{"title":"Learning second/additional languages with ADHD","authors":"Marina Ridchenko, Kara Morgan-Short","doi":"10.1017/s0272263125101277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263125101277","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined whether the contribution of memory systems that play a role in second/additional language (L2/A) learning in adults with neurotypical cognition differs in L2/A learning in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Participants ( <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 154) learned an artificial L2/A with morphophonological rules and completed assessments of working, declarative, and procedural memory, as well as an ADHD questionnaire. Our results did not find evidence for differences in L2/A learning between participants diagnosed with ADHD and neurotypical controls. We also did not find that the role of memory differed among learners based on ADHD symptomatology, although we tentatively interpreted an interaction between declarative memory and ADHD symptomatology. We did find evidence for a general role of working memory on learning for one type of morphophonological rule. Overall, the results contribute to a broader understanding of the role of memory systems in L2/A for both neurodivergent and neurotypical language learners.","PeriodicalId":22008,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition","volume":"245 1","pages":"140-161"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148285859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of ADHD on additional language learning and use","authors":"Agnieszka Kałdonek-Crnjaković","doi":"10.1017/s0272263126101533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263126101533","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the beliefs about additional language learning and use and knowledge of additional languages of 226 multilingual adults with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with Polish L1. The data were collected via an online questionnaire with Likert-type statements. Data were analyzed using mixed models (GLMMs). The findings show that a) individuals with ADHD hold a neutral view of their additional language learning and use experiences; b) the hyperactivity/impulsivity ADHD presentation may positively affect additional language learning; and c) Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or dyslexia has no impact on additional language knowledge in the context of ADHD. The discussion points to the importance of attention in additional language acquisition and the possible compensatory role of ADHD and ASD in the context of dyslexia and language learning.","PeriodicalId":22008,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition","volume":"31 1","pages":"162-181"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148285856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thi Ngoc Yen Dang, John Read, Thi Phuong Dung Cao, Thi My Hang Nguyen, Huu Thanh Minh Nguyen
{"title":"Second language knowledge of academic collocations and its relationship with knowledge of academic words and general high-frequency words","authors":"Thi Ngoc Yen Dang, John Read, Thi Phuong Dung Cao, Thi My Hang Nguyen, Huu Thanh Minh Nguyen","doi":"10.1017/s0272263126101636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263126101636","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge of academic collocations is important for academic communication. Examining its relationship with knowledge of academic words and general high-frequency words should provide insights into the relative value of prior knowledge of different kinds of single words for the development of collocational knowledge in academic contexts, thus expanding our understanding of vocabulary knowledge beyond the current conception of individual word knowledge. Yet no studies have addressed this issue, mainly due to the lack of validated tests for academic words and collocations. This study employed three pairs of newly developed tests to measure Vietnamese EFL learners’ knowledge of academic collocations, academic words, and general high-frequency words. Results showed that at the form-recall level, both academic word and general high-frequency word knowledge were positively associated with academic collocation knowledge, with academic words having a stronger relationship. At the form-recognition level, only academic words and academic collocations were positively correlated.","PeriodicalId":22008,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147519272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An eye-tracking study of the impact of item presentation and item format on cognitive processing in L2 listening assessment","authors":"Tingting Liu, Vahid Aryadoust","doi":"10.1017/s0272263126101648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263126101648","url":null,"abstract":"Listening ability in second language (L2) assessment is elicited through test methods that often require other abilities, which may introduce construct-irrelevant variance and threaten the validity of the test. While previous research has examined the effects of item presentation and item format on test performance, studies on test-takers’ cognitive processing remain exploratory. This study investigates the effects of two test method variables, item presentation (operationalized as while-listening performance [WLP] vs. post-listening performance [PLP]) and item format (operationalized as multiple-choice questions [MCQs] vs. open-ended questions [OEQs]), on test-takers’ cognitive processing, using gaze behaviors as