{"title":"A dispute between Netflix and SK Broadband in South Korea: Who should pay the network usage fees?","authors":"Jihong Kim, Heejin Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102913","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102913","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The advancement of digital technologies has led to the evolution of media content delivery methods. In particular, OTT services have experienced an explosive growth in the video content industry. The skyrocketing data traffic increases the burden on ISPs’ infrastructure, and the discourse on CPs’ payment of network usage fees has emerged. In digitalization, data traffic will inevitably increase, and related conflicts are expected to occur worldwide. Accordingly, it is significant to review the case of Netflix-SK Broadband in South Korea, the world’s significant legal dispute over the network usage fees. This study examines network usage fees and network neutrality as concepts relevant to the case, traces the litigation process, identifies the reasons for the settlement of the lawsuit, and discusses policy implications. This study suggests that the issue of network usage fees could become a trade issue and that a regulatory framework needs to be evolved accordingly. This study contributes to understanding the issue of network usage fees that will be increasingly important for global digital industries. As such, it can present a reference to the telecommunications and content industries and even to digital trade for their future debate and development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"49 3","pages":"Article 102913"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143561376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Framing metaverse identity: A multidimensional framework for governing digital selves","authors":"Liang Yang , Yan Xu , Pan Hui","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102906","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102906","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes a multidimensional framework for <em>Metaverse Identity</em>, addressing its definition, guiding principles, and critical challenges. <em>Metaverse Identity</em> is conceptualized as a user’s digital self, encompassing personal attributes, data footprints, social roles, and economic elements. To elucidate its core characteristics and implications, this framework introduces two guiding principles: <em>Equivalence and Alignment</em> and <em>Fusion and Expansiveness</em>. The first principle advocates for consistency between metaverse and real-world identities in behavioral norms and social standards, ensuring rights protection and establishing conduct guidelines. The second emphasizes the deep integration and transformative evolution of metaverse identities, enabling them to transcend real-world constraints, meet diverse needs, and foster inclusivity. Together, two principles serve as complementary pillars, balancing ethical integration with dynamic co-evolution. Building on this foundation, the study identifies five critical challenges: interoperability, legal boundaries, privacy and identity management, risks from deepfakes and synthetic identities, and identity fragmentation impacting psychological well-being. To address these challenges, strategic recommendations are offered to guide stakeholders. By constructing this framework, the study fills a key theoretical gap, advances systematic research, and provides a foundation for policies and governance strategies to address the complexities of metaverse identities in a rapidly evolving digital domain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"49 3","pages":"Article 102906"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143562040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An empirical analysis on relationships between over-the-top applications for communication and traditional mobile voice services","authors":"Chate Khemakongkanonth","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102916","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102916","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study assesses the relationship between demand for Over-the-top applications for communications (OTT-Comm) and traditional mobile voice calls. Our work contributes to the literature by making use of a unique panel data on consumption of mobile services in Thailand in 2023. The observations’ panel structure and short timeframe allow us to account for unobserved individual heterogeneity that is assumed constant. We estimate static and dynamic panel models for demand in the absence of price variables. Demand for OTT-Comm is found to complement demand for outgoing calls; however, demand for OTT-Comm is found to be independent from voice calls. Both services are interrelated but do not constitute a single market; therefore, mobile operators who were designated to possess significant market power in the mobile service markets should still be regulated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"49 3","pages":"Article 102916"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143561656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A study on Metaverse risk factors and user risk perception in South Korea","authors":"SunKyung Shin , Jooyeun Park","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102911","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102911","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The purpose of this study is to identify and categorize risks associated with the use of Metaverse platforms like Roblox, ZEPETO, and ifland, and to provide recommendations for creating a safer Metaverse environment. Based on a comprehensive literature review of Metaverse risks, this study identified a total of 21 specific risk factors. An online survey of 715 users assessed perceived risks (Risk Occurrence × Risk Seriousness). The survey analysis revealed the following key findings. Firstly, Metaverse platform users rated both Risk Occurrence and Risk Seriousness of Cyberbullying and Harassment as high, resulting in this factor having the highest overall Risk Perception. This elevated Risk Perception was observed not only among both male and female users but also across age groups from users in their 20s–40s. In contrast, users aged 50 and above displayed the highest Risk Perception for Language Destruction. Among platforms, ZEPETO recorded the highest level of Risk Perception, followed by Roblox and ifland.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"49 3","pages":"Article 102911"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143562043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Covadonga Gijón, Fernando Fernández-Bonilla, Aurora Ruíz-Rúa
