Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Surface modification of keratin from agro-industrial products treated by green processes to generate sustainable materials","authors":"Lucero R. Treviño-Cervantes ,&nbsp;Arturo Colín-Cruz ,&nbsp;Ana Laura Martínez-Hernández ,&nbsp;Veronica Saucedo-Rivalcoba ,&nbsp;Perla E. García-Casillas ,&nbsp;Carlos Velasco-Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.101959","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.101959","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural fibers have attracted increasing interest for diverse purposes, driven by their environmental sustainability, favorable mechanical properties, and potential for the development of various innovative materials. Keratin fibers (feathers and angora rabbit) obtained from agroindustrial processes have recently gained significant attention in fields such as environmental treatments and materials science. This study introduces a eco-friendly methodology for treating fibers without using chemical reagents, providing a sustainable alternative. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy revealed that the integrity of the main keratin structure after treatments was maintained and only slight changes in secondary structure were found where the band related to hydrogen bonds rearrangement, the shifts related to amide I in barbs, rachis and angora fibers are found from 1629 cm⁻¹ to 1631 cm⁻¹ and 1642 to 1627, 1629 and 1641 respectively. Thermal behavior was observed through Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Thermogravimetric Analysis showed that despite treatments with heat and pressure, generating disruption of disulfide bonds, the thermal stability was unaltered, and even thermal stability is improved for instance from 276 °C (barbs), 322 °C (rachis) and 320 °C (angora) in untreated fibers to the ranges of 277–284 °C (barbs), 336–339 °C (rachis) and 323–330 °C (angora). The hydrophobic characteristic behavior of keratin fibers was studied, and results showed it remains favorable. Scanning Electron Microscopy showed subtle surface modifications and severe damage was not observed. XRD analysis show slight changes in crystal arrangement and corroborate FTIR results with the hydrogen bonds modification producing α-helix and β-sheet secondary structure transitions due to eco-friendly treatments. Thus, these chemical-free approaches not only offer a sustainable option for fiber treatment but also holds the potential to replace chemical treatments due to the achieved surface modifications. Moreover, it focuses on the imperative need to explore reutilization options for fibers derived from agro-industrial processes, contributing substantially to environmental conservation. This dual effect positions the methodology as a promising opportunity for sustainable material processing. Thus, the study provides alternatives to avoid chemical reagents in fiber treatments, producing rugosity and surface changes in fibers, these characteristics are useful in polymers reinforced with natural fibers but preserving their intrinsic physical properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 101959"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable quantitative analysis of Dasatinib Monohydrate using green RP- and NP-HPTLC methods in API and formulation with greenness evaluation by AGREE tool","authors":"Pratiksha P. Bang,&nbsp;Hardik G. Bhatt","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.101966","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.101966","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For the assessment of Dasatinib monohydrate (DST) in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations, specific, accurate, and sustainable reverse phase and normal phase high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (RP- and NP-HPTLC) methods were developed and validated. The mobile phase for RP and NP-HPTLC were composed of 2-propanol:water:glacial acetic acid (60:40:0.2, v/v/v) and methanol:<em>n</em>-butylacetate:glacial acetic acid (50:50:0.2, v/v/v), respectively. For the RP-HPTLC (R_f value of 0.31 ± 0.2) and NP-HPTLC (R_f value of 0.39 ± 0.2) techniques, it was observed that both methods produced compact and dense spots during densitometric evaluations in the reflectance-absorbance mode at 323 nm. In the concentration range of 30–500 ng/spot, RP-HPTLC demonstrated linear regression analysis in the calibration plot with an R² value of 0.9998. Similarly, NP-HPTLC also showed a strong linear relationship in the calibration plot with an R² of 0.9995 in the concentration range of 200–1200 ng/spot. The developed methods were validated for various parameters like specificity, accuracy, robustness, and recovery as per the ICH guideline Q2(R1). Both methods were employed for the estimation of DST in marketed formulation and satisfactory results were obtained. The AGREE tool was implemented for the assessment of greenness and AGREE scores of 0.9 and 0.88 were achieved for RP and NP-HPTLC methods, respectively reflecting the extreme greenness of both methods. These emerging and sustainable environmentally friendly green methods could be explored in pharmaceutical industries to protect nature from the potential hazards of organic solvents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 101966"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the hard journey of catalytic lignin amination valorization","authors":"Yihong Cai ,&nbsp;Hao Huang ,&nbsp;Zixuan Tan ,&nbsp;Bo Yang ,&nbsp;Guangping Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhuoxi Li ,&nbsp;Shaoqu Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.101962","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.101962","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lignin, a pivotal component in biomass conversion, holds significant potential for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds. However, studies on the amination of real lignin remain limited, primarily due to its complex structure compared to model compounds. This review explores the factors influencing lignin valorization, from its extraction to the synthesis of nitrogenous products. Organic solvent-extracted lignin, characterized by its intact molecular structure, abundance of functional groups, and absence of sulfur, facilitates easier degradation and amination due to enhanced catalyst targeting. Among various catalysts analyzed, ruthenium-based systems demonstrated superior performance, achieving high yields in clean, environmentally friendly solvents. The review delves into the distinct roles of catalysts in lignin amination reactions, providing insights into reaction mechanisms and catalyst performance. Additionally, the influence of solvents and their critical factors for effective amination are discussed, alongside minor contributors such as catalyst carriers, hydrogen and amine sources, and non-catalytic thermal reactions. The advantages and limitations of various conditions for lignin amination are critically compared, highlighting existing challenges. Finally, this review outlines future directions for advancing lignin amination systems, offering innovative perspectives for expanding the frontiers of lignin valorization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 101962"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dunite powder as a green precursor in one-part alkali-activated composites: Effects on mechanical and durability properties","authors":"Ahmet Benli ,&nbsp;Oğuzhan Yavuz Bayraktar ,&nbsp;Mehmet Karataş ,&nbsp;Burak Bodur ,&nbsp;Mehmet Uğur Yılmazoğlu ,&nbsp;Gökhan Kaplan","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.101964","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.101964","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural pozzolans are a sustainable alternative to Portland cement, offering abundant alumina and reactive silica for geopolymer production. Due to their simple extraction methods, they are cost-effective and environmentally friendly. This study explores the utilization of dunite powder (DP) as a sustainable precursor in one-part alkali-activated slag-based composites (AAC), aiming to evaluate its potential to partially replace granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS). The mechanical, fresh, and durability properties of the composites were investigated by varying DP replacement levels (0%, 15%, 30%, and 60%) under an activator dosage of sodium metasilicate, with the mixtures cured at 80 °C for 24 h and subsequently exposed to ambient conditions. The compressive and flexural strengths were evaluated at 7, 28, and 91 days, while the fresh properties (flowability and setting time), durability under sulfate attack, high-temperature resistance, freeze-thaw resistance, dry shrinkage, sorptivity and microstructural characteristics (SEM, XRD, and FT-IR) were also examined. The compressive strength decreased with higher DP content, with the 60% DP mixture showing a 43% strength reduction at 28 days compared to the reference mixture. However, the 30% DP mixture achieved a favorable balance between strength and sustainability, demonstrating a compressive strength decrease of only 11% at 91 days. The mixture containing 15% DP demonstrated the best performance under high-temperature conditions and freeze-thaw cycles. The 60% DP mixture exhibited the highest mass and strength loss when exposed to temperatures above 400 °C and a 15% compressive strength reduction after 120 days of immersion in a 10% MgSO₄ solution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 101964"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient conversion of CO2 into quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones by glutarimide-based ionic liquids: Relationship among catalytic activity, CO2 absorption capacity, and the interaction force of cations and anions","authors":"Ruiyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinyi Sun ,&nbsp;Li Wang ,&nbsp;Jinglai Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.101956","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.101956","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The harsh reaction condition, especially for the high carbon dioxide (CO₂) pressure, is an obstacle for the carboxylation cyclization reaction of CO₂ with 2-aminobenzonitrile due to the inertness of CO₂. Ionic liquids represent an important class of catalysts for this process, however, there is lack of efficient strategy to screen the robust ionic liquids. Herein, 11 ionic liquids including three novel glutarimide-based ionic liquids are synthesized to catalyze the aforementioned reaction. Among them, [BZTMA][GLU] achieves a yield of 98.6% for quinazoline-2,4(1<em>H</em>,3<em>H</em>)-dione even under atmospheric pressure, with the following reaction conditions: 2-aminobenzonitrile (1 mmol), [BZTMA][GLU] (0.8 mmol), 70 °C, 8 h, and 1 mL of DMSO. Interestingly, the catalytic performance is related with the interaction of cation and anion and the amount of CO₂ absorption. Specifically, when the interaction between the anion and cation less than −6.35 kcal mol⁻¹, and the CO₂ absorption by the ionic liquid exceeds 1.37 mol CO₂ per mol IL, the catalytic yield will be greater than 