real-time indicators. A Graeco-Latin square design was employed to administer four psychometrically validated short-talk listening testlets across the test conditions. Eye-tracking data were collected while controlling for word count and typing speed as covariates. Linear mixed-effects modeling revealed higher total fixation duration, fixation counts, total visit duration, and visit counts in the WLP condition than in the PLP condition. Interaction effects for all four metrics further indicated that these differences were more pronounced for MCQs than for OEQs. Additionally, typing speed and word count contributed to the variance in eye-tracking measures. The findings contribute to our growing understanding of how test methods shape listening processes and offer implications for the design and interpretation of L2 listening assessments.","PeriodicalId":22008,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147519301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
YouJin Kim, Caroline Payant, Stephen Skalicky, Yoon Namkung
{"title":"Comparing the effectiveness of Duolingo, Classroom instruction, and Classroom + Duolingo instruction conditions on beginner-level French language development","authors":"YouJin Kim, Caroline Payant, Stephen Skalicky, Yoon Namkung","doi":"10.1017/s0272263126101521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263126101521","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past decade, there has been growing use of mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) applications such as Duolingo. The effectiveness of MALL applications is thus of great interest among language acquisition researchers and practitioners. This study compared French language development among beginners in three learning conditions: Classroom-Only ( <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 58), Duolingo-Only ( <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 65), and Classroom + Duolingo ( <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 60). The Classroom-Only group completed a standard first-semester curriculum, the Classroom + Duolingo group used Duolingo as supplemental material, and the Duolingo-Only group learned exclusively through the app. All participants completed pretests and posttests measuring overall proficiency, grammar, vocabulary, pragmatics ( <jats:italic>tu</jats:italic> vs. <jats:italic>vous</jats:italic> ), and communicative competence over a 16-week period. Linear mixed-effects models revealed that all three groups showed significant improvement across nearly all measures between pretest and posttest, with similar magnitudes of improvement. The only exception was in learning <jats:italic>tu</jats:italic> vs. <jats:italic>vous</jats:italic> (pragmatic competence), where the Classroom + Duolingo group showed larger gains than Classroom-Only and Duolingo-Only groups. Results suggest that both traditional classroom instruction and Duolingo are comparably effective for beginning French language learners. Results are discussed in light of mobile app-based language learning with the potential role of learner characteristics.","PeriodicalId":22008,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147383466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Measurement and structural invariance testing in L2 research: A methodological synthesis","authors":"Ekaterina Sudina, Yazhuo Quan, Hande Ozdemir","doi":"10.1017/s0272263126101624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263126101624","url":null,"abstract":"Measurement invariance (MI) ensures that a given measure holds the same conceptual meaning for individuals from different groups and across multiple measurement occasions. Structural invariance (SI) is a logical extension of MI that examines whether relationships between latent constructs (e.g., structural paths within the model) hold equally across groups. To examine the status quo of MI and SI in second-language (L2) research, we systematically investigated the extent to which primary studies adhered to best practices in invariance testing and reporting. A total of 4,272 full-text records were screened, and 113 articles (116 independent samples; 147,856 participants) were included. The sample was fully double-coded to ensure accuracy and reliability. The results indicated alarming inconsistencies in how key invariance steps were implemented and reported. We offer empirically grounded recommendations for (a) improving methodological rigor of invariance assessments in the field and (b) contributing to more equitable and interpretable comparisons in multilingual settings.","PeriodicalId":22008,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147383407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Univariate normality checking practices in L2 research: An AI-assisted systematic review","authors":"Vahid Aryadoust, Yichen Jia","doi":"10.1017/s0272263126101600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263126101600","url":null,"abstract":"Regardless of whether one is analyzing quantitative data from research involving generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) or more classical methods, testing for normality remains a necessary step in statistical analysis. Although over 60 methods have been proposed for assessing univariate normality, previous systematic reviews show that normality testing remains underreported in L2 research. This paper addresses this gap by first reviewing the concept of normality and its role in parametric statistical inference. We then examine 12 normality assessment methods including five graphical and seven analytical