically test whether higher speed lines are associated with greater household data usage in the UK. We find that after allowing for demographic factors, higher speed in fact has a very limited relationship to traffic. This suggests that mid-speed broadband is not in fact a constraint on household usage (as measured by traffic), and thus the benefits of policy interventions to support higher speeds remain somewhat speculative.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"47 9","pages":"Article 102621"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49730326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exploring the role of data enclosure in the digital political economy","authors":"Brenden Kuerbis, Milton Mueller","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This exploratory research analyzes the impact of data enclosure initiatives on market competition. <em>Data enclosure</em> is the process by which the information about user activity generated by digital operations are withdrawn from an open or shared arrangement with other operators and made more exclusive to the service providers whose operations generate the data. We make the case that data enclosure is emerging as a significant feature of the multi-sided markets of digital platform providers, by looking empirically at, 1) the encryption of DNS query data using the DNS over HTTPS (DoH) protocol, and 2) the enclosure of Apple and Google's mobile identifiers used in digital advertising and cross-app user tracking. These efforts are not only privacy-enhancing moves, but also a means by which service providers compete with each other over the value and security of data. We assess the degree to which exclusivity of data fosters or forecloses competition in the relevant markets, and find mixed results. DoH, apparently a more disruptive form of data enclosure, has had little impact on industry shares so far, primarily because it was embraced by a small-share, declining actor, but the growing use of DoH and other encrypted DNS protocols does indicate a market-driven response to privacy-enhancement. In mobile identifiers in adtech, the shift in the default from opt-out permission to opt-in permission had both strong privacy effects and major effects on the distribution of revenues in the industry. But the changes are recent and the situation remains unsettled.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"47 8","pages":"Article 102599"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48612254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Is the internet penetration pro-poor? Evidence from a panel data analysis","authors":"Van-Phuc Phan","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102612","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The impacts of internet use on income and poverty status are contentious despite extensive research efforts. This paper re-examines these influences using five-wave panel data extracted from the Vietnam Access to Resources Household Survey (VARHS). A two-step system called Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) and Propensity Score Matching (PSM) is the primary metric for estimating internet-income and internet-poverty correlations. The analysis revealed that internet use assisted rural households, including the poor ones, in fostering their livelihoods in the 2008–2016 period: (1) internet access increased the average annual household income per capita by 4.5 million Vietnamese dongs, accounting for at least 17% of the overall income; (2) it decreased the probability of being poor by around 4%. This study suggests that the universalisation of the internet, along with improvements in digital literacy and digital applications provided for rural dwellers, particularly the needy, should be essential for poverty reduction programmes in the context of developing countries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"47 8","pages":"Article 102612"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44722306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Restraining ICANN: An analysis of OFAC sanctions and their impact on the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers","authors":"Daniel Pérez Fernández","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102614","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) has long played a crucial role in coordinating some aspects of the domain name system (DNS) and managing domain names and Internet Protocol Addresses. In 2016, ICANN underwent a significant transformation when completing the IANA Transition, aimed at securing the corporation's independence from U.S. government oversight. However, while the transition marked a pivotal moment in ICANN's history, the corporation still operates within U.S. jurisdiction. This situation makes ICANN subject to compliance with the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctions programs, impeding the corporation from contracting and accrediting gTLD registries and registrars from countries currently targeted by OFAC, as well as individuals or entities included in OFAC's «Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons» (SDN) list. This article explores the implications of the IANA Transition, the constraints that OFAC exerts on ICANN operations, and the complexities surrounding potential solutions to the OFAC sanctions quandary.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"47 8","pages":"Article 102614"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43632333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seungyeon Ha, Yujun Park, Jongpyo Kim, Seongcheol Kim