98.6%. This relationship facilitates the efficient screening of new ionic liquids. The actual catalytic species is [BZTMA][GLU] and the –NH₂ group is activated, which is verified by combination of ¹H NMR spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This work firstly reports the new strategy to screen the robust ionic liquid for the title reaction, which is favorable to the efficient identification of high-performance ionic liquids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 101956"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143446106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle assessment and economic analysis of aspirin production","authors":"Longfei Ma ,&nbsp;Jingying Li ,&nbsp;Hongjuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Long Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.101963","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.101963","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As one of the most widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the world. However, in the production chain of aspirin, every link from active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) production, galenic formulation and packaging involves energy consumption and environmental emissions. In this study, life cycle assessment (LCA) combined with economic analysis was used to investigate the cradle to gate system of aspirin products. In the API production phase, two main acetic anhydride production processes were compared, namely, oxo synthesis process and ketene cracking process. In the packaging phase, in order to explore more environmentally friendly and economical packaging solutions, four alternative packaging types were studied, including two packaging material types (TS-02 and TS-03), one bottled packaging (TS-04) and one sachet packaging (TS-05). The results of LCA analysis show that the packaging stage is the largest contributor to the environmental impact, followed by the API production stage, and the galenic formulation has the least impact. The economic cost analysis showed that the cost of API was the highest, reaching 41.15%. In the improvement measures, the production of acetic anhydride by the process of oxo synthesis has obvious advantages, which can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the production of API. In addition, the use of hydro, wind, nuclear and photovoltaic can conspicuously reduce the environmental burden of aspirin production. In the substitution of packaging materials, it was found that PET and PE packaging materials showed significant environmental improvements, and the TS-04 packaging type performed better in both environmental and economic terms. This study intends to provide constructive suggestions for the process improvement and emission reduction of aspirin production from the life cycle perspective.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 101963"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-friendly approach of bio-indigo synthesis and developing purification methods towards isolation of indigo from indirubin and bacterial fragments","authors":"Ramalingam Manivannan,&nbsp;Kaliyan Prabakaran,&nbsp;Young-A Son","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.101954","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.101954","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bio-dyes are natural dyes developed from renewable and sustainable sources that offer an ecologically responsible option to conventional synthetic dyes. Indigo dye is an organic compound with a distinctive blue color, and developing an ecologically suitable and efficient biocatalyst for indigo production is essential given the current need for blue colors. 2 g/L indigo was generated in a fermenter from 11.2 g/L tryptophan utilizing growth parameters of 3 vvm aeration, 200 rpm agitation, neutral pH, and 30 °C. Sustaining sufficient levels of oxygen is a critical factor in producing bio-indigo. <em>E. coli</em> gains the ability to withstand its toxicity in batch fermentation with large amounts of collected indigo, and the cells exhibit outstanding plasmid stability. Indigo was extracted from the <em>E. coli</em> mixture using solvent extraction, followed by purification via ultrasonication, centrifugation, and filtration. The purified bio-indigo was confirmed using NMR and UV–visible spectral techniques. For further confirmation, this bio-indigo dye was used to dye various fabrics and the dyeing results were compared with the samples dyed using commercial indigo. Dyeing tests on various fabrics with bio-indigo and commercial indigo, in alkaline and acidic media. The dyed samples showed similar fastness ratings in both indigo samples and color strength (K/S) analysis revealed superior results for alkaline leuco indigo dyeing, particularly on PET and nylon. Acidic leuco indigo showed poor color strength on cotton, likely due to cellulose hydroxyl group protonation. Therefore, the bio-indigo samples exhibited excellent stability, fastness, and color strength, demonstrating effective dye penetration and absorption in fabrics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 101954"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"%Greenness, a new metric to assess solvents","authors":"John J. Tovar ,&nbsp;M. Julieta Espeche ,&nbsp;María C. Galván ,&nbsp;Laura I. Rossi","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.101952","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.101952","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seven solvents (green and non-green) were used in the nitration and α-halogenation reactions. The