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Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health最新文献

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Other viral infections 其他病毒感染
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0026
F. Orkin
{"title":"Other viral infections","authors":"F. Orkin","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0026","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter covers other viral infections associated with sexually transmitted diseases, covering their aetiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, and associated investigations and management. These viruses can be sexually transmitted and lead to diverse manifestations of systemic infection and also risk to foetuses in some cases. They are important, as advice may need to be given about sexual transmission in patients presenting with acute infection or at risk of infection, due to travel to areas of risk or contact with partners with infection or risk of infection. The chapter includes Epstein–Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1, human herpes virus-8, and also newly emerging viruses, such as Zika and Ebola.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126474431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Genital anomalies 生殖器异常
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0033
{"title":"Genital anomalies","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0033","url":null,"abstract":"Genital anomalies considers both congenital and acquired differences in genital anatomy in both men and women. Clinicians performing genital examinations will frequently encounter many of these in their practice, and within this chapter each anomaly is succinctly described and for many the appropriate management is subsequently outlined. In men, the following differences are included: epispadias, hypospadias, lymphocele, paraphimosis, Peyronie’s disease, priapism, phimosis, spermatoceles and epididymal cysts, urethral channels, and varicocele. In women: Bartholin gland pathology (cysts and abscesses), cervical polyps, Mullerian duct anomalies (vaginal agenesis, vaginal and uterine septae, unicornuate uterus and uterus didelphys), and urethral caruncles are outlined.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122128522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Investigations and microscopy 调查和显微术
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.04
R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price
{"title":"Investigations and microscopy","authors":"R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.04","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter covers investigations and tests commonly used in sexual health. Some investigations can be performed on-site as the patient waits, such as urinalysis, pregnancy tests, and increasingly available point of care tests for infections such as HIV and, less commonly, the other blood-borne viruses, syphilis, Trichomonas vaginalis. On-site microscopy helps with diagnosis of genital candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis, N. gonorrhoeae infection, and T. vaginalis. Other investigations require sending samples away for laboratory testing of genital or ulcer swab, urine, or blood samples for STI and blood-borne viruses. This chapter explains the use of light and dark ground microscopy, near patient rapid test technologies, molecular methods such as nucleic acid amplification, culture and serology. Sensitivities and specificities of commonly available test kits are included.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127657353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
HIV: malignancies 艾滋病毒:恶性肿瘤
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0054
{"title":"HIV: malignancies","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0054","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews the important malignancies that are associated with HIV. It reviews the overall increase in incidence of malignancies seen in patients who live with HIV. The effect of the immune system on cancers is reviewed. Specific HIV-associated malignancies that are often associated with viral co-infection are discussed. Malignancies may present significantly differently in patients living with HIV. The chapter describes the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management, including treatment of Kaposi’s sarcoma, lymphoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and cervical and anal cancer. Castleman’s disease is also reviewed in this chapter. Chemotherapy and the effect of HIV and treatment of HIV is discussed.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131848338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sexually acquired reactive arthritis 性获得性反应性关节炎
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.13
R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price
{"title":"Sexually acquired reactive arthritis","authors":"R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.13","url":null,"abstract":"Sexually acquired reactive arthritis is an uncommon complication of urethritis or cervicitis associated with C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae. Human leucocyte antigen B27 positivity is a risk factor. Main clinical features are musculoskeletal, ophthalmic, and dermatological with other systems rarely involved. The condition usually resolves in 2–6 months, but chronicity or recurrence affects 15–30%. Management includes treatment for specific infective agent and measures appropriate for the affected organs or systems as determined by clinical assessment.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133596992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
HIV: management 艾滋病毒:管理
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0055
{"title":"HIV: management","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0055","url":null,"abstract":"The treatment of HIV has changed radically over the past 30 years. HIV has changed from an inevitably fatal infection, to an easily treated infection and normal life expectancy if diagnosis is made early, prior to becoming immune compromised and subsequent complications. As people with HIV are living longer, and HIV clinic populations are ageing, co-morbidities, polypharmacy, and drug interactions are becoming more of a challenge. This chapter describes how and when to start antiretroviral therapy (ART), which regimen to choose, drug side effects and complications, drug resistance, and drug interactions. Long-term monitoring and follow up, as well as a handy guide to recommended vaccinations are also included, to serve as a one-stop quick reference HIV clinic guide.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127150335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
HIV: introduction and epidemiology 艾滋病毒:介绍和流行病学
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.35
R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price
{"title":"HIV: introduction and epidemiology","authors":"R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.35","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides background information to the events that led to the discovery of HIV. Previously fit young men who have sex with men presented with certain infections and cancers, coupled with severe immune deficiency, which was later given the name acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). This chapter gives information about the origin of HIV and its link to simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). This chapter provides information on the geographical, and the epidemiological differences between HIV-1 and HIV-2. The chapter also explains the biological implications of HIV types and subtypes. Risk factors and transmission routes are also discussed, in addition to UK and worldwide HIV prevalence data.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130413983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
HIV: disorders of the eye HIV:眼部疾病
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.44
R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price
{"title":"HIV: disorders of the eye","authors":"R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.44","url":null,"abstract":"Although the incidence of ocular complications of HIV declined significantly with the wide availability of effective antiretroviral therapy, they are still important and require close collaboration between the HIV physician and the ophthalmologists. This chapter describes the ophthalmic manifestations of HIV infection, tabulated according to the anatomy of the eye. HIV-related conditions and opportunistic infections are described. Particular reference and details are given to important eye infections, such as CMV retinitis, ophthalmic herpes zoster, acute retinal necrosis, and progressive outer retinal necrosis.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"245 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114630435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
HIV: cardiovascular disorders HIV:心血管疾病
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199571666.003.49
R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price
{"title":"HIV: cardiovascular disorders","authors":"R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199571666.003.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199571666.003.49","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses key cardiovascular conditions that effect people who live with HIV. HIV can lead to direct effect on the heart and the drug treatments may modify risk factors for heart disease. The chapter reviews the epidemiology of heart diseases in people who live with HIV . Specific disease processes are discussed, including cardiomyopathy, pericardial effusion, myocarditis, and endocarditis. Effect of HIV treatment on cardiovascular risk is discussed. Cardiovascular disease in people who live with HIV is reviewed with a focus on lifestyle changes, and effect of drugs on the heart and risk factors for heart disease. Risk profiling of cardiovascular disease is outlined with some discussion of treatment.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"38 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122451675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Anogenital dermatoses
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0029
{"title":"Anogenital dermatoses","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0029","url":null,"abstract":"Ano-genital dermatoses provides information on the following anogenital skin conditions: common benign lesions/anomalies (angiokeratomas, Fordyce spots, epidermoid cysts, epidermal naevi, haemangioma, idiopathic calcinosis of the scrotum, melanocytic naevi, nabothian follicles, pearly penile papules, pigmentary changes, prominent hair follicles, seborrheic keratosis, skin tags, vulval papillae); degenerative condition (ovarian failure); infective conditions (tinea cruris, erythrasma); inflammatory conditions (irritant and contact dermatitis, seborrhoeic dermatitis, fixed drug eruption, psoriasis, lichen planus, plasma cell balanitis, lichen sclerosus, hidradenitis suppuritiva); ulcerative conditions (aphthous ulcers, Lipschutz ulcers, Behçet’s disease, erythema multiforme/Stevens–Johnson syndrome, pyoderma gangrenosum, pemphigus vulgaris); premalignant conditions and malignant conditions (extramammary Paget’s disease, squamous intraepithelial neoplasia). The chapter ends with a table of options for steroids of differing strengths.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122997792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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