Spinal cord最新文献

{"title":"Stem cell therapy for locomotion recovery and neuropathic pain alleviation in spinal cord injury: an umbrella review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Amir Azimi, Amirmohammad Toloui, Mohammadhossein Mozafarybazargany, Mohammad Kiah, Hamed Zarei, Parsa Paridari, Sajjad Jabermoradi, Donya Pourkand, Hamzah Adel Ramawad, Alexander R Vaccaro, Mostafa Hosseini, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar","doi":"10.1038/s41393-025-01104-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41393-025-01104-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Study design: </strong>An Umbrella Review and Meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This umbrella review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the efficacy of stem cell therapy for locomotion recovery and neuropathic pain alleviation in rodent models of spinal cord injury (SCI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive literature search was conducted in Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science until May 2024 to identify systematic reviews/meta-analyses on stem cell therapy for SCI. Original studies from these reviews were screened based on the predefined inclusion criteria. Data on locomotion, thermal hyperalgesia, and mechanical allodynia were extracted. Standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and pooled to determine overall effect sizes. Subgroup analyses and meta-regressions were performed to investigate the optimal conditions for efficacy in each stem cell type.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>31 systematic reviews/meta-analyses with 323 original studies (516 experiments, 11,290 rodents) were included. Significant locomotion recovery was observed across stem cell types, with umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (U-MSCs) (SMD = 2.34, 95% CI 1.76-2.93) and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) (SMD = 2.14, 95% CI 1.24-3.03) demonstrating superior efficacy. Only bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) alleviated mechanical allodynia (SMD = 1.33, 95% CI 0.61-2.05). Subgroup analysis showed that the efficacy of stem cell therapy is dependent on injury models, injury to treatment interval, stem cell dosage, and use of antibiotics/immunosuppressants. The certainty of evidence assessment showed high certainty for U-MSC in locomotion recovery, medium for BM-MSC in pain alleviation, and low for OPCs in locomotion recovery.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>With moderate-to-high certainty, our study demonstrated superior efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells, particularly U-MSCs, when administered immediately post-injury at lower doses without antibiotics for locomotion recovery and BM-MSCs for pain alleviation. These findings suggest further clinical investigation of these stem cell types under optimal conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21976,"journal":{"name":"Spinal cord","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144668551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time-restricted feeding modulates neuron-glial interactions and circadian rhythm in the spinal cord of male Wistar rats fed a high-fat diet.","authors":"Han Jiao, Jarne Jermei, Delaram Poormoghadam, Milan Dorscheidt, Sanne Wiekard, Andries Kalsbeek, Chun-Xia Yi","doi":"10.1038/s41393-025-01106-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41393-025-01106-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Study design: </strong>This study utilized male Wistar rats to investigate the effects of time-restricted feeding (TRF) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced alterations in neuron-glial interactions and gene expression levels in the spinal cord (T5-T9).</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate whether TRF mitigates HFD-induced alterations in microglial morphology, astrocyte numbers, perineuronal net (PNN) integrity, purinergic receptor expression, inflammation and circadian rhythm-related gene expression in the spinal cord.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, The Netherlands.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Male Wistar rats were initially fed either a standard chow diet or a HFD ad libitum for 4 weeks. After this period, rats in the HFD group were further divided into two subgroups: continued HFD ad libitum or HFD with TRF for an additional 4 weeks. Rats in the chow group continued with ad libitum feeding throughout the experimental period. At the end of the intervention, spinal cords (T5-T9) were collected for analysis. Microglial morphology, astrocyte cell numbers, and PNN integrity were assessed in the spinal cord. Expression levels of purinergic receptors, inflammation and clock genes were analyzed to investigate neuron-glial interactions and circadian rhythm stabilization.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>TRF reduced microglial activation, preserved PNN integrity, suppressed HFD-induced upregulation of purinergic receptors, and stabilized circadian clock gene expression.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggest that TRF is a promising non-pharmacological strategy to counteract obesogenic diet-induced perineuronal net degradation and neuroinflammation, highlighting its potential as a lifestyle-based intervention for pain management.</p>","PeriodicalId":21976,"journal":{"name":"Spinal cord","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144638127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surgical and clinical outcomes of ventral versus dorsal/lateral intradural extramedullary schwannomas: a retrospective comparative study.","authors":"Toshiki Okubo, Narihito Nagoshi, Takahito Iga, Kazuki Takeda, Masahiro Ozaki, Satoshi Suzuki, Morio Matsumoto, Masaya Nakamura, Kota Watanabe","doi":"10.1038/s41393-025-01105-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41393-025-01105-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Study design: </strong>Retrospective comparative study.