parameters \"% Greenness\" (%G) and “% Price-Affected Greenness” (%PAfG) are proposed for solvent analysis. Partial conversion of benzothiophene to the expected nitro compounds was observed when the reaction was carried out at reflux in dimethylcabonate (60.5%G) or acetic acid (36.8%G). However, in dichloromethane (39.5%G) where there was higher substrate conversion, the reaction was not chemoselective. In the case of cinammic acid, β-nitrostyrene was observed when the nitration reaction was carried out at reflux in dimethylcarbonate or acetonitrile (42.1%G). In ethyl acetate (65.8%G) and dichloromethane, cinnamic acid did not react and, in cyclopentyl methyl ether (31.6%G), by-products of the solvent were observed. Finally, in the halogenation reaction, the best solvent to obtain α-bromopropiophenone was ethyl acetate. All reactions were analysed with different green metrics such as AE, EcoScale, RME, and GWP, among others. For example, the best %GSAI values, in the three reactions studied, were obtained at dimethylcarbonate (45.0, 52.5, and 62.5, respectively). While the best EcoScale values were 50 in acetic acid in the aromatic nitration, 55 in dimethylcarbonate in the alkene nitration, and 68 in ethyl acetate in the halogenation reaction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 101952"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143419197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An explainable boosting-based ensemble machine learning model for predicting the properties of date palm fiber reinforced concrete","authors":"Musa Adamu ,&nbsp;Sanjog Chhetri Sapkota ,&nbsp;Sourav Das ,&nbsp;Prasenjit Saha ,&nbsp;Yasser E. Ibrahim","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.101949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.101949","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural fibers from date palm trees have been utilized in concrete, mortar and blocks to boost thermal insulation, ductility, energy absorption, and acoustical properties. but exhibits poor bonding with the cement paste and cause reduction in strength and durability of the concrete. For suitable application and acceptability of the date palm fibers (DPF) in concrete, methods to counteract its detrimental impacts on the concrete's performance needs to be developed. Hence, in this research, powdered activated carbon (PAC) due to its high reactivity was utilized as an additive to concrete containing DPF to mitigate its negative effects. The composite was made by adding different proportions of DPF between 1% and 3% of cement weight, and 1–3% PAC by cement. Machine learning (ML) technique was employed for predicting the DPF reinforced concrete properties for both time and cost savings. Five distinct ML algorithms were adopted to predict the hardened properties of sustainable concrete: Gradient Boosting, Adaptive boosting, Light Gradient Boosting Machine, Extreme Gradient Boosting, and Categorical Boosting. The XGBoost and CatBoost models outperformed the other algorithm models in terms of the prediction accuracy of hardened properties when compared using a testing dataset. It was observed that the XGBoost model outperformed others in terms of compressive and split tensile strength predictions with correlation coefficients of 0.992 and 0.985, respectively. Similarly, the CatBoost model showed better efficiency in flexural strength and Water Absorption prediction, with high correlation coefficients of 0.989 and 0.985, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 101949"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143419196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activation of fungal biomasses with varied activating agents: Evolution of pore structures of activated carbon","authors":"Mingzhu Guo ,&nbsp;Yuewen Shao ,&nbsp;Shu Zhang ,&nbsp;Xun Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.101946","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.101946","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fungi are an important category of biomass resource, which is carbonaceous and could be potential precursors for production of activated carbon (AC). Nonetheless, distinct composition of fungi from woody biomasses might produce AC of different pore characteristics. Herein, two common fungal species, white jade fungus (WJF) and mushrooms, were activated with K₂C₂O₄, ZnCl₂ or H₃PO₄. The resulting ACs were analyzed by using a range of characterization techniques and their performances for adsorption of Cr (VI) were measured. The results indicated that K₂C₂O₄ facilitated cracking of aliphatic structures in WJF, diminishing AC production (25.9%) but enhancing formation of micropores (97.9% and 1108.6 m² g⁻¹). Higher content of unstable organics in mushrooms further lowered AC yield (18.7%) but led to higher specific surface area (1417.2 m² g⁻¹) with K₂C₂O₄ as an activator. ZnCl₂ promoted condensation to generate more AC (44.9%) with abundant mesopores (56.1%) from WJF. Except condensation, Maillard reactions catalyzed by ZnCl₂ retained nitrogen species in AC while cracking with K₂C₂O₄ transferred them into bio-oil. Although H₃PO₄ catalyzed condensation, it could not facilitate pore development. <em>In-situ</em> IR characterization of activation showed that K₂C₂O₄ hindered aromatization while ZnCl₂ facilitated elimination of –OH and C<img>O on nascent AC. This activated outer/inner surface of nascent AC, inducing structural re-construction and forming bulky particles of very densified structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 101946"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}