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Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health最新文献

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Urinary tract infection 尿路感染
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0021
Bodaghi Esfandiar
{"title":"Urinary tract infection","authors":"Bodaghi Esfandiar","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0021","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter on urinary tract infections brings up to date advice on the aetiology, diagnosis, and management of urinary tract infections in adults. The microbiology of this common presentation is discussed, together with recent patterns of resistance. Different clinical presentations are highlighted: lower UTI, upper UTI, asymptomatic bacteriuria, pregnancy, catheterized patients, haematuria, the elderly, urethral syndrome, interstitial cystitis and drug-induced cystitis. The role of different diagnostic tests, in particular routine urine culture, is explored. Guidance on the management of different clinical presentations of UTI is given, as well as an outline of the options for reducing the frequency of recurrent UTI in those so predisposed.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125246428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Anogenital herpes 肛门-生殖器疱疹
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0022
{"title":"Anogenital herpes","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0022","url":null,"abstract":"Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) seroprevalence increases with age up to 80%, while sero-prevalence of HSV-2 increases following adolescence, suggesting sexual transmission. Only 2–20% of people with HSV-2 antibodies can recall a symptomatic episode, while others are troubled with frequent and severe recurrences. A primary outbreak of genital herpes at the time of delivery is an indication for caesarean section, although with a recurrent episode of herpes, vaginal delivery is usually recommended, due to low risk of complications for the neonate. This chapter discusses epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis and management of ano-genital herpes for primary outbreak and recurrences, as well as management in pregnancy.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127127077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Bacterial vaginosis and anaerobic balanitis 细菌性阴道病和厌氧平衡炎
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.14
R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price
{"title":"Bacterial vaginosis and anaerobic balanitis","authors":"R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.14","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter, ‘Bacterial vaginosis (BV) and anaerobic balanitis’, provides an overview of the aetiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of these common conditions. It contains discussion of the role of a polymicrobial vaginal biofilm in the aetiology of BV and outlines the associated organisms. Clinical features and complications of BV are discussed, and the chapter then goes on to look at the different diagnostic frameworks used (including Hay-Ison and Amsel’s criteria). The management of BV is discussed with particular attention to strategies for recurrent BV and also pregnancy. The chapter ends with a discussion of anaerobic balanitis in men and the role that Gardnerella vaginalis plays.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130684310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The genitourinary medicine service 泌尿生殖医学服务
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.01
R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price
{"title":"The genitourinary medicine service","authors":"R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.01","url":null,"abstract":"The development of the genitourinary medicine/integrated sexual health service in the United Kingdom over the last hundred years is summarized. The chapter then summarizes the aims of the service, and the administrative and clinical processes that are employed in delivering the required services, sexual health promotion activities and performance indicators.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125389493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Specific genitourinary situations 泌尿生殖系统的特殊情况
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199571666.003.05
R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price
{"title":"Specific genitourinary situations","authors":"R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199571666.003.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199571666.003.05","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter summarizes clinical features, causes, diagnosis, and management of different groups of presentations or situations that need to be managed in genitourinary medicine or sexual health settings. Algorithms are provided for the different topics covered. The topics are listed at the beginning of the chapter.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124999255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Non-gonococcal urethritis and mucopurulent cervicitis 非淋菌性尿道炎和粘液化脓性宫颈炎
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0010
{"title":"Non-gonococcal urethritis and mucopurulent cervicitis","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis in 11–50% of cases, but Mycoplasma genitalium is being increasingly recognized as a common cause. Mycoplasma genitalium is not as well understood, and experience with treatment is limited; however, antibiotic resistance is already a problem. Asymptomatic in up to 20% of men, symptoms include dysuria and urethral discharge. Mucopurulent cervicitis is the female equivalent, but is less well defined. This chapter describes the aetiology, clinical features, complications, and investigations and management of NGU, and mucopurulent cervicitis. Management of recurrent and persistent urethritis is also covered, including a separate section for diagnosis and management of Mycoplasma genitalium.\u0000","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124562059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
HIV: hepatitis virus co-infection HIV:肝炎病毒合并感染
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.41
R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price
{"title":"HIV: hepatitis virus co-infection","authors":"R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.41","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the common hepatitis viruses that can occur in conjunction with HIV infection. These include hepatitis B (including co-infection with hepatitis D) and C viruses. These infections are much more common amongst people who live with HIV (PWLH) than the general population due to the fact that they may also be sexually transmitted or transmitted through blood products together with HIV, as well as the fact that areas of high endemicity for hepatitis viruses and HIV overlap. Hepatitis viruses have become very important causes of liver disease amongst PWLH due to the success of HIV treatment. There is discussion of the epidemiology of these viruses in the setting of HIV. As well as how to manage the infections, including important treatment considerations when treating both HIV and hepatitis viruses. With focus on treatment differences, and drug interactions between treatments for HIV and hepatitis viruses.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"300 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115908134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
HIV: dermatological disorders HIV:皮肤病
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199571666.003.45
R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price
{"title":"HIV: dermatological disorders","authors":"R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199571666.003.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199571666.003.45","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the important skin disorders seen in HIV. HIV infection can lead to dermatological disorders during any stage. Rashes are commonly seen during HIV seroconversion. Skin conditions such as psoriasis are seen with increased frequency. Kaposi’s sarcoma and other skin cancers are discussed in more detail. The chapter focuses on presentation of skin rashes caused by infection, inflammatory conditions, drugs, and cancer associated with HIV. Presentation and treatment of infectious causes of skin disease are discussed. Management of these conditions is described. The diagnosis and management of drug rashes associated with treatment of HIV are described where appropriate.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131387188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
HIV: diagnosis and assessment 艾滋病毒:诊断和评估
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.38
R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price
{"title":"HIV: diagnosis and assessment","authors":"R. Pattman, N. Sankar, B. Elawad, P. Handy, D. Price","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199571666.003.38","url":null,"abstract":"The World Health Organization has set a target to achieve by 2030 that 90% of people with HIV are aware of their diagnosis, 90% of those are on treatment, and 90% of these have an undetectable viral load. People with HIV who are not aware of their diagnosis are more likely to be diagnosed late with increased morbidity and mortality, and 50% of new transmissions are from people unaware of their status. This chapter describes the challenges in increasing testing and diagnosis, recommendations for HIV testing, and initial assessment and management of those newly diagnosed with HIV infection.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114482451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ethical, medico-legal & sociocultural issues 伦理、医学、法律和社会文化问题
Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0002
{"title":"Ethical, medico-legal & sociocultural issues","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198783497.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter on ethical, medico-legal, and sociocultural issues provides an overview of ethical, legal and cultural challenges that may face any healthcare professional (HCP), but are of particular relevance to those working in sexual health services or caring for people living with HIV. This chapter includes sections on confidentiality and consent, child sexual exploitation (CSE), pertinent legislation, sexual offences, female genital mutilation (FGM), intimate examinations and the use of chaperones, the use of electronic technology, partner notification issues, the official recommendations for people living with HIV working as HCPs in the UK (HIV-infected healthcare workers), and some practical advice in relation to providing written legal statements and court appearances.","PeriodicalId":222057,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV, and Sexual Health","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128571535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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