methods selected based on their prominence in statistical literature and availability in commonly used software. Each method is explained in terms of its underlying mechanism and sensitivity to specific forms of nonnormality, such as skewness, tail heaviness, and multimodality. In the second part of the study, we review 237 empirical articles published between 2020 and 2025 in ten selected L2-focused Q1 journals, using AI-assisted annotation. Our findings reveal inconsistencies in how graphical tests are reported, a tendency to rely on tests such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov without explicit attention to sample size constraints, and limited justification provided for critical values of skewness and kurtosis. These results indicate some divergence between recommended statistical practices and the procedures for normality testing reported in the L2 publications examined. The paper concludes with actionable recommendations for selecting and interpreting normality tests in L2 research contexts.","PeriodicalId":22008,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition","volume":"342 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147278874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Disability and second language learning: Implications for interdisciplinary research in applied linguistics","authors":"Caitlin Cornell, Robert Alan Randez","doi":"10.1017/s0272263126101594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263126101594","url":null,"abstract":"In this commentary contextualizing the complexities at the nexus of disability and applied linguistics (AL), the authors highlight the paucity of conscientious attention to disabled populations in AL research, explore the intricacies of choosing appropriate terminology to describe disability and disabled people, challenge scholars in the field to reflect on and make explicit their emic or etic positionality vis-à-vis disability in their research, and call researchers to consider researching <jats:italic>with</jats:italic> , rather than merely <jats:italic>about</jats:italic> , disabled second language learners. The authors (a) illustrate how a collection of emergent research studies illuminates critical considerations at this underresearched interdisciplinary intersection in the field, and (b) demonstrate, via example studies in other areas of AL, how scholars may choose to center the disabled second-language learning experience rather than relegate it to the far corners of the field.","PeriodicalId":22008,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition","volume":"333 1","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146261162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The role of initial proficiency in L2 English speaking development of adolescent learners","authors":"Vanessa De Wilde","doi":"10.1017/s0272263126101570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263126101570","url":null,"abstract":"The present study investigated how initial proficiency impacted development in adolescent learners’ L2 speaking. The study reports on a longitudinal study with dense measurements with twelve adolescent L2 English learners. The participants were tested every week throughout their first year of secondary school (30 datapoints). The participants’ learning trajectory was modeled using generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs). Results showed large differences in development between various lexical and syntactic measures and between individual learners. The learners’ initial proficiency had a significant impact on their development. Overall, more periods of growth were observed in lexical measures than in syntactic measures. In line with previous results, some stabilization was observed once learners reached a certain proficiency level, but this stabilization was dependent on task type. Closed tasks lead to a ceiling effect in some measures, whereas more open tasks give learners from various proficiency levels opportunities to demonstrate their L2 English speaking skills.","PeriodicalId":22008,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146215715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The effects of audiovisual input on second language learning A meta-analysis","authors":"Dru Sutton, Stuart Webb","doi":"10.1017/s0272263126101612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263126101612","url":null,"abstract":"This meta-analysis investigates the contributions of viewing audiovisual input on second language (L2) learning. We calculated 75 effect sizes from 56 experiments ( <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 1954) and assessed the effects of audiovisual input on language learning using a within-group (pre-post) meta-analytic approach. Fifteen moderator variables were included in the analysis. Results showed that a) there was a small effect of audiovisual input on L2 learning ( <jats:italic>g</jats:italic> = .89); b) no differences were found between the effects of viewing audiovisual input on different areas of L2 learning (vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, speaking, listening proficiency); and c) video category had a significant impact on L2 learning with entertainment-focused videos (e.g., TV series, movies, and mixed videos) yielding lower effects than educational videos (e.g., TED Talks, documentaries, and language-focused).","PeriodicalId":22008,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition","volume":"73 1","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146261161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}