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To compare the surgical and clinical outcomes of ventral intradural extramedullary (IDEM) schwannomas to those of dorsal/lateral IDEM schwannomas.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>The single institution in Japan.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included 94 patients with cervical or thoracic IDEM schwannomas who underwent tumor resection via a posterior approach between 2012 and 2022. Patients were categorized into Ventral (n = 12) and Dorsal/Lateral (n = 82) groups based on tumor localization. Demographic and surgical data, including surgical time and intraoperative motor evoked potential (MEP) changes, as well as clinical outcomes such as Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores and gait function (modified McCormick scale, MMCS), were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Ventral group had a significantly longer surgical time (p = 0.039) and was more likely to experience a temporary decrease in intraoperative MEP waveforms (p = 0.008) compared to the Dorsal/Lateral group. However, there were no significant differences between the groups in age at surgery, sex, level, tumor size, estimated blood loss, JOA score improvement, JOA recovery rate, or gait function at the final follow-up. Gross total resection (GTR) was achieved in all cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite longer surgical times and more likely to experience a temporary decrease in intraoperative MEP waveforms, ventral IDEM schwannomas do not result in significantly worse surgical or clinical outcomes compared to dorsal/lateral IDEM schwannomas. These findings suggest that even if the surgical procedure requires longer, gross total resection of ventral schwannomas via a posterior approach is resulting in favorable treatment outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":21976,"journal":{"name":"Spinal cord","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144592377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Empowering lives of people with SCI: unlocking the transformative potential of the World Health Assembly's resolution on rehabilitation - the 2024 ISCoS lecture.","authors":"Carlotte Kiekens","doi":"10.1038/s41393-025-01100-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41393-025-01100-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Study design: </strong>Narrative review.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To summarize the key messages presented during the ISCoS lecture at the 63rd ISCoS Annual Meeting, focusing on the global rehabilitation landscape, particularly regarding spinal cord injury.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Not applicable.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The review starts by providing an overview of the World Health Organization (WHO) Rehabilitation 2030 initiative. It then describes how to bridge evidence with rehabilitation practice and the role of CochraneRehab.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Rehabilitation is contextualized within Rehabilitation 2030 and the World Health Assembly resolution on strengthening rehabilitation in health systems, highlighting significant policy shifts and technical tools developed by the WHO. The increase in global rehabilitation needs is outlined, citing estimates that nearly one-third of the global population could benefit from rehabilitation services. The role of CochraneRehab is discussed as a catalyst for enhancing primary research quality, evidence synthesis, and knowledge dissemination in rehabilitation. The review advocates for alternative study designs and innovative methodologies, including big data and artificial intelligence, to address persistent evidence gaps in spinal cord injury.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this pivotal moment for global rehabilitation, all stakeholders must unite to implement the WHA resolution and advocate for quality rehabilitation services in health systems and high-quality, innovative research methods to address evidence gaps like those in spinal cord injury care. This requires generating and disseminating evidence-based interventions and overcoming the inherent challenges of implementing these changes in everyday clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":21976,"journal":{"name":"Spinal cord","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144592376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microglial landscape and signaling in spinal cord injury.","authors":"Qingsheng Zhou, Jianchao Liu, Qiongxuan Fang, Chunming Zhang, Wei Liu, Yifeng Sun","doi":"10.1038/s41393-025-01103-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41393-025-01103-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Study design: </strong>An integrated bioinformatics data study.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study uses bioinformatics analysis to map the microglial landscape, investigate key signaling pathways, and reveal the molecular mechanisms that facilitate SCI recovery.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we performed an integrative bioinformatics analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), spatial transcriptomic (ST), and bulk RNA-seq datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), utilizing R packages (Seurat, DESeq2, limma, GSVA) and the Enrichr platform.