{"title":"Revisiting the link between second-language sound identification and word recognition with an eye on methodological similarity","authors":"Miquel Llompart, Celia Gorba, Pilar Prieto","doi":"10.1017/s0272263125101113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263125101113","url":null,"abstract":"This study revisits the relationship between second-language (L2) learners’ ability to distinguish sounds in non-native phonological contrasts and to recognize spoken words when recognition depends on these sounds, while addressing the role of methodological similarity. Bilingual Catalan/Spanish learners of English were tested on the identification of two vowel contrasts (VI) of diverging difficulty, /i/-/ɪ/ (difficult) and /ɛ/-/æ/ (easy), in monosyllabic minimal pairs, and on their recognition of the same pairs in a word-picture matching task (WPM). Learners performed substantially better with /i/-/ɪ/ in VI than in WPM, and individual scores were only weakly correlated. By replicating previous findings through a more symmetrical design, we show that an account of prior work rooted in methodological dissimilarity is improbable and provide additional support for the claim that accuracy in sound identification does not guarantee improvements in word recognition. This has implications for our understanding of L2-speech acquisition and L2 pronunciation training.","PeriodicalId":22008,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition","volume":"69 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145056756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liuqi Zhu, Patrick Rebuschat, Jessie S. Nixon, Padraic Monaghan
{"title":"Learning morphology from cross-situational statistics","authors":"Liuqi Zhu, Patrick Rebuschat, Jessie S. Nixon, Padraic Monaghan","doi":"10.1017/s027226312510106x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s027226312510106x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Non-native languages tend to be acquired through a combination of explicit and implicit learning, where implicit learning requires coordination of language information with referents in the environment. In this study, we examined how learners use both language input and environmental cues to acquire vocabulary and morphology in a novel language and how their language background influences this process. We trained 105 adults with native languages (L1s) varying in morphological richness (English, German, Mandarin) on an artificial language comprising nouns and verbs with morphological features (number, tense, and subject-verb [SV] agreement) appearing alongside referential visual scenes. Participants were able to learn both word stems and morphological features from cross-situational statistical correspondences between language and the environment, without any instruction. German-speakers learned SV agreement worse than other morphological features, which were acquired equally effectively by English or Mandarin speakers, indicating the subtle and varied influence of L1 morphological richness on implicit non-native language learning.</p>","PeriodicalId":22008,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145009266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Understanding proficiency assessment practices in SLA research: Insights from researcher beliefs and practices","authors":"Hae In Park, Megan Solon, Kwangmin Lee","doi":"10.1017/s0272263125101058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263125101058","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While much discussion has focused on what researchers do and should do in second language proficiency assessment, less attention has been given to why persistent trends continue. This study investigated second language acquisition (SLA) researchers’ beliefs, reported practices, and decision-making rationales regarding proficiency assessment. Using an online survey, we collected responses from 111 SLA researchers. Findings revealed that while researchers generally endorsed recommended methodological standards, practical constraints—such as time, accessibility, and ease of administration—frequently influenced their reported practices. A consistent belief–practice gap emerged across several key areas. Notably, reduced redundancy tests were rated favorably for both validity and practicality, reflecting a growing shift toward efficient, validated tools. These findings suggest that although methodological awareness is high, practical barriers continue to challenge the adoption of more rigorous proficiency assessment practices in SLA research.</p>","PeriodicalId":22008,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144987314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiuzhou Hao, Eleonora Rossi, Megan Nakamura, Alicia Luque, Jason Rothman