{"title":"Research trends of digital platforms: A survey of the literature from 2018 to 2021","authors":"Seungyeon Ha, Yujun Park, Jongpyo Kim, Seongcheol Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102543","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102543","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent years, there has been a vigorous discussion about digital platforms due to their emerging significance in the digital ecosystem. However, despite common interests in the digital platform, comprehensive literature reviews on the topic are still limited. Therefore, this study offers a systematic and interdisciplinary review of the literature on digital platforms by collecting and analyzing a sample of 1,224 articles published from January 2018 to December 2021. In particular, this study focuses on which country leads platform research. By interpreting the concentration of research fields that study platforms and financial funding for platform research, this article provides a new perspective on the countries leading academic platform research. Our findings show that those holding platform hegemony in the real world are also active leaders in platform research. Amid fierce competition among major countries and continents surrounding the platform industry, this paper aims to provide an understanding of the ongoing research trend regarding platforms and be a guideline for future research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"47 8","pages":"Article 102543"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43041753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hyoung-Seon Choe , Chang-Gyu Yang , Sung-Youl Jun , Sang-Gun Lee
{"title":"A study on forward and backward linkage effects in South Korea's telecom industry across generations","authors":"Hyoung-Seon Choe , Chang-Gyu Yang , Sung-Youl Jun , Sang-Gun Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The primary purpose of this study is to examine the spillover effect of South Korea's telecom industry on other industries until its evolution to the 4th generation. By using Input-Output Table Data to compute Forward and Backward Linkage Effects in South Korea's telecom industry throughout Generational Changes, this study aims to analyze South Korea's telecom industry's impacts and changes on upstream and downstream industries to offer implications for its evolution to the 5th generation. This study used empirical input-output data for the period between the years 2000–2014 to conduct input-output analysis to evaluate forward and backward linkages in South Korea's telecom industry for each generation of it. The results revealed that (1) Korea's telecom industry can be defined as a dependent manufacturing industry due to its below-average forward linkage and above-average backward linkage over the whole study period, and (2) backward linkage in South Korea's telecom industry was higher than the economy-wide average value during our study period although it decreased with the industry's generational shifts. The results indicate that telecommunications companies should create new markets in which they can propagate emerging technologies of the 4IR (4th Industrial Revolution) to other industries, in order to ensure that the 5th generation telecom industry maintain its position as a key industry. On the other hand, the government should make policies to support start-ups and SMEs in telecom industry and implement structural reforms in Korea's oligopolistic telecom market.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"47 8","pages":"Article 102615"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48034196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Disentangling the effects on OTT platform performance of three strategies: Pricing, M&As, and content investments","authors":"Sungwook Park, Youngsun Kwon","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102600","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>OTT streaming services have been restructuring the global multimedia industry, and there have been strategic actions and reactions among OTT players and traditional pay-TV platforms. This study found that <em>Pricing</em> and <em>Content investments</em> are key factors affecting market share and subscribership in global OTT markets, and <em>M&As</em> have positive effects on the two performance measures, although with less statistical confidence. <em>OTT-specialized firms</em> in the UK, Germany, France, Japan, and South Korea did not expand subscribers to the same extent as those in the US, but they were able to expand their market share in the UK and Germany while failing to increase it in the other three countries. Local OTT players, especially those in Europe and Asia, might need to be more strategic in coping with US-based firms’ expansion by materializing the positive interaction effects among the three strategies to increase both their subscriber base and market share.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"47 8","pages":"Article 102600"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41859445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wolfgang Briglauer , Monika Köppl-Turyna , Wolfgang Schwarzbauer , Virág Bittó
{"title":"Evaluating the effects of ICT core elements on CO2 emissions: Recent evidence from OECD countries","authors":"Wolfgang Briglauer , Monika Köppl-Turyna , Wolfgang Schwarzbauer , Virág Bittó","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102581","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102581","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research aimed to inform policymakers about the actual climate relevance of the information and communication technology (ICT) ecosystem, which includes data centers and content provision, broadband networks, and consumer devices. To provide robust empirical evidence on the net environmental impact of these core ICT elements, we used OECD panel data for 34 Member States for the years 2002–2019 and panel fixed-effects regression models. In contrast to previous literature, we measured basic broadband and new fiber-based wireline broadband and 3G/4G mobile broadband network deployment. We also captured variations in end-user devices, ICT affinity, and famous online content. We found that, on average, the CO<sub>2</sub>-reducing effects appear to outweigh the CO<sub>2</sub>-increasing effects. In particular, we found that, in addition to the reduction effect associated with the use of basic broadband connections, there is a further, albeit smaller, reduction effect associated with new fiber-based broadband connections. Other ICT elements showed insignificant coefficient estimates, suggesting largely offsetting environmental impacts. Our main findings were subject to various robustness checks and were broadly consistent with previous literature using data from developed countries. Our results suggested that old and new broadband networks as enabling technology could generate positive environmental effects for society.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"47 8","pages":"Article 102581"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45477465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}