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Single-cell and spatial transcriptomic profiling uncovered dynamic shifts in the microglial landscape post-SCI, characterized by the suppression of innate microglial populations alongside the expansion of reactive microglial subsets. Mechanistically, the TGFβ signaling pathway was identified as a critical regulator of innate microglial migration, promoting functional recovery after SCI. Conversely, reactive microglia exhibiting heightened Trem2 expression were found to exacerbate neuroinflammatory responses and drive neural cell death.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings collectively indicate that targeting the dual regulatory axis of Trem2-mediated neuroinflammation and TGFβ-driven repair mechanisms may offer a synergistic therapeutic strategy to enhance functional recovery following spinal cord injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":21976,"journal":{"name":"Spinal cord","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144584927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protocol for developing the nutrition dataset for the international spinal cord society: an international eDelphi approach.","authors":"Priya Iyer, Gary J Farkas, Sherri L LaVela, Shashivadan P Hirani, Samford Wong","doi":"10.1038/s41393-025-01102-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41393-025-01102-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Study design: </strong>An eDelphi survey.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To develop the Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) basic and extended nutrition datasets for adults with SCI for the International Spinal Cord Society (ISCoS).</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>This international eDelphi study, administered in Australia, will be conducted virtually, overseen by a Research Advisory Group.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An expert panel will be recruited internationally to participate in a three-round eDelphi survey to develop the ISCoS basic and extended nutrition datasets. An a priori criterion will be implemented, defining strong consensus as an interquartile range (IQR) ≤ 1 and consensus as an IQR > 1/≤2. Mean and standard deviation will be calculated to measure convergence and stability depending on the data. Agreement will be determined as ≥ 80% per statement (Likert scale ratings of 4 and 5). A content analysis approach will be utilised to synthesise free-text responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":21976,"journal":{"name":"Spinal cord","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144561187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Features of registered clinical trials and associated papers on physical activity involving people with spinal cord injury.","authors":"Cameron M Gee, Kendra R Todd","doi":"10.1038/s41393-025-01101-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41393-025-01101-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clinical recommendations are typically developed based on published data. However, if not all data are published this may influence the accuracy and effectiveness of recommendations. We examined whether failure to publish clinical trial data is a problem in physical activity (PA) research involving people with spinal cord injury (SCI). This article reports features of 102 PA trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov including participants with SCI, of which 63% had associated papers. Target enrolment was achieved in 41% of published trials and 85% of participants enrolled completed trials. Only 60% of papers stated hypotheses, of which 76% were supported. We discuss why ~2/5 trials remain unpublished, whether researcher prefer to 'file-drawer' negative findings, and/or editors/reviewers look favourably on positive findings. We stress the importance of transparently reporting all results from SCI-PA studies regardless of positive/negative directionality and raise concern regarding the influence of publication biases and selective data reporting on clinical recommendations.</p>","PeriodicalId":21976,"journal":{"name":"Spinal cord","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144554915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Translation and validation of the French version of the spinal cord independence measure III (SCIM III).","authors":"Clara Dupriez, Antoine Royer, Emiko Naets, Violaine Afzali, Kambiz Minooee Saberi","doi":"10.1038/s41393-025-01082-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41393-025-01082-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Study design: </strong>This is a monocenter, prospective validation study.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To assess the validity and reliability of the French version of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure III (SCIM III).</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>This study was conducted in Center for Traumatology and Rehabilitation, Brussels (Belgium).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We included eighteen (n = 18) participants with spinal cord injury (SCI), scored according to the International Standards for Neurological Classification of SCI (ISNCSCI). Backward and forward translation of SCIM III was performed. Each participant was scored for the translated SCIM III and Functional Independence Measure (FIM) by three physicians. We evaluate the internal consistency, the intra- and inter-reliability, the validity and the sensitivity to change with Cronbach's alpha coefficient, Kappa coefficient, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), Pearson's correlation, paired t-test and McNemar test. For the validity, we compared SCIM III scores with those of the FIM.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The French SCIM III (frSCIM III) provided excellent internal consistency. Kappa values for inter-reliability were all above 0.60, except for 3 items, and were statistically significant. We found a strong correlation between raters. All the tests showed a very good intra-reliability. frSCIM III and FIM showed very good correlation. There was no significant difference in the sensitivity to change between the frSCIM III and the FIM.