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Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health最新文献

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HIV: endocrine and metabolic disorders HIV:内分泌和代谢紊乱
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.47
R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price
{"title":"HIV: endocrine and metabolic disorders","authors":"R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.47","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides an overview of cardiovascular problems seen in patients who live with HIV. There is discussion of specific cardiovascular disorders, such as pericardial effusions, myocarditis, endocarditis, and cardiomyopathy. Key causes, presentation, and modalities of investigation are outlined. There is some discussion of cardiovascular disease, and association with HIV and drugs. Direct toxicity on the heart of some drugs used in the treatment of HIV or opportunistic infections is reviewed.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117348129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Psychological aspects and sexual problems 心理方面和性问题
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0035
{"title":"Psychological aspects and sexual problems","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0035","url":null,"abstract":"Psychological issues are commonly encountered within sexual health. They may be as a result of embarrassment or anxiety regarding the consultation/examination/procedure or due to being given a diagnosis, suffering a chronic or recurrent problem, or concern about a possible diagnosis. Mental illness can contribute to sexual dysfunction and vice versa. This chapter discusses psychosexual problems and sexual dysfunction in men and women, and how best to manage them. People living with HIV have a high prevalence of mental illness and people with mental illness are at increased risk of HIV acquisition. Stigma and isolation are commonly experienced amongst people with HIV and a multidisciplinary approach with psychology, social work, peer support is important for providing holistic care.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124351727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men 男性前列腺炎/慢性盆腔疼痛综合征
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0012
{"title":"Prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter, ‘Prostatitis or chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men’, provides the reader with a comprehensive overview of these syndromes. There are separate sections for acute bacterial prostatitis, chronic bacterial prostatitis, and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS). The Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (from National Institutes of Health) is included as a potentially useful tool in the assessment of men presenting with CPPS. Rarer causes of prostatitis are also outlined including granulomatous prostatitis (TB), parasites, viruses, and mycoses. The potential role of sexually transmitted pathogens is also included. HIV is mentioned as a risk for abscess formation in men presenting with bacterial prostatitis.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"128 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133973788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Proctocolitis and enteric sexually acquired infections 直肠结肠炎和肠道性获得性感染
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.19
R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price
{"title":"Proctocolitis and enteric sexually acquired infections","authors":"R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.19","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the important causes of sexually acquired enteric infections, proctitis, and proctocolitis. The key terms are defined, and the epidemiology and clinical presentations of the conditions are discussed. The bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections are reviewed. Common sexually transmitted causes of proctitis include Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis (D-K and LGV genotypes), and syphilis; these are on the increase. Non-sexual transmitted causes are outlined, as these can cause proctocolitis and need to be considered in the differential, but can often be distinguished with good history taking. Key investigations are outlined. Specific treatment of some of these are discussed, where not referred to elsewhere.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132923815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Contraception, including contraception for women living with HIV 避孕，包括对感染艾滋病毒的妇女采取避孕措施
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0034
{"title":"Contraception, including contraception for women living with HIV","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0034","url":null,"abstract":"In 2016, the number of pregnancies in women in England and Wales under 18 reached an all-time low since records began in 1969, although over the past decade legal abortions have increased in all ages except those over 40. Approximately 60% of women undergoing a termination of pregnancy report using a method of contraception at the time of conception – usually oral contraceptives or condoms. Long-active methods of contraception are the most reliable in preventing pregnancy. This chapter details the different methods of contraception, mode of action, benefits and disadvantages of different methods, efficacy, how to start and switch methods, including contraception post-partum and in women living with HIV infection.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131640401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The standard clinic process and sexual health in primary care 初级保健中的标准临床程序和性健康
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.03
R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price
{"title":"The standard clinic process and sexual health in primary care","authors":"R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.03","url":null,"abstract":"An estimated one in seven adults has visited a sexual health clinic. Many are asymptomatic, but reasons for attending are often emotive. This chapter describes attitudes, emotions, demographics, and characteristics of patients presenting to GUM services. Sexual practices and relationships are described, including medical and lay terminology. The GUM consultation process involves a detailed sexual history. An explanation of male and female genital examination includes when examination is appropriate, the importance of always offering a chaperone, and details of how to perform genital and relevant extra-genital examination, with detailed pelvic diagrams. This chapter gives an overview of management and review of patients, as well as levels of service provision within the community and specialist services.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129246302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
HIV: neurological disorders HIV:神经系统疾病
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199571666.003.43
R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price
{"title":"HIV: neurological disorders","authors":"R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199571666.003.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199571666.003.43","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the neurological manifestations seen with HIV. Describing the important opportunistic infections seen in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system, the direct effects of HIV on the CNS. Presenting symptoms are discussed. Each disease is described with discussion of epidemiology, presentation, management, and key investigations and treatment. Discussion of the effect of the immune system on disease presentation occurs throughout.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127362818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
HIV: primary infection HIV:原发感染
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.39
R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price
{"title":"HIV: primary infection","authors":"R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.39","url":null,"abstract":"Primary HIV infection (PHI) is usually defined as the first 6 months of infection, from the time of initial infection until viral replication establishes a balance with the immune system. Seroconversion occurs during this time, which may be asymptomatic or present with non-specific viral symptoms, and rarely severe hepatitis or neurological symptoms. This chapter describes the immune responses during this period and clinical features of acute seroconversion illness including common differential diagnoses. Details of how to diagnose PHI and management recommendations are included. There are many benefits to diagnosing PHI, including better prognosis to the patient and reducing onwards transmission.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122448320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
HIV: reticulo-endothelial disorders HIV:网状内皮紊乱
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.51
R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price
{"title":"HIV: reticulo-endothelial disorders","authors":"R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.51","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the blood disorders seen in patients living with HIV. HIV can directly affect the production of blood cells and the treatment of HIV may also lead to blood disorders rarely. The epidemiology of anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, and neutropaenia are outlined together with the key investigations needed when patients are found with these abnormalities. Infection, malignancies, and nutritional deficiencies as causes of haematological abnormalities are reviewed. The treatment of these conditions is outlined. The chapter also reviews the problems seen with coagulation in HIV. HIV-associated lymphadenopathy is discussed and the differential diagnosis of lymphadenopathy in people living with HIV are outlined.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128026720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Staging, classification, and natural history of HIV disease HIV疾病的分期、分类和自然史
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.37
R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price
{"title":"Staging, classification, and natural history of HIV disease","authors":"R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.37","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides some historical background to the development of HIV disease-staging and classification systems. The illness (AIDS) was described before the discovery of HIV, the causative agent. The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) devised a classification system, revised in 1993, based on clinical features, AIDS-defining illnesses, and CD4 counts. The revised WHO Clinical Staging of HIV/AIDS for Adults and Adolescents is based on clinical progression, and is used in 3rd world countries and as a research tool. This chapter provides description of the natural history of untreated HIV infection. Without treatment, HIV is invariably fatal, but the course is variable depending on CD4 count, host factors, and the development of conditions such as opportunistic infections and malignancies.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134107670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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