{"title":"Different approaches to Spanish e-government: From use to impact","authors":"Covadonga Gijón, Fernando Fernández-Bonilla, Aurora Ruíz-Rúa","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102918","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102918","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper examines the factors that determine the use of e-government services in Spain. It identifies key determinants, including e-services usage synergies, e-trust, e-skills and socio-demographic determinants of e-government use as an outcome of a logit model with national data from 2023. The main results highlight the key role of ICT skills, confidence in technology and the quality of Internet connectivity, revealing significant disparities between socio-economic groups. Meanwhile, it explores the second and third levels of the digital divide, with a special focus on the information and ICT domain and its effective application, analysing the penetration and main uses of e-government in Spain. Policy recommendations call for the enhancement of digital literacy, the fostering of trust in e-government and the improvement of Internet access for vulnerable populations to promote inclusive digital governance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"49 3","pages":"Article 102918"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143561563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yeongjun Yeo , Won-Sik Hwang , Kiyoon Shin , Chanyoung Hong , Inha Oh , Sungmoon Jung , Jeong-Dong Lee
{"title":"Dualistic nature of the 4IR: Investigating the economy-wide impacts of the 4IR with a focus on Korean economy using a CGE analysis","authors":"Yeongjun Yeo , Won-Sik Hwang , Kiyoon Shin , Chanyoung Hong , Inha Oh , Sungmoon Jung , Jeong-Dong Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102928","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102928","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study quantitatively assesses and projects the socioeconomic impacts of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) with a focus on the South Korean economy. We have developed a policy simulation framework using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to capture the intricate interplay between 4IR-driven technological advances and various economic sectors. The CGE analysis endeavors to quantify the widespread implications of 4IR technological changes in terms of GDP, industrial production, labor market dynamics, and income distribution. The study constructs various policy scenarios predicated on the diffusion of 4IR technologies and the conditions within the labor market. From the CGE analysis, it is evident that the 4IR exerts a dualistic impact on the economic system, where it offers opportunities for economic growth and efficiency while concurrently risking an exacerbation of labor market polarization and income inequality. However, the simulation results imply that strategic workforce development, synchronized with the adoption of 4IR technologies through lifelong learning and skill enhancement, is essential to soften the adverse effects of swift technological advancements and to ensure the benefits of the 4IR are equitably distributed across the economy. Our study advocates for a balanced approach that recognizes the unique potential and challenges of each sector and aims to support the workforce across all levels of skill and income.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"49 3","pages":"Article 102928"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143561564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Economic, political, and social factors impeding the regulation of digital platforms","authors":"Martha Garcia-Murillo , Ian MacInnes","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102915","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102915","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper analyzes the economic forces that led to the creation of the dominant digital platforms, including Google, Amazon, Meta, Microsoft, and Apple (GAMMA). There are many challenges in regulating big tech, considering the economic, political, and social factors involved. In the economic sphere, the reinforcing effects of networks and big data give GAMMA an advantage over new entrants and smaller players. They generate insights about consumers and innovate more easily due to collecting and analyzing vast amounts of information. They have a great advantage due to their size and have been sued for abuse of their power. In terms of politics, speech online has polarized US society, but it is difficult to regulate despite the harassment, bullying, and vigilantism that is fostered and the children that it has harmed. Numerous factors hinder regulation, so alternative methods will be necessary to minimize their negative impacts on society. These can include education and professional associations to establish standards. Non-government stakeholders will need to develop information, tools, and guidelines that can limit the harm done by these dominant platforms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"49 3","pages":"Article 