{"title":"Individual differences matter in heritage language bilingual processing: An electroencephalography (EEG) study of grammatical gender","authors":"Jiuzhou Hao, Eleonora Rossi, Megan Nakamura, Alicia Luque, Jason Rothman","doi":"10.1017/s0272263125101149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263125101149","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present study investigated if/how individual differences in heritage language (HL) experience modulate gender agreement processing among Spanish heritage speakers (HSs). We reanalyzed the data from Luque and colleagues (2023), which reported an aggregate biphasic N400–P600. The present analysis revealed that sensitivity to morphological markedness was positively modulated by HL proficiency and exposure/use. Higher proficiency led to increased P600 across markedness conditions—the typical signature of L1-dominant processing—while increased Spanish exposure/use resulted in increased N400 for Default Errors—a signature attested only in HSs in this domain. Formal instruction led to increased N400 but reduced P600 for Feature Clash Errors. We interpret these results to suggest that the N400 reflects a morphophonological pattern-matching strategy with some HSs relying (more) on this mechanism as Spanish exposure and use increases. Markedness also modulated the relative engagement of pattern-matching (N400) versus automatic grammatical processing (P600), depending on the transparency/saliency of morphophonological patterns.</p>","PeriodicalId":22008,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144987386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Aligning linguistic complexity with the difficulty of English texts for L2 learners based on CEFR levels","authors":"Xiaopeng Zhang, Xiaofei Lu","doi":"10.1017/s0272263125101125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263125101125","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Selecting appropriate texts for second language (L2) learners is essential for effective education. However, current text difficulty models often inadequately classify materials for L2 learners by proficiency levels. This study addresses this deficiency by employing the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) as its foundational framework. A cohort of expert English-L2 educators classified 1,181 texts from the CommonLit Ease of Readability corpus into CEFR levels. A random forest model was then trained using 24 linguistic complexity features to predict the CEFR levels of English texts for L2 learners. The model achieved 62.6% exact-level accuracy across the six granular CEFR levels and 82.6% across the three overarching levels, outperforming a baseline model based on three existing readability formulas. Additionally, it identified shared and unique linguistic features across different CEFR levels, highlighting the necessity to adjust text classification models to accommodate the distinct linguistic profiles of low- and high-proficiency readers.</p>","PeriodicalId":22008,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144930575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Relative importance of lexical features in word processing during L2 English reading","authors":"Shingo Nahatame, Satoru Uchida","doi":"10.1017/s0272263125101137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263125101137","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Word processing during reading is known to be influenced by lexical features, especially word length, frequency, and predictability. This study examined the relative importance of these features in word processing during second language (L2) English reading. We used data from an eye-tracking corpus and applied a machine-learning approach to model word-level eye-tracking measures and identify key predictors. Predictors comprised several lexical features, including length, frequency, and predictability (e.g., surprisal). Additionally, sentence, passage, and reader characteristics were considered for comparison. The analysis found that word length was the most important variable across several eye-tracking measures. However, for certain measures, word frequency and predictability were more important than length, and in some cases, reader characteristics such as proficiency were more significant than lexical features. These findings highlight the complexity of word processing during reading, the shared processes between first language (L1) and L2 reading, and their potential to refine models of eye-movement control.</p>","PeriodicalId":22008,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144915390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Charlie Nagle, Jose A Mompean, Jonás Fouz-González
{"title":"Does timing matter?: Exploring different windows of maximal opportunity to enhance the effectiveness of high variability phonetic training","authors":"Charlie Nagle, Jose A Mompean, Jonás Fouz-González","doi":"10.1017/s0272263125101083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263125101083","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A large body of literature has examined perceptual training, especially using the high variability phonetic training (HVPT) technique, where multiple talkers are included in the training set to help learners develop more accurate additional (second) language (L2) speech sound categories. Yet, most experimental studies focus on relatively short-term gains using a pre-post–delayed design, providing limited insight into longer-term training effects and how the timing of training might regulate its effectiveness. To begin addressing this gap, we implemented HVPT at two contextually relevant windows of opportunity during a university study program. Thirty-six first (native) language Spanish students participated in this study. Students were randomly assigned to two groups. One group (G1) received training at the beginning of their study program, which coincided with the onset of intensive L2 exposure; the second group (G2) received training in the second year, while enrolled in an English phonetics and phonology course. Both groups completed four HVPT sessions (identification tasks) focusing on a set of challenging L2 English vowels (/iː ɪ æ ʌ ɜː e ɒ ɔː/). Perception was measured at four testing times (in years 1 and 2, before and after HVPT) with identification tasks. The results showed that HVPT had a positive impact regardless of the timing of its implementation. However, students also improved outside of training, which suggests that intensive language study can facilitate some perceptual learning.