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The frSCIM III proved to be a consistent, reliable, and valid scale for clinical use. It is the first functional assessment scale validated in French for people with SCI.</p><p><strong>Sponsorship: </strong>None.</p>","PeriodicalId":21976,"journal":{"name":"Spinal cord","volume":" ","pages":"359-365"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144182928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The incidence and trends of diving-related spine injuries in the United States and risk factors associated with spinal cord injury.","authors":"Anthony E Seddio, Sahir S Jabbouri, Rajiv S Vasudevan, Michael J Gouzoulis, Wesley Day, Gwyneth C Maloy, Arya G Varthi, Daniel R Rubio, Jonathan N Grauer","doi":"10.1038/s41393-025-01098-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41393-025-01098-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Study design: </strong>Retrospective longitudinal cohort study.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To characterize: (1) incidence and trends of diving-related spine injuries (DRSI) and diving-related spinal cord injury (DRSCI) in the United States and (2) risk-factors associated with DRSCI.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Using a large, national, multi-insurance administrative dataset of over 161 million patients, those who suffered a DRSIs were identified and characterized.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Persons who suffered a DRSIs were analyzed from 2010-2021. Estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was calculated by log-linear regression. For those with DRSCI, risk-factors were assessed by multivariable logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 3829 persons who suffered DRSIs, the cervical spine was most frequently involved (53.0%). EAPCs of DRSIs at the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine significantly decreased over the studied years (-4.69, -6.81, and -4.88%, respectively; p < 0.05 for all), while DRSCI demonstrated a nonsignificant trend (p = 0.081). Among the 629 (16.4%) with DRSCI, risk-factors included: prior cervical spine surgery (OR 13.31, p < 0.001), history of cervical spondylolisthesis (OR 5.36, p < 0.001), male sex (OR 2.69, p < 0.001), history of cervical stenosis (OR 2.26, p < 0.001), coastal states (OR 1.38, p = 0.012), higher Elixhauser Comorbidity Index (OR 1.15, p < 0.001), and older age (OR 1.01, p = 0.029).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The rate of DRSIs of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine has significantly decreased in recent years in the United States. However, the nonsignificant trend in DRSCI highlights the importance of continued public health initiatives. Among those with DRSCI, several unique risk-factors were identified, laying the foundation for the refinement of current diving injury prevention programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":21976,"journal":{"name":"Spinal cord","volume":" ","pages":"352-358"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144258953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping sex and gender in the landscape of spinal cord injury research: a bibliometric analysis and research framework.","authors":"Stevan Stojic, Serena Affolter, Gertraud Stadler, Stacey A Missmer, Juergen Pannek, Jivko Stoyanov, Inge Eriks-Hoogland, Janina Lüscher, Marija Glisic","doi":"10.1038/s41393-025-01089-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41393-025-01089-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Study design: </strong>Bibliometric analysis and conceptual framework.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To provide a framework for prioritizing sex/gender research in the field of spinal cord injury (SCI), which can help inform and develop future research directions benefiting both women and men affected by SCI.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Not applicable METHODS: We searched the Web of Science Core Collection to identify relevant articles. Data was analyzed using the Bibliometrix and VoSviewer tools to provide a macroscopic overview of sex/gender research trends in the field of SCI research. A framework was developed based on the results of bibliometric analyses and literature scoping, engaging professionals with backgrounds in gender medicine, translational medicine, psychology, clinical epidemiology, SCI, and endocrinology.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1031 documents were included in the analyses. We observed a steady increase in sex/gender related research from 2012, with an annual growth rate of 9.64%. Rehabilitation, epidemiology, obesity, depression, and sex hormones were identified as fundamental and critical topics for advancing sex and gender research in the context of SCI. Among a randomly selected articles, a significant proportion of studies interchangeably used the terms sex and gender. Therefore, we discuss the key overarching themes and terminology that are essential for any study exploring the relevance of sex and gender in health research. We developed a three-step research framework for considering and incorporating sex and gender in research, using SCI as a case in point.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The major principles in current paper can benefit everyone interested in studying sex/gender in the context of health in complex and disabling conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21976,"journal":{"name":"Spinal cord","volume":" ","pages":"333-341"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12237693/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144182826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}