102915"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143561379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A market analysis on data ecosystem initiators and their value propositions in different ecosystems","authors":"Maarten de Mildt, Sofie Verbrugge, Didier Colle","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102910","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102910","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The concept of data ecosystems is proposed as a solution to organise and manage increasingly complex data processes. A common narrative found in literature is that, using an ecosystem approach, an increased amount of data will be available, of higher quality, and this will lead to an increase in innovation. Even though these benefits seem promising at first, data ecosystems are not standard practice yet. A critical look at the way the market is implementing this concept is needed. A market analysis was performed on the different services that initiate and support data ecosystems. Three main ecosystem types, based on their scope, were identified: (1) single-organisation ecosystems, (2) application domain specific ecosystems, and (3) cross-domain ecosystems. Challenging these benefits of data ecosystems, this market analysis revealed that achieving the innovation potential and actual data reuse remains a challenge, especially for more broadly scoped ecosystems. Consequently, a successful data ecosystem implementation will require a critical assessment of its data reuse and innovation potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"49 3","pages":"Article 102910"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143562042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"It's just distributed computing: Rethinking AI governance","authors":"Milton L. Mueller","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102917","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102917","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>What we now lump under the unitary label “artificial intelligence” is not a single technology, but a highly varied set of machine learning applications enabled and supported by a globally ubiquitous system of distributed computing. The paper introduces a 4 part conceptual framework for analyzing the structure of that system, which it labels the digital ecosystem. What we now call “AI” is then shown to be a general functionality of distributed computing. \"AI” has been present in primitive forms from the origins of digital computing in the 1950s. Three short case studies show that large-scale machine learning applications have been present in the digital ecosystem ever since the rise of the Internet. and provoked the same public policy concerns that we now associate with “AI.” The governance problems of “AI” are really caused by the development of this digital ecosystem, not by LLMs or other recent applications of machine learning. The paper then examines five recent proposals to “govern AI”and maps them to the constituent elements of the digital ecosystem model. This mapping shows that real-world attempts to assert governance authority over AI capabilities requires systemic control of all four elements of the digital ecosystem: data, computing power, networks and software. “Governing AI,” in other words, means total control of distributed computing. A better alternative is to focus governance and regulation upon specific applications of machine learning. An application-specific approach to governance allows for a more decentralized, freer and more effective method of solving policy conflicts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"49 3","pages":"Article 102917"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143561657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The impact of FoMO and FoBO on YouTube summary video consumption: A social identity perspective","authors":"In-Young Park, Hyung-Min Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102909","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.102909","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rise of over-the-top (OTT) services provides users with an enormous amount of contents, but the increased choice can lead to user fatigues. Faced with time constraints and difficulties in content selection, individuals increasingly turn to summarized content to quickly obtain the information they seek, potentially leading to heightened media dependence. Additionally, social anxiety—specifically the fear of missing out (FoMO) and fear of better options (FoBO) — arising from social comparison is a critical factor that motivate people to actively engage with digital media to avoid exclusion. This study aimed to examine how individuals use and depend on media to construct social identity within their social groups in the digital era. A survey was conducted among those who watched YouTube summary video (n = 483). The result revealed that individuals with a strong social identity experience higher levels of both FoMO and FoBO. Notably, FoMO significantly influenced dependence on summary videos, as anxiety about missing out on information related to popular content led viewers to rely on these videos for quick updates. This study elucidates the role of social anxiety in shaping media consumption behavior in the digital age and provides insight into the psychological mechanisms underlying a new form of content consumption— summary videos. These findings have significant implications for content creators and platforms in designing effective marketing strategies that account for the psychological drivers of consumer behavior. Furthermore, this study suggests the need for a more flexible copyright policy regarding summary videos to facilitate content expansion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"49 2","pages":"Article 102909"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143378983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}