</p>","PeriodicalId":22008,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-27"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144898108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Friederike Fichtner, Joe Barcroft, Mitchell Sommers, Paul Olejarczuk
{"title":"Effects of Sociophonetic Variability on L2 Vocabulary Learning","authors":"Friederike Fichtner, Joe Barcroft, Mitchell Sommers, Paul Olejarczuk","doi":"10.1017/s0272263125100648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263125100648","url":null,"abstract":"<p><span>Acoustic variability</span> refers to variations in speech that do not alter linguistic content. Previous studies have demonstrated that acoustic variability improves second language (L2) word learning when varying talker, speaking style, or speaking rate but not amplitude or fundamental frequency (Barcroft & Sommers, 2005; Sommers & Barcroft, 2007). The current study examined the effects of region-based sociophonetic variability. In Experiment 1, English speakers attempted to learn German nouns while viewing pictures and listening to the words with low sociophonetic variability (six speakers of one regional variety, one repetition per speaker) and high sociophonetic variability (six speakers of each of six different regional varieties, one repetition per speaker). Participants completed picture-to-L2 and L2-to-first language (L1) posttests. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1 while counterbalancing word groups and learning conditions. Results of both experiments revealed increased accuracy for high over low variability, suggesting that regionally varied exemplars of words lead to more robust developing lexical representations.</p>","PeriodicalId":22008,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144898021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Resolving the crisis in L2 motivational self-system research: Constructive dialogue and argument-based validation","authors":"Meng Liu, Alastair Henry","doi":"10.1017/s0272263125000166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263125000166","url":null,"abstract":"Al-Hoorie, Hiver, and In’nami (2024) offer compelling arguments for why L2 motivational self-system research is currently in a state of validation crisis. Seeking a constructive resolution to the crisis, in this response we argue that two fundamental conditions are needed for the field to emerge stronger: psychological readiness and methodological maturity. For psychological readiness, we call for a reframing of the “crisis” narrative. We highlight the need to value controversy, to normalize failure and (self-)correction, and to resist the allure of novelty. For methodological maturity, we suggest that an argument-based approach to validation can provide a constructive solution to current controversies. We present an integrated framework that can guide systematic validation efforts, and we demonstrate its application using a recent validation study as an example.","PeriodicalId":22008,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition","volume":"70 1","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144901693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Saving the reliability of inhibitory control measures? An extension of Huensch (2024) and Hui and Wu (2024)","authors":"Zhiyi Wu, Ruirui Jia, Bronson Hui","doi":"10.1017/s0272263125101095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263125101095","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In a close replication study of Darcy et al., (2016), Huensch (2024) reported a lack of clear relationships between inhibitory control (IC) and phonological processing, contrary to the initial findings. Given the general unreliability of response-time differences, which are often the basis of IC measures and could potentially mask small effects, we performed secondary analyses on Huensch’s (2024) open data set to investigate (a) the extent to which the reliability of IC measures could be improved using model-based approaches (Hui & Wu, 2024), (b) the correlations between the different IC tasks, and (c) their predictive power for phonological processing, based on the more reliable indices. Results showed that model-based approaches generally improved reliability, and particularly for the Stroop and Simon tasks to acceptable levels. Yet, correlations between IC tasks remained low, and partial correlation and hierarchical regression still failed to reveal significant relationships between IC and phonological processing, further confirming Huensch’s (2024) findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